MAP PROJECTIONS

COLORS USED IN MAPS:

BLACK – is used for all man-made or cultural features, political subdivisions,

place names, grid lines, and lettering on the map.

BLUE – is used for water or hydrographic features such as reservoirs, rivers,

lakes, canals, marshes, ponds, and wetlands.
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GREEN – is used as a surface tint or cover overlay for wooded areas and other
forms of vegetation.it is also suited to show such features as trees, grass,
orchards, vineyards, forests, meadows, and crops.

BROWN – is used to show relief or height features, and the configuration of

the ground surface such as those portrayed by contours, contour number,
hachures, cuts, and fills.

RED – is used to emphasize important roads and public land subdivision lines.
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PINK – is used as a surface tint to portray built-up urban areas and the area
coverage of large cities.

GRAY – a color used sometimes in place of brown.

COMMON PROJECTIONS

WHOLE WORLD
Mercator: Cylindrical. Most common world projection
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Robinson: Pseudocylindrical. Less distortion than Mercator.
Goode: Interrupted map. Common for thematic maps.

NAVIGATION CHARTS
UTM: Common for ocean charts. Part of military map system
UPS: For polar regions. Part of military map system
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Lambert: Lambert Conformal Conic standard in Air Navigation
Charts

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
Polyconic: US Geological Survey Standard. UTM coordinates on margins
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SURVEYING/LAND USE/GENERAL
Alders Equal Area: Conic
Transverse Mercator: For areas mainly North-South
Lambert: For areas East-West
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Stereographic Projection
This is the most common azimuthal projection used on standard maps. It is
CONFORMAL. Like the UTM, the projection surface is depressed into the
earth to control the maximum scale error.
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Orthographic Projection
This projection has the “light rays” coming in parallel. It is often used for
maps of a half earth from pole to pole because it emphasizes the roundness
of the earth. One of its valuable uses is for maps to compare to aerial
photographs.
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Gnomonic Projection
This projection is not conformal, not equal area, and badly distorts shapes.
Straight lines on a Gnomonic Projections are Great Circles. This means that
the shortest path to sail between two points can be found by just drawing a
straight line on a Gnomonic Map. But the azimuth will be changing
constantly along this line.
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Equidistant Projection
Most common polar projection. It is neither conformal nor equal area.

- EQUAL AREA PROJECTION – a projection on which the shape of any

small area remains unchanged
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- MAP PROJECTION – any regular set of parallels and meridians upon
which a map can be drawn

- TRANSVERSE PROJECTION – map projections turned right angles to

their usual orientation
-

- CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS – a group of projections with

horizontal parallels and evenly set vertical meridians
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- CONIC PROJECTIONS – a group of projections which are derived from
the connect of projecting the parallels and meridians of the globe upon a
tangent or secant cone and then developing the cone into a plane

- GLOBE – a spherical body. In cartography, it refers to a small sphere

representing the earth

- EQUAL-AREA PROJECTIONS – a group of projections upon which

any area, large or small, is the same as on a globe or corresponding scale
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- ORTHODROME – it is a shortest distance between points on the earth’s

surface which crosses successive meridians at different angles; thus its
azimuth varies from point to point

- LOXODROME/RHUMB LINE – a line of constant compass direction all

along its length
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- CYLINDRICAL PROJECTIONS – an equirectangular projection and

one of the simplest projections composed of an evenly spaced network of
horizontal parallels and vertical meridians. This is the only projection in
which all loxodromes are shown in straight lines. It is for this reason that
most nautical charts are made in this projection
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- MERCATOR PROJECTIONS – one of the most famous and widely used

projection which is used as world map designed for navigation. It is not
advisable to carry this projection beyond 70 deg latitude because of the
great distortion. This type of projection is of little use for purposes other
than navigation
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- CONICAL PROJECTIONS – projections derived from a tangent or
secant cone that can be developed. These are suitable for mapping
geographical features which are located in the middle latitudes.

- GALL PROJECTIONS – a type of projection which is derived from a

cylinder cutting the sphere at the 45 deg N and 45 deg S parallels or the
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standard parallels of the projection. It shows parallel which are projected
from the antipodal point on the equator to any meridian. Maps which are
made by this projection are useful for showing the distribution of climatic,
economic and population data.
-

-
- MILLER PROJECTIONS – this projection resembles the Mercator
projection but shows less exaggeration of the area in the higher latitudes. It
is widely used in atlases for climatic maps to portray temperatures and
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barometric pressure distributions, as well as wind flow directions and
velocities.

- AZIMUTHAL PROJECTIONS – a type of projection in which the

directions of all lines radiating from the center of the map have the same
directions as the corresponding lines on the surface of the earth
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- POLYCONIC PROJECTION – projection whose error increase as you
go further from central meridian

- APHYLACTIC MAP PROJECTION – a map projection which is neither

conformal nor equal

- LAMBERT CONFORMAL PROJECTION – the projection used for air

navigation
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- POLYCONIC PROJECTION – projection used by the Land
Management Bureau of the Philippines using initial coordinates of 20000N
and 20000 E

- MERCATOR PROJECTION – the common projection used in mapping

an area of predominantly east to west direction

- TRANSVERSE MERCATOR PROJECTION – the present projection

used in cadastral projects and topographic projects in the Philippines
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- MERCATOR PROJECTION – most common projection for sea
navigation

- CYLINDRICAL WITH TWO STANDARD PARALLEL – the

projection used in mapping extensive areas of hemispherical proportion on
any projection whether conformal or equivalent

- LAMBERT CONFORMAL PROJECTION – projection is desired for an

area of world map east-west extents
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- POLYCONIC PROJECTION – the projection used in mapping area of
predominantly North-South direction

- MERCATOR PROJECTION – in construction of projection whose

meridian are equally spaced but parallel increased as it goes further from
the equator

- GRID AZIMUTH – in lambert conformal projection, geodetic azimuth

minus the convergence
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- GNOMONIC CHART – a chart which is popularly called great circle
chart

- CASSINI MAP PROJECTION – a conventional map projection

constructed by computing the lengths of arcs along the selected geographic
meridians and along great circle perpendicular to that meridian and plotting
these as rectangular coordinates on a plane
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- BONNE MAP PROJECTION – a modified equal area map projection of

the so called type having lines representing standard parallel and central
meridian intersecting near the center of the map

- GNOMONIC PROJECTION – its one characteristic is that the rays of

projection originate from the center of the earth
-
-
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- LAMBERT PROJECTION – a type of projection which is a conic based
upon two parallels where the cone cuts through the sphere at two chosen
standard parallels

- TRANSVERSE MERCATOR – which grid system considers the portion

of the earth between tow selected parallels of latitude to be horizontal slice
of the cone

- UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE MERCATOR – a map projection in which

some of its specifications are that its reference ellipsoid is Clarke 1866
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whose origin of latitude is at the equator and its origin of longitude is at
central meridian

- TANSVERSE MERCATOR (in zones of two degrees net width) –

projection used for maps and plans of cadastral surveys using Philippine
Plane Coordinate System
-

- TRANSVERSE MERCATOR – distances on the central meridian but the

east and west extremities are distorted
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- POLYCONIC PROJECTION – map projection showing each parallel of
latitude as the arc of circle whose radius is equal to the length of the tangent
extending from the parallel to a point of intersection with the earth’s axis

- MERCATOR PROJECTION – least suited for general use in an office

and giving very inaccurate information as to relative size of areas in widely
different latitude
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- AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT – useful as a test projection “yardstick”
in evaluating the degree of success of any given projection and the
percentage of error of the bearings and distances from a given point
-

- AZIMUTHAL EQUIDISTANT – requires a separate computations and

map for each city or based upon which the map is centered

- STEREOGRAPHIC – projection in which meridian and parallels are

projected onto a plane tangent to the sphere from a point on the earth’s
surface opposite to the point if tangency
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-
- CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION – group of projection with horizontal
parallels and evenly set vertical meridians

- ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION – a geometric projection to a plane

tangent to the sphere at any point, the projecting lines are parallel and are
perpendicular to the tangent plan in which the map is constructed

- EQUAL AREA – group of projections upon which any area large or small
is on the globe or corresponding scale
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The maximum error of area of Lambert Zenithal 10
The maximum error of Azimuthal for Lambert Zenithal 0 deg 04’
The maximum error of an area of Alders projection 0
The maximum error of Azimuth of Lamberts 0 deg 00’
The maximum error of azimuth of Polyconic 1 deg 56’
The maximum error of Azimuth of Albers projection 0 deg 43’
The maximum scale error of Polyconic projection 7%
Maximum scale error of Lambert Conformal Projection 2½%
Maximum scale error of Albers projection 1¼%
% maximum scale error of Lambert Zenithal Projection 1 7/8 %
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