TABLE OF ACTIVITY – GROUP SCHEDULE

DATE MATTER MEMBER

INVOLVING ( %)
20/3/2011 Make a discussion how to handle the 100
project
24/3/2011 Visit the experiment area 100
2/4/2011 ------ 11/4/2011 Doing the analysis and soil sample 100
 Determination of organic
matter content
 Determination of the texture
of soil
 Determination of water
content
 Determination of air content
of soil
 Determination of soil PH
15/4/2011 -------- 17/4/2011 Collect data to determination plant 100
density species in experiment area
using systematic sampling technique
and line transect
19/4/2011 Send the report to the teacher 100

1
SOIL
ANALYSIS

2
Title : Soil sampling technique

Pupose : Using the right technique to take the soil sampling

Apparatus : Metal cylinder and piston (to dig out soil)

Procedure

1) The metal cylinder are press into the soil

2) The soil sample from the cylinder remove by using the piston

Result

3
  The sample for the soil like sand, loam and clay will get with the soil when press into
the soil

Discussion

 The metal cylinder and piston are ensure in the vertically with the soil when press
into soil

Conclusion

 For the effective technique to get the soil structure in natural, used the digger.

4
Title : determination of the tenture of the soil

Purpose : to determine the tenture of soil

Apparatus : 500 cm3 measuring cylinder, 100 cm3 soil sample and 300 cm water.

Procedure :

1) The soil sample is added into the measuring cylinder and with water
2) The content shake vigorously
3) Leave the mixture for 48 hour to allows mixture settle out according to density and
surface area of particles.
4) Then the volume of various traction of soil sample are measured.

5
Matter Soil sample (g)
Weight of soil sample 100
Weight of small stone 24
Weight of loam 40
Weight of clay 14
Weight of water 132
Weight of humus 100
Weight of soil sand 12

 We assume that 1 cm3 equal 1g from the table percentage of the small stone, loam,
clay, humus and sand can be calculated by using this formula.

% soil component = weight of sand

__________________ x 100

Weight of soil sample

1) % of small atone component = weight of sand

__________________ x 100

Weight of soil sample

= 24

___ X 100

100

= 24%

6
2) % of loam component = weight of loam
___________________ x 100
Weight of soil sample
= 40
___ X 100
100
= 40%

3) % of clay component = Weight of clay

___________________ x 100
Weight of soil sample
= 14
___ X 100
100
= 14%

4) % of humus component = Weight of sand

___________________ x 100
Weight of soil sample
= 10
____ X 100
100
= 10%

5) % of sand component = Weight of sand

___________________ x 100
Weight of soil sample
= 12
____ X 100
100
=12%

7
Discussion

 The soil sample in a measuring cylinder has for approximately 48 hours for the soil
sample partides to settle.

Conclusion

From the experiment, we get the texture of the soil contents small stone 24% , loam 40%, clay 14%,
humus 10%, and sand 12%.

8
Title : Determination of water content of soil
Purpose : To determine the water content of soil
Apparatus : Aluminium foil pie dish
Material : 80 gm soil

Procedure :
1) Firstly empty aluminium toil pie dish was weight. Then the mass is recorded (a)
2) A broken up soil sample is added to the pie dish and weight. The mass is recorded (B)
3) The pie dish containing the soil sample was placed into the oven at 110 °c 24 hours.
4) The sample from the oven is remove and cook in dessiccator
5) When the sample is cold, remove and weight it. The mass is recored.
6) The sample then return into the oven at 110 °c for further 24 hours.
7) Stages 4 and 5 repated until consistent weighing are recorded. Received the mass
(c).
8) The percentage of water can be calculate as follow

9
 B–C
_____ x 100
B–A

The soil sample in dessicator is retain for experiment 4

Result :-
Matter Mass (g)
Mass of the empty aluminium foil pie dish 107.9
Mass of soil sample + aluminium foil pie dish 187.9
Mass of sample after coll + aluminium foil Reading 1 181.33
Reading 2 182.04
pie dish
Reading 3 181.50
Average 181.62

% water contain of soil = Weight of sand

___________________ x 100
Weight of soil sample
By using the formula = B–C
____________ x 100
B–A
= 187.9 – 181.62
______________ x 100
187.9 – 107.9

% water content of soil = 7.85 %

10
Discussion

 Soil sample is heated to eliminate the water to avoid the masss of water counted in
this experiment.
 Soil sample is heated until the constant weight is apply. The soil colour is change
from dark to light colour. The soil also become more sand sandy.

