JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALYA

CANACONA, SOUTH GOA

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

2021-22

TOPIC - STUDY OF CONSTITUENTS OF AN ALLOY

SUBMITTED BY; GUIDED BY;

Omprakash Mahto Manoj Pauskar PGT (Chemistry)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mast. Omprakash Mahto of class
XII science has successfully completed their project work of
Chemistry under the guidance of subject teacher. during the
year 2021-22 from Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Canacona,
South Goa in partial fulfillment of Chemistry Project
conducted by CBSE.

Signature of Signature of internal

Candidate examiner

Signature of Signature of principal

external examine
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude towards
our chemistry teacher MR. MANOJ PAUSKAR for his guidance,
support and encouragement throughout the duration of the
project. Then I would like to thank my friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful
in various phases of the completion of the Project . Without their
motivation and help the successful completion of this project
would not have been possible.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

List of alloys. - Wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alloys

Alloys and their purposes. - Globalspec.com

www.globalspec.com/reference/46877/2
03279/purpose-of-making-alloys

NCERT Chemistry - Class 12.

Comprehensive Class 12 Chemistry Practicals

Alloys And their properties – gcsescience.com

o www.gcsescience.com/ex29.htm
 INTRODUCTION
Pure metals possess few important physical and metallic properties
such as melting point, boiling point, density, specific gravity, high
malleability, ductility, and heat and electrical conductivity. For many
human needs the extents of these properties possessed by these pure
metals don’t become much beneficial. Therefore to change (or
improve) the properties, often these metals are combined with other
metals or non-metals. This process of mixing a metal with other
metals or a non-metal is called alloying and the resultant solid
solution obtained in the process is termed as an Alloy. The
constituent elements are combined in such a way that they cannot
be separated merely by physical means. More than 90% of the
metals used are in the form of alloys.
 A list of Alloys, their constituents and uses;

Alloys are generally made to:

 Enhance the hardness of a metal: An alloy is generally harder than its

constituents. The pure metals are generally soft.

 Lower the melting point: Pure metals have a high melting point. The
melting point lowers when pure metals are alloyed with other metals or
non-metals. This makes the metals easily fusible.
 Enhance tensile strength: Alloy formation increases the tensile strength
of the parent metal.

 Enhance corrosion and/or heat resistance: Alloys are more resistant to

corrosion than pure metals. Metals in pure form are chemically reactive
and can be easily corroded by the surrounding atmospheric gases and
moisture. Alloying a metal increases the inertness of the metal, which, in
turn, increases corrosion resistance.

 Modify color: The color of pure metal can be modified by alloying it

with other metals or nonmetals containing suitable color pigments.

 Obtain superconductivity: Some metals can be alloyed in such a way

that their alloy behaves as a superconductor which is of high importance
in technological advancement.

 Provide better castability: One of the most essential requirements of

getting good castings is the expansion of the metal on solidification. Pure
molten metals undergo contraction on solidification. Metals need to be
alloyed to obtain good castings because alloys expand.

Few examples of alloys are stainless steel, brass, bronze, nichrome,

constantan, crown gold, solder, amalgam etc…which are used in
soldering, super conduction making utensils, mechanical materials like
screws and blots etc.

In this project, the chemical compositions of two alloys namely, brass and
bronze have been quantitatively analyzed.
A few other materials made of alloys;
Apparatus;

1. Brass and Bronze pieces

2. China dishes
3. Filtration apparatus
4. Nitric acid
5. Hydrogen sulphide gas
6. Ammonium chloride
7. Ammonium sulphide
8. Dil. hydrochloric acid
9. Mercuric chloride
10. Potassium Ferro cyanide
Theory ;
Brass: Brass is an alloy constituting Cu and Zn. Both the ions dissolve in
50% of nitric acid due to the formation of nitrates which are soluble.
4Zn + 10HNO3 → 4Zn(NO3)2 + N2O + 5H2S
3Cu + 8HNO3→ 3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO
A small piece of brass is dissolved in 50% nitric acid. After the removal of
excess of nitric acid, the solution is tested for Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions.
Bronze: Bronze contains Cu and Sn. Their nitrates are obtained by
dissolving the sample in conc. nitricacid. The nitrates are precipitated as a
sulphide by passing H2S through their solution in dil.HCl. CuS is insoluble
in yellow ammonium sulphide, while SnS is soluble. The ppt. is separated
by filtration. The ppt. is dissolved in conc.HNO3 and then Ammonium
hydroxide solution is passed through it. Blue coloration confirms the
presence of Cu. The filtrate is treated with conc. HCl followed by Zinc dust
to obtain SnCl2. Then HgCl2solution is added. Formation of slatecoloