Geographic projection

Geographic projection is a type of map projection

method. It is a specific method for taking curved surface
and shows it on flat surfaces like computer screen or
the piece of paper. This projection method is useful to
draw any of map either it is a geological map or the
route map of area.

Map projection
It is the projection used to represent the Earth's three
dimensional curved surfaces onto a two dimensional
plane.
Since the earth is not flat so it show some distortions in
area, shape, direction, or scale

Map projections categories

1: Cylindrical Projections
In these projections we use miller cylindrical projection
and its features onto the cylindrical surfaces. Cylindrical
projection, in cartography, any of numerous map
projections of the terrestrial sphere on the surface of a
cylinder that is then unrolled as a plane. Originally, this
and other map projections were achieved by a
systematic method of drawing the Earth’s meridians
and latitudes on the flat surface. But this method
produces distortion, so a map projection today may be
created using any of a number of mathematical
methods. The familiar mar cater projections (q.v.) is a
cylindrical projection. Cartography, the art and science
of graphically representing a geographical area, usually
on plane surface such as a map or chart. It may involve
the superimposition of political, cultural, or other non
geographical divisions onto the representation of a
geographical area.

2: Conic Projections
In this method a cone is placed over the earth and its
features are projected onto a conical surface. Albert-
Equal conic projections are used. Conic projections are
used for mid latitude zones that have an east–west
orientation. Somewhat more complex Conic
projections contact the global surface at two
locations. These projections are called Secant
projections and are defined by two standard parallels.
3: Azimuthal Projections
It is also called planer or zenithal projections. Flat plane
is used to touch the earth at single point. Orthographic
projections are examples. The azimuthal equidistant
projection preserves both distance and direction from
the central point. The world is projected onto a flat
surface from any point on the globe.

4: Pseudocylindrical projections
In these projections curved lines are used as of straight lines.
Sinusoidal and Goode Homolosine projections are examples.
Pseudocylindrical projection is a map projection in
which the meridians of the normal aspect are mapped
as the curves symmetrical about the straight central
meridian, and the parallels as mutually parallel
straight lines perpendicular to the central meridian.

To: Sir Wahid Abbass

From: Syed Hassan Ali shah
Sp23 RER 002