Conclusion

 The value obtained in the experiment, is the percentage total water present. The
amount will depend upon content include field capacity and available water.

11
Title : Determination of organic matter content

Propose : To determine the content of an organic (humus) in a soil.

Apparatus : Desiccators and lid

Ttripod

Bunson burner

Asbestos mat

Fireclay triangle tongs

Material : Dried soil sample

Sand soil, loam soil, orchard soil

12
Procedure :

1) Using Bunsen flame the available and lid are strongly heated to remove all traces of
moisture. Cool it by placing in the desiccators. Then weight and mass (a) are
recorded.
2) The dried soil sample (from the previous experiment) are added in the desiccators and
weight. Mass (b) are recorded.
3) To burn off all the organic matter the soil sample in the unable that corered with the
lid are red heated for 1 hour. Then cool it for 10 minutes and remove it from
desiccators.
4) When cool the emcible and sample are weigh.
5) Procedure from 1 – 4 are repeated with constant mass is recorded.
6) Percentage of organic content is calculated a follow.
7) Experiment are repeated using soil sample taken from different areas.

13
Result :-

No Matter Area
Field Orshard Beach
1 Crucible + cover (a) 28.3 28.3 28.3
2 Crucible + cover + soil 108.3 108.3 108.3
before heating
3 Soil sample used (b - a) 80.0 80.0 80.0
4 Crucible + cover + soil
after heating (c)
Reading 1 98.0 96.00 100.37
Reading 2 97.37 95.39 99.87
Reading 3 97.37 95.39 99.87
Average 97.58 95.55 100.03
5 Organic metter (b – c)
Reading 1 10.3 12.3 7.43
Reading 2 10.9 12.91 8.43
Reading 3 10.9 12.91 8.43
Average 10.7 12.7 8.0
6 Percentage 13.37% 15.87% 10%
(b – c)
_______ x 100
(b – a)

Discussion :-

1) Soil sample from different areas are used to demosstrafe the variation on organic
content
2) The soil sample is heated repeatly at 11. Then is was cooled in desiceator until
consistent reading were obtamed.

Conclusion :-

 The soil sample which contained the most organic matter is arehard with and followed
by field 13.37% and 10% beach respectively 15,87%.

14
Title : Determination of air content of soil.

Propose : To investigation the air content of a soil.

Apparatus : The can of volume 200 cm, 500 cm beaker, metal seeker

Material : Water

15
Procedure :-

1) Place into the 500 cm3 beaker with empty can open uppermost and fill the beaker
with above the level of the can. The water level in the beaker is wanted.
2) The can containing water is remove and using measuring cylinder the volume of
water is measure. Volume (a) recorded.
3) By using a drill the base of the can is perforate about right small holes.
4) The open of the can is push into the soil which the surface vegetation has been
removed until soil begins to come through the perforation. The can is dry out and
standardrize the soil level with the top of can.
5) The can of soil is placed into the beaker with open end uppermost. Used seeker to
loosen soil and allow air to escape.
6) The level of water in the beaker will be lower than the original level because the water
replaced the air which was present in the soil.

7) Water from a full 100cm measuring cylinder is added into the beaker until the original
level ia restorest. Volume of water added (b) is recorded.
8) The percentage air content of the soil sample can be determine as follows
b
_ X 100

16
 9) The experiment is repeated using soil sample from different areas.

