Module No.

GENERAL CONCEPTS
AND PRINCIPLES OF
PLANNING
LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS AND
PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING

MARIA LOUELLA C. FLORO, RCrim., LPT, MAEd

(Ongoing) Criminal Justice Department
Bataan Heroes College
 This module or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner
whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for educational
purposes but with a citation to this source.
For Permission: Contact Bataan Heroes College, Roman Super Hi-way, Balanga City,
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Module 1: General Concepts and Principles of Planning

Module Description:
In this module, you will learn about the different terms related to Planning,
its principles, elements, types, classifications and guidelines. Management or
Administrative Functions has also been discussed.

Objectives of the Module:

By the end of this module, you are expected to:
a. Define planning and related terms.
b. Determine the basic principles, elements and objectives of Planning.
c. Understand the fundamental concept and Principles of planning. d.
Demonstrate competence and broad understanding about planning e.
Appreciate the importance of planning.

1.1. Planning
a. Plan-is an organized schedule or sequence by methodical activities intended to attain a
goal and objectives for the accomplishment of mission or assignment.
-it is a method or a way of doing something in order to achieve
objectives. -Plan provides answer to 5W’S and 1H.
b. Planning
-is the process by which the managers of an organization set objectives, make an
overall assessment of the future, and chart the courses of action with a view to
achieving the organizational goals.
-“thinking about the future, thinking about what we want the future would be, and
thinking about what we need to do now to achieve it” (Hudzik and Cordner). - is the
process of deciding in advance what is to be done when and where it is to be done,
and how it is to be done, and by whom.
-is the act of determining policies and guidelines for police/law enforcement activities
and operations and providing controls and safeguards for such activities and
 operations in the department.

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-Planning process involves:

(i) The determination of appropriate goals and objectives,

(ii) The specification of the actions needed to reach the established objectives;
and (iii) The optimum period of time for achieving them
1.2. Elements of Planning
1. Objectives
➢ The important task of planning is to determine the objectives of the enterprise.
Objectives are the goals towards which all managerial activities are aimed at. 2.
Forecasting
➢ It is the analysis and interpretation of future in relation to the activities and
working of an enterprise,
3. Policies
➢ Policies are statements or principles that guide and direct different managers at
various levels in making decisions.
4. Procedures
➢ Procedures outline a series of tasks for a specified course of action.
5. Rules
➢ A rule specifies necessary course of action in a particular situation. It acts as a
guide and is essentially in the nature of a decision made by the management
authority. This decision signifies that a definite action must be taken in respect of
a specific situation.
➢ Rule is related to parts of a procedure.
6. Programmes
➢ Programmes are precise plans of action followed in proper sequence in
accordance with the objectives, policies and procedures
7. Budget
➢ Budget means an estimate of men, money, materials and equipment in numerical
terms required for implementation of plans and programmes.
 8. Projects
➢ A project is a single-use plan which is a part of a general programme.
9. Strategies
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➢ Strategies are the devices formulated and adopted from the competitive standpoint
as well as from the point of view of the employees, customers, suppliers and
government.
Policies v. Procedures

Policies v. Strategies

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1.3. General Types of Plan
1. Proactive Plan-
-create the future.
-are developed in anticipation of problems.
- involves designing a desired future and then inventing ways to create that future
state.
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2. Reactive Plan
-past oriented
- is an active attempt to turn back the clock to the past.
-developed as a result of a crisis.
 3. Preactive Plan
-also called Visionary Plan
- predict the future
- an attempt to predict the future and then to plan for that predicted future. -are
essential statements that identify the role of the police I the community and a
future condition to which the department can aspire.
4. Inactive
- present oriented
-an attempt to preserve the present, which is preferable to both the past and the
future.
1.4. Classification of Plans

1. Classification on the Basis of Levels in the Organization

• Strategic
- Strategic plans are made to achieve the overall organizational goals.
They are comprehensive and general in nature. Generally, relate to a
period of more than 5 years.
-The questions most commonly answered through strategic plans are:
(a) What are the ways in which overall goals can be achieved?
(b) How to allocate resources over different areas of the enterprise?
(c) How to respond to the external environment
• Tactical
- are the means to support and implement strategic plans. They are made
to achieve tactical goals of the organization. Normally relate to
intermediate period of 1 to 5 years. While strategic plans are general in
nature, these plans are more specific and precise.
-The important questions answered through tactical plans are:
(a) How to deal with changes in the environment/organization?

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(b) How to deal with changes in the demand for services?

(c) How to increase organization’s efficiency and effectiveness?
• Operational
- support the tactical plans. They are made to achieve operational goals of
the organization. These plans are highly specific and determine what
 different sections of the organization need to perform. Relate to short
periods of time of less than one year, say some weeks, months or even
days.
2. Classification on the Basis of Use
• Single-Use Plans
- are made to serve a specific objective. They cease to exist once the
objective is achieved. They are, thus, short lived plans made for
nonrecurring activities.
• Standing Plans
- are made to deal with situations which occur repeatedly in the
organization. They standardize the recurrent activities so that routine
decisions with respect to such activities can be taken by lower level managers and
top-level managers can concentrate on strategic issues. 3. Classification on the
Basis of Time
• Long-term Plans
- These plans are normally made for a minimum period of 5 years. They
relate to goals and usually cover all functional areas of the organization. •
Medium-term Plans
- These plans normally relate to a period of one to 5 years. They are the
supporting plans that help to achieve long-term plans. Plans made to
analyse the impact of advertisement campaignsd and the likes. These plans
usually relate to tactical goals.
• Short-term Plans
- These plans are normally prepared for a period of one year, though in
some cases, these may even relate to a period of less than one year. They
relate to operational goals of the enterprise.

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4. Classification on the Basis of Functional Areas/Environment

- These plans are more specific and relate to a particular area of operation. They
develop guidelines to action in a specific functional area. They usually set short-term
objectives for each functional area and define the means to achieve the objectives
within the given time frame.
Plans (strategic, tactical and operational) classified on the basis of levels in the organisation are
tabulated as follows:

1.5. Management or Administrative Functions

1. Planning
- The determination in advance of how the objectives of the organization will be
attained. 2. Organizing
- involves the determination and allocation of the men and women as well as the resource
of an organization to achieve pre-determined goals or objectives of the organization. 3.
Directing
- It involves the overseeing and supervising of the human resources and the various
activities in an organization to achieve through cooperative efforts the pre-

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determined goals or objectives of the organization

4. Controlling
- It involves the checking or evaluation and measurement of work performance and
comparing it with planned goals or objectives of the organization, and making the
necessary corrective actions so that work is accomplished as planned
5. Staffing
- the task of providing competent men to do the job and choosing the right men for the
right job-involves good selection and processing of reliable and well-trained personnel.
 6. Reporting
- The making of detailed account of activities, work progress, investigations and unusual
in order to keep everyone informed or what is going on.
7. Budgeting
- The process of creating a plan on how the money will be allocated or spent.
1.6. Guidelines in Planning
1. What - mission/objective
2. Why - reason/philosophy
3. When - date/time
4. where - place
5. How - strategy/methods

Assessment

Directions: Answer the following questions briefly.

1. Why does planning important in Law Enforcement Operations?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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MAEd(Ongoing)
Bataan Heroes College

2. As a Criminology student, what do you think is the essence of studying Law Enforcement
Operations and planning?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________

References
 https://criminologyboardexamreviewer.weebly.com/police-operational-planning.html
https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/management/planning
management/classification-of-plans-in-an-organisation-4-classes/4767
https://www.entarga.com/stratplan/approaches.htm
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/planning-organization/planning
importance-elements-and-principles-function-of-management/70029
Padduyao, F.F (2020)’. Law Enforcement Operations and Planning with Crime Mapping.
Wiseman ‘s Books Trading Inc.

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MAEd(Ongoing)