Finals Map Projection - IS ANY METHOD OF

VARIATIONS OF MAP PROJECTIONS REPRESENTING THE SURFACE OF A SPHERE

Aspect - the orientation of the projection surface;
may be normal, transverse, or oblique
Viewpoint
a. Projection = light source location
b. Gnomonic projection = center
c. Orthographic projection = infinity
d. Stereographic projection = opposite side
Intersection with the earth - location or locations
that a projection surface touches or cuts through
the globe; may be tangent or secant
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
- Constructed on the basis of map projections
- Superimposed on the surface, resulting
from the map projection, to provide the
referencing framework by which positions
are measured and computed
COORDINATES
- Set of numbers that determines the location
of a point in the space of a given dimension
- Simplifies and standardizes the
computational methods, making the use of
computers possible
- Facilitates the transformation of geographic
space to conform to other frameworks of
entities and relationships, which is often
required in mapping and GIS operations
Types of coordinate reference systems
- Plane Rectangular coordinate system
- Plane Polar coordinate system
PRCS
1. Cartesian Coordinate System
a. Simplest coordinate system
b. The position of a point is fixed by two
distances measured perpendicularly from
the point to the axes
Axes of the coordinate system – two straight lines
intersecting at right angles
- used to define the geographic space
Origin – the intersection of the axes
X-axis (Easting) – horizontal axis
Y-axis (Northing) – vertical axis
Quadrants – partitioning of the coordinate system;
four quadrants in a coordinate system
PPCS
- Position of a point is fixed using an angular
measurement and a linear measurement
OR OTHER THREE-DIMENSIONAL BODY ON A
PLANE.
- Is also necessary for creating SCALE maps
- Different map projections exist in order to
preserve some properties of the sphere-like
body at the expense of other properties
- No limit to the number of possible map
projections
- Is any method of FLATTENING into a plane
a continuous surface having curvature in all
three spatial dimensions
Projection - any mathematical function
transforming coordinates from the curved surface to
the plane
Cylindrical Projection
- Made by wrapping a cylinder around a
globe and projecting the details of the globe
onto the surface to make a world map
- Used to represent the entire world
Conical projection
- The globe is projected into a cone
- When opened shape is like a fan
- Best type of projection for MEDIUM
LATITUDES
Planar Projection
- Or azimuth
- The globe is projected onto a flat surface
- Circular projection
- Best projections for the POLAR REGIONS
- Shows WHOLE HEMISPHERE

- Position of a point is determined by its direct

distance from the pole and the angle it
forms with respect to the polar axis
Pole – origin
Polar axis – single line passing through the pole
Cartography includes the ff. Branches:
a. Theory of cartographic projections
b. Theory of Generalization and methods of
Presentation
c. The history of cartographic science and
map-making
d. The study of cartographic sources
e. The theory and technology of drafting and
preparing maps
f. The theory and methods of using maps
THEOREMA EGREGIUM
- by CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS’S
- Proved that a sphere cannot be represented
on a plane without distortion
Map of the Earth
- Is a presentation of a curved surface on a
plane
- Map projection must have been used to
CREATE THE MAP, and conversely, maps
could NOT EXIST without map projections
Map Projection
- Is a systematic transformation of the
latitudes and longitudes of locations from
the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into
locations on a plane
METRIC PROPERTIES OF MAPS: ASHDDS
- AREA
- SHAPE
- DIRECTION
- DISTANCE
- SCALE