Congson, Shayne Angelique B.

April 12, 2021

BSMLS – 1B

ACIDS AND BASES

Objectives:
 To understand the difference between type of solutions.
 Identify the difference of acids and bases.
 To determine the relationship between pH and pOH.
 Define the amphoteric and self-ionization capacity of water.
 Determinations of pH levels.

Water Molecule
 it is consisting of an oxygen atom (red) and two hydrogen atoms (white).
 These 5 water molecules represent a neutral solution.
 Water is neutral if there are no acids or bases added to it.
Acid Molecule
 This molecule is hydrochloric acid (HCl), a strong acid.
 A proton H+ was transferred from the hydrochloric acid to the water molecule which formed a new molecule
called as hydronium (H3O+). It is positively charged because there is one more proton than electrons.
 Acids are proton donors. The acid molecule gives away a proton when mixed with water. We can measure the
acidity of a solution by counting the number of hydronium ions (H 3O+).
−¿(aq)¿

HCl(g) + H 2 O ( l ) ↔ H 3 O +¿ (ag )+Cl ¿


Base Molecule
 When a strong base is added to an acidic solution it results the base counteracts with the acid and removes the
protons.
+ ¿¿
+¿ ↔2 H O +B ¿
 BOH + H 3 O 2

 Bases are proton acceptors.

 Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases. It’s named after the two scientists who worked it out in 1923, the
Danish scientists Johannes Bronsted and the English scientist Thomas Lowry.
 Arrhenius and Lewis definitions are the two other definitions for acids and bases.

Strong Base accepts all donated protons while weak base, only accepts protons with only a fraction of molecules. The
double arrow shows that the reaction goes in both directions until equilibrium is reached. At that point, the forward
reaction occurs at the same rate as the reverse reaction.

For strong acids and bases, that reverse reaction is almost non-existent. Therefore, only one-directional arrows are used.
Strong or weak refer to how readily acid or base molecules dissociate into ions. This measure is represented by the base
dissociation constant, Kb. It is important to notice that acids and bases, especially strong ones, are corrosive, and can
corrode skin and metal.
−¿¿

STRONG BASE: B (OH ) → B+¿+OH ¿

−¿¿
+¿+OH ¿
WEAK BASE: B+ H 2 O ↔ BH

Chemical structure that determines the acidity of a substance. It makes an acid acidic.
pH is a unit used to express the acidity of an acid or alkaline solution. The pH scale specifies how acidic or alkaline a
solution is. We can use a pH meter to measure the pH of a solution. Acids and bases can be dangerous, and they can
corrode surfaces, including bare skin. Always wear goggles and gloves when working with strong acids and bases.

There’re 3 bottles, one contains hydrochloric acid, the other is sodium hydroxide, and the third one has a water. Use a
pH meter to identify which one is which.

Materials:
 Beaker
 pH meter
 Hydrochloric Acid
 Sodium Hydroxide
 Water
Procedures:
1. Put the beaker on the pH meter and pick up one of the bottles to your left contains 249mL
−14
+¿ :9.96 x 10 M, ¿
−¿:0.100 M , H3 O ¿

H 2 O solution , Na+¿ :0.100 M ,OH ¿

and pour some of the solution into the beaker on the pH meter. Result
into pH level number 13.
2. Pick up another empty beaker and place on the pH meter and put the contents of the 2 nd bottle which is 250 mL
−7
−7 −¿:1.00 x 10 M ¿

H 2 O solution , H 3 O+¿: 1.00 x 10 M ,OH ¿

, result in pH level number 7.
3. Pick up the last empty beaker and place on the meter and put the content of the last bottles. The bottle has a 249mL
−13
−¿ :1.00 x 10 M¿

−¿:0.0999 M , H 3 O+ ¿:0.0999 M ,OH ¿

¿
H 2 O solution , Cl with a pH level number 1.

Materials:
 5 Beaker
 pH meter
 chart
 water
 hydronium ions

Procedures:
1. There are 5 beakers with different contents each and pick up the one that contains only water. 1.00 L
−7
−7 −¿:1.00 x 10 M ¿

H 2 O solution , H 3 O +¿: 1.00 x 10 M ,OH ¿

. pH level of water is 7.
2. Place the beaker containing water on the pH meter to measure the pH. When you point at any of the beakers on the
workbench you can see the concentration of hydronium ions (H 3O+).

A glass pure of water, without any acids or bases, has a hydronium ion ¿ ¿ with the same number as OH-. Water
molecules self-ionize, which results in a constant level of hydronium ions, even if there is no acid added to the water. If
fact, at room temperature only about two out of every one billion water molecules donate a proton, and its neighbor
accepts it. Water is not only holding the record for being the most common acid on our planet, but it is also the most
common base. Water can both accept a proton and donate one. This properly is called the amphoteric nature of water.
Amphoteric is an ancient pot with the handles on both sides. Amphoteric and amphora both contain the Greek word for
both.

3. Hovering over the beaker you can see the concentration of hydronium ions ¿ ¿ The remaining beakers contain
solutions of other acids and bases than water. As with water, there is a chart showing the pH value on the y-axis and
the hydronium ¿ ¿ concentration on the x-axis. Try to place the beaker on its corresponding position on the chart.
−14
−¿ :9.96 x 10 M¿

O+¿: 0.100 M,OH

4. Put the bottle containing 998 mL H 2 O solution , Cl−¿: 0.100 M , H
¿
¿
3
with a pH level of 1 to the beaker and
measure its pH level and locate its place on the chart base on their pH level.
−10
−5 +¿ :1.00 x 10 M¿
−5 −¿:9.98 x 10 M, H 3 O ¿

1.00 L H 2 O solution , Na +¿: 9.98 x 10 M , OH ¿

with a pH level of 10 and locate on the chart depends on the
hydrogen ion concentration and pH of the solution.
−10
−5 −¿ :1.00 x 10 M¿
+ ¿:9.98 x 10 M ,OH
−¿: 9.98 x 10 M , H3 O −5 ¿
¿
A bottle witha 1.00 L H 2 O solution ,Cl put in the beaker to measure its pH level and
turns out to be level 4. The last bottle to measure has a 998 mL H 2 O solution ,
−14
+¿ : 9.96x 10 M¿
−¿ :0.100 M ,H 3 O ¿
+¿: 0.100 M ,OH ¿
Na

Only a very small amount of the water molecules self-ionizes. There are 10 -7 (0.0000001) moles of hydronium ions in one
liter of water at room temperature. We know the number of hydronium ions determines the acidity of a solution and
that pH is the measure of the acidity. You measured a pH of 7 in a solution with 10 -7 (0.0000001) ionized water
molecules. pH=−log ¿ ¿ you will be able to calculate the pH of any strong acid or base. Each level on the pH scale
represents an increase in ¿ by a factor of 10. If we plot the pH against the log of the H+ concentration we get a straight
line. The concentration of hydronium ions of a solution with pH 1 is 1000 times greater than one with pH 4.