Summarize categorical data in a

column chart, bar chart and pie

chart.

Present numerical data using such

graphic techniques as line charts ,
scatter plots bar charts and column
charts, in order to interpret the data
being graphed.

When you have completed Read and interpret data

this chapter, you will be presented in graphical form
able to:
 – a method of
presenting values or
relationships in
pictorial form
Column
Common Types of Chart
Pie Chart Graphs

Scatter
Bar Line Plot
Chart Chart
 a circle which is divided into sectors
in such a way that the area of each
Pie Chart scope is proportional to the size of
the quantity represented by that
sector.

Use this chart type to show

proportions of a whole.
- Data are categorical or grouped
data.
 Example 1
The following data are the colors of 20 randomly selected
t-shirts displayed in a department store.

T-shirt Color T-shirt Color

1 white 11 white
2 red 12 red
3 brown 13 brown
4 black 14 black
5 white 15 white
6 black 16 black
7 black 17 black
8 white 18 white
9 white 19 white
10 red 20 red

Make a graphical presentation of the distribution

of colors of t-shirts using a Pie Chart in MS Excel.
 Example 1
The following data are the colors of 20 randomly
selected t-shirts displayed in a department store.

The table below shows the summary of

T-shirt Color T-shirt Color the data.
1 white 11 white
2 red 12 red Number of Relative
3 brown 13 brown Colors t-shirts Frequency Percentage
4 black 14 black white 8 0.4 40%
5 white 15 white red 4 0.2 20%
6 black 16 black brown 2 0.1 10%
7 black 17 black black 6 0.3 30%
8 white 18 white Total 20 1 100%
9 white 19 white
10 red 20 red
■ Excel: Highlight the summary table (categories, frequencies)
Go to Insert. Click Pie Chart icon in the tool bar.
 To edit the graph:
Click the figure – Chart Tools: Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label
options
To change the color of each pie region:
Click Chart Tools: Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label options - Fill

Interpretation
Among the four t-shirt colors, majority of the t-
shirts displayed in the store are white which
covers 40% of the total distribution. The least
displayed t-shirt color is brown.
Column
consists of a series of rectangular bars
where the length of the bar represents
Chart the magnitude to be demonstrated

- Use this chart type to

visually compare values
across a few categories.
- Data are categorical or
grouped data.
 Example 2
The following table shows the distribution of colors of 20 randomly
selected t-shirts displayed in a department store.

Number of Relative
Colors t-shirts Frequency Percentage

white 8 0.4 40%

red 4 0.2 20%
brown 2 0.1 10%
black 6 0.3 30%
Total 20 1 100%

Utilizing the same data, make a graphical presentation

of the distribution of colors of t-shirts using a Column
Chart.
■ Excel: Highlight the summary table (categories, frequencies)
Go to Insert. Click Column Chart icon in the tool bar.
To edit the graph:
Click the figure – Chart Tools: Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label
options
To change the color of each bar :
Click Chart Tools: Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label options - Fill

Interpretation
Among the four t-shirt colors, majority of the t-shirts
displayed in the store are white which covers 40%
of the total distribution. The least displayed t-shirt
color is brown.
 It is better to use the Bar chart when
Bar your data labels are long or you have
too many data sets to display.
Chart

- Data are categorical or grouped data.

 Example 3
A care taker in a private aqua marine park is making an inventory of
the different species of fish raised in separate glass fish tanks. Below is
the summary of the distribution of fish with their scientific names.

Number Percenta
Species of Fish of Fish ge
Sphyraena argentea (Barracuda) 3 2.73%
Cyprinus carpio (Carp) 25 22.73%
Ictalurus punctatus (Catfish) 15 13.64%
Gymnothorax mordax (Eel) 6 5.45%
Scomber japonicus (Mackerel) 11 10.00%
Sardina caerulea (Sardines) 30 27.27%
Xiphias gladius (Swordfish) 20 18.18%
100.00
Total 110 %

Make a graphical presentation of the distribution of

species of fish using a Bar Chart.
■ Excel: Highlight the summary table (categories, frequencies)
Go to Insert. Click Bar Chart icon in the tool bar.
To edit the graph:
Click the figure – Chart Tools: Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label
options
 Interpretation
The most number of fish found in a private aqua marine park is
sardine caerulea (sardines) while sphyraena argentea (barracuda) is
the least.
 • graphical presentation of data
Line especially useful for showing trends

Graph
over a period of time.
• used to display change over time as a
series of data points connected by
straight line segments

✓ Data must be quantitative.

 Example 4
A new entrepreneur in an online business would like to
track her daily earnings in her first week of online
selling of cosmetic products.

Days Earnings (Pesos)

1 1,000.00
2 1,500.00
3 3,000.00
4 3,200.00
5 3,500.00
6 3,500.00
7 4,000.00

Present the data using a line graph.

■ Excel: Highlight the data (days, earnings).
Go to Insert. Click Scatter with straight lines in the tool bar.
To edit the graph:
Click the figure – Chart Tools: Design – Add Chart Element-More Data
Label options

To display the values

 Interpretation
The line graph shows the trend of the daily online earnings
of a new entrepreneur in her first week of online selling of
cosmetic products. Based in her first 7 days of online
business, the least earning is on the 1st day then it’s
increasing up to 7th day.
 gives a visual picture of the relationship
Scatter between the two variables, and aids the

Plot
interpretation of the correlation
coefficient or regression model.

✓Data must be quantitative.

 Scatter Plots

If the points on the scatter plot seem to form a line that slants up from left to
right, there is a positive relationship or positive correlation between the
variables.

If the points on the scatter plot seem to form a line that slants down
from left to right, there is a negative relationship or negative
correlation between the variables.

If the points on the scatter plot seem to be scattered randomly, there

is no relationship or no correlation between the variables.
 Example 5 No. of sales No. of cars
calls sold
The manager of certain car company 9 3
wants to determine whether there is a
relationship between the number of 25 6
sales calls and the number of cars sold 15 4
in a month by a sales representative. 20 6
The manager selected a random sample
7 3
of 10 sales representatives and
determined the number of sales calls 10 4
each sales representative made in a 17 4
particular month and the number of 20 5
cars sold.
13 3
Create a scatter plot. 30 7
■ Excel: Highlight the data (no. of sales calls, no. of cars sold).
Go to Insert. Click Scatter in the tool bar.
To edit the graph:
Click the figure – Chart Tools: Design – Add Chart Element-More Data Label
options
 The scatter plot shows that there is a linear association of the points. The
scatter plot shows a direct linear relationship between number of sales and
number of cars sold. Sales representatives with less number of sales calls have
lower number of cars sold while those with more number of sales calls have
higher number of cars sold.