Results = Percentages volume of air in the soil sample is edculated

Formula =

Volume of water added

X 100

Initial volume of water in can

17
 =b

X 100

Table =

Soil Initial volume of Volume of water % air in the soil

sample water in can added b
(a) cm (b) cm X 100
a
Orchard 250 200 80%
Field 250 80 32%
Beach 250 230 92%

Discussion:

Soil from different areas have differentair contain

Soil sample from beach has the higher air content of all (95%) and followed by
the archard (second higher) (85%) and the soil sample from the field is the third
(31%)
Using a correct technique will taking the reading the volume of the water will
help in approximate results.

18
Conclusion:

Beach soil is not suitable for vegetation because it has higher air content and this
meant that it could nit trap water because of it tiny and smaller sand structure.
The suitable soil for vegetation is the orchard soil because its closed and small
structure.

Title : Determination of soil pH

Purpose : To determine the pH of soil

Apparatus : Long test tube, test tube rack, spatula, 10cm pipette

Material : Universial indicator

Procedure :

19
 1) 1 cm of soil and barium sulphat is added in the test tube. Barium sulphat is used to
ensure flocculation of colloidal day.
2) 10 cm of water distilled water and 5 cm of BDH universial indicator solution is
added. Used bung to seal the test tube. Then shake it vigorously and leave it 5
minutes to allow content to settle.
3) The colour of liquid in the test tube is compared with the colours on the BDH
reference colour chart the corresponding pH are read of.
4) Using soil sample from different areas the experiment are repeated.

Result :

Area pH value
Field 6
Orchard 10
Beach 4

Discussion :

 pH is one the most useful measurement that can be made on soil. Because it determine
the nutrients contents at the soil and which vegetation is suitable to be plant on it.

Conclusion :

 Generally loam soil have many humus and it is an acidic soil because of the percentage
of organic acids.

20
TYPE OF SOIL SAMPLE

Beach soil

21
Orchard soil

Padi field

DETERMINATION OF THE OF SOIL ORGANISMS.

Title : land organism

Purpose : To determine the types of organism in soil

Apparatus : Tullgren furnel, retort stand, beakers, hand lens

Material : 4% formalin solution, soil sample

22
Procedure :

1) Apparatus is prepared as show in the diagram above.

2) Soil sample is put on the filter. The bigger organism which cannot get through the filter
are separated by using forcep and inserted into the beaker which contain 4% formalin
solution.

23
Determination Of

The Types Of Soil

Organism

3) The beaker contain 4% formalin solution is putted under the surface of tullgram funnel
so that the smallest organism will fall into the formalin solution.
4) The lamp is switched on and the apparatus is leaved for afew days.
5) After a few days, the beaker contain 4% formalin solution is exquliued. Organism in
the soil is examinated by using hand lens to identified them.
6) Types of organism which are found are then identified their order and common name.
The diagram of the organism are draw.

24
Result :

Bil Phylum organism Common name Shape

1 Artropoda-insecta Larva

2 Artropoda-insecta Ants

3 Artropoda-archnida Spider

4 Annelid Earthworm

5 Artropoda-insecta Termite

Discussion :

1) The soil sample is that is used first, place on the net under the lamp which has switched
on. After one or two days, the beakers contain formalin that is placed under the
tullgram tunnel is examined and then identifield.
2) This technique is based on the negative responces organism toward bright light, high
temperature and low moisture.
3)The bright light forces the organism download and then eventually falls into the beaker
containing formalin solution.

Conclusion :

25
 This technique can isolated the terresfrial mesofauna live, larva, ants, spider,
earthworm, and fermite.

Title : Aquatic Organism

Propose : To investigate the types of organism in aguatic environments

Apparatus : Beawmann funnel, retort stand, beaker, microscope, glass slide

Material : 4% formalin solution, water, soil sample

26
Procedure :

1) Apparatus is prepared as shown in the diagram above.

2)Soil sample in the muslin bag is putted in the water.
3) The beaker containing 4% of formalin solution is place under the surface of beawmann
funnel.
4) The lamp is switched on and the apparatus is leaved for a few days.
5) Make sure the clip is always opened to allows the organism that gathered down and
fall into the beaker containing 4% formalin solution.
6) The organism which is found are identified by using the light microscope and then
determined their order and common name. Draw the diagram of the organism.

bil Phylum Common name Shape

1 sarcomastigophora Amoeba

2 Ciliaphora Paramecium

3 Zoomastigina Euglena

4 Chlorapphyta Clamydomonas

27
Discussion :

The light temperature and light intensityat the above water layer compared with the
based in the funnel, cause the aquatic organism to swim downwards and gather the
funnel. When the clip is opened these organism fall into the beaker containing
formaline.
Because the aquatic organism are smaller in size compared to the land organism we
have to examinated them under light microscope for better and clean view.

Conlusion :

Smaller in size of aquatic organism like amoeba, paramecium, euglena and

cladomonas can be isolated using this techniques.

DETERMINATION

OF

THE DENSITY

OF PLANT
28
 IN A

HABITAT

MAPING AREA EXPERIMENT OF SYSTEMATIC QUADRATS

Guidelines

29
 DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF PLANT SPECIES IN A
HABITAT

The density of palnt in a habitat can be determined by using quadrats and

transects.

Title : Quadrats sampling tecnigue.

Purpose : To determine the density of the plant species in habitat by using quadrats

(sampling quadrats)

Apparatus : quadrats measuring

Procedure :-

1) One area have been chosen and determination its width.

2) Species in this area are collected and ten most abundant species have been chosen.
3) Systematic sampling are uses in the ten 1M x 1M quadrats are placed at the same
investigate area at same intervals.
4) The present of the chosen plant species in the quadrats are mark
5) Repeat the method 1 until 5 for random sampling quadrat.

30
Result :-

a) Systematic sampling quadrat

Student’s name :

1) MUHAMMAD AL AFIQ BIN KASRI

2) MUHAMMAD AL HILMI BIN HASAN
3)MUHAMMAD FAIZMUHAIZIHAN BINABDUL RASHID
4)MUHAMMAD HILMI AMIR BIN MAT NAWI

Habitat : Orchad

Location : Kampung Padang Lembik

Type of plant : 1 meter X 1 meter

Date : 15 APRIL2011

Species of plant

Number Names of plant

1 Kemucup
2 Semalu
3 Rumput
4 Serai
5 Kapal terbang
6 Keladi
7 Peletup
8 Paku pakis
9 Pegaga
10 Lalang

31
 Table of data for the measurement of species of plant in the
systematic sampling quadrat

No Species of plant in quadrat Total species Percentage of Percentage of

for the frequency. (%) relative frequency
quadrat. (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 / / / / / / / 7 70 10.45
2 / / / / / / / / 8 80 11.49
3 / / / / / / / / / / 10 100 14.93
4 / / / / / 5 50 7.46
5 / / / / / / 6 60 8.96
6 / / / 3 30 4.48
7 / / / / / / / / / / 10 100 14.93
8 / / / / / / 6 60 8.95
9 / / / 3 30 4.48
10 / / / / / / / / / / 9 90 13.43
Total 67 670 100

Table 1.1 Species of plant in the systematic sampling quadrat.

32
No Species of plant in quadrat Total species Percentage of Percentage of
for the frequency. (%) relative frequency
quadrat. (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 1 2 6 1 7 1 9 10 3.6 14.94
0
2 6 3 2 2 4 5 7 1 10 3.0 12.45
3 1 6 2 3 2 7 4 2 3 3 10 3.3 13.69
4 2 5 3 6 9 10 2.5 10.37
5 2 1 1 2 1 3 10 1.0 4.14
6 3 3 5 10 1.1 4.56
7 5 2 3 6 1 6 7 1 2 4 10 3.7 15.35
8 2 2 4 1 3 5 10 1.7 7.05
9 1 1 4 10 0.6 2.49
10 7 5 2 1 1 4 2 7 8 10 3.6 14.94
Total 24.1 100.00
Table 1.2 total species of plant place in the systematic sampling quadrat.

Formula

Density : Total number of individual of species in all quadrat

______________________________________________________

Total number of quadrat X area of each quadrat

Relative density : Density of a species

______________________ X 100

Total density of all species.

33
Formula :

Frequency : Number of quadrat containing the species

___________________________________ X 100

Total number of quadrat

Relative Frequency : Frequency of value the species

____________________________ X 100

Total frequency values of all species

34
No Species of plant in quadrat Total Percentage Percentage of
species of relative
for the frequency. frequency (%)
quadrat. (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 9/25 3.6 15.06
2 3/10 3.0 12.55
3 30/100 3.3 15.81
4 1/4 2.5 10.41
5 7/100 0.7 2.93
6 11/100 1.1 4.60
7 37/100 3.7 15.48
8 17/100 1.7 7.11
9 3/100 0.6 2.51
10 37/100 3.7 15.48
Total 24.1 100.00

Formula

Percentage coverage : total base or area coverage of all quadrat X 100

Total number of quadrat sampled X quadrat area

Relative coverage : coverage by species X 100

Total coverage by all species

35
MAPING AREA EXPERIMENT OF RANDOM QUADRATS

Guideline

36
b) Random sampling quadrats.

Result

Student’name : 1) Muhammad Al Afiq bin Kasri

2) Muhammad Al Hilmi bin Hasan

3) Muhammad Hilmi Amir bin Mat Nawi

4) Muhammad Faizmuhaizihan bin Abdul Rasyid

Habitat : Orchard

Location : Taman Tengku Anis

Type of plant : Terrestrial plant

Quadrat size : 1M X 1M

Date : 16 APRIL 2011

37
 Table of data for the measurement of each species of plant in the random sampling.

No Species of plant in quadrat Total species Frequency Relative frequency

for the 10
quadrat.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 / / / 3 30 5.66
2 / / / / / / / 7 70 13.21
3 / / / 3 30 5.66
4 / / / / / / / / 8 80 15.09
5 / / / / 4 40 7.55
6 / / / / / / 6 60 11.32
7 / / 2 20 3.77
8 / / / / 4 40 7.85
9 / / / / / / / / / / 10 100 18.87
10 / / / / / / 6 60 11.32
Total 53 530 100.00
Table 2.1 species of plant in the random sampling quadrat

Formula :

Frequancy : Number of quadrat containing the species X 100

Total number of quadrat

Relative frequency : Frequency value of the species X 100

Total frequency value of all species

No Species of plant in quadrat Total number Density Relative density (%)

of quadrat x
area of each
quadrat

38
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
0
1 8 7 2 10 1.7 9.49
2 2 6 4 3 1 2 5 10 2.3 18.24
3 5 6 1 10 1.2 6.70
4 2 3 1 3 4 4 3 9 10 2.9 16.20
5 3 2 5 6 10 1.5 8.38
6 4 3 1 2 2 1 10 1.3 7.26
7 7 3 10 1.0 5.59
8 5 4 2 2 10 1.3 7.26
9 2 3 4 1 1 1 3 2 6 7 10 3.0 9.49
10 2 5 1 2 4 3 10 1.7 9.49
Total 17.9 100.00
Table 2.2 : total species plant place in the random sampling quadrat

Formula :

Density : total number of individual of a species in all quadrat X 100

Total number of quadrat X area of each quadrat

Relative density : density of a species X 100

Total density of by all species

No Species cover (base) in quadrat Total Percentage Percentage

species of of
cover for coverrage relative
ten (%) coverrage
quadrat
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 11/50 2.3 2.65

39
2 46/50 18.4 21.20
3 22/50 8.2 9.45
4 129/50 6.4 7.58
5 33/50 3.3 3.58
6 193/50 7.1 3.80
7 1/50 0.2 8.18
8 9/50 1.8 0.24
9 179/50 35.8 41.24
10 13/40 3.3 3.80
Total 86.8 100.00
Table 2.3 total of datafor the measurement of each species cover in quadrat

Formula

Percentage coverage : Total base or area coverage of all quadrat X 100

____________________________________

Total coverage by all species.

Relative coverage : Coverage by species

__________________ x 100

Total coverage by all species

MAPING AREA EXPERIMENT OF LINE TRANSECTS

40
Guideline

Title : Sampling technique using line transect

41
Purpose : To determine frequency coverage percentage and density of plant

Species in the habitat.

Apparatus : rope (15.30meters)

Procedure :

1) One base line along the border of the are under investigation is determine.
2) One series of point along the base line is chosen either randomly is
systematically.
3) The plant that touch and cross under transects line are record.
4) Place 10 – 20 line randomly in the area to provide enough sample to
investigate.

Formula:

Frequency : Total number of intervals where the species are found

___________________________________________ X 100

Total number of interval of transects

% species cover : Total cross sectional length of a species

_________________________________ X 100

Total length of transects

Relative cover species : Total cross sectional length of species

_______________________________ X 100

Total cross sectional length of all species

Result :-

42
Student’s name :

1) MUHAMMAD AL AFIQ BIN KASRI

2) MUHAMMAD AL HILMI BIN HASAN
3) MUHAMMAD HILMI AMIR BIN MAT NAWI
4) MUHAMMAD FAIZMUHAIZIHAN BIN ABDUL RASHID

Habitat : Orchard

Location/place : kg, Padang Lembik

Type of plant : Terestrial Plant

Distance of each intervals : 1.0 meter

Total number of interval : 10

Total length of interval : 15.30 meter

Date : 17 APRIL 2011

Table of data for the measurement of each species of plant in the sampling
technique using linhe transects

43
No Individual in distance of each intervals

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1 9 4 3

2 18 3 10 2 8 2 12 10 2 6

3 3 2 8 2

4 1

5 16 6

6 2 1

7 5 2

8 1

9 5

10 3

Table 3.1 Total of species of plant in the length of transect interval.

No Total length Percentage Total cross Relative

cover (a/b) all sectional cover.
Total cross Transect (b) X 100
sectional (a)

44
1 16 1530 1.05 145 11.03

2 73 1530 4.77 145 50.34

3 15 1530 0.98 145 10.34

4 1 1530 0.07 145 0.69

5 22 1530 1.44 145 15.17

6 3 1530 0.20 145 2.07

7 7 1530 0.46 145 4.83

8 1 1530 0.07 145 0.69

9 3 1530 o.20 145 2.07

10 4 1530 0.26 145 2.76

Total 1530
1530 9.5 145 100

Table 3.2 percentage of cover and relative cover in other species of palnt in the
transect.

No No of intervals Total no of frequency Total of all Relative

where species are interval frequency frequency
recorded transect

45
1 3 15.30 19 180 10.55

2 10 15.30 65 180 36.40

3 4 15.30 26 180 14.44

4 1 15.30 6 180 3.33

5 2 15.30 13 180 7.22

6 2 15.30 13 180 7.22

7 2 15.30 13 180 7.22

8 1 15.30 6 180 3.33

9 1 15.30 6 180 3.33

10 2 15.30 13 180 7.22

100.00

Table 3.3 Frequency and relative frequency in other species of plant in the
transect.

Discussion : The relative density, relative cover, relative frequency and so on

of each plant species in a habitat can be determine by using the quadrat
sampling. Technique such as systematic and random sampling procedure. It also
can be determined by using the sampling technique line transect.

Conclusion : From the experiment we can observed the dominant species of

plant in this habitat is kemucup.

Local name : Keladi

46
Family : Aracea

Local name : Lalang

47
Family : Graminae

Local name : Fern

48
Family : Gliecheniarea

Local name : Daun kapal terbang

49
Family : Lompositae

Local name : Rumput

50
Family : Graminae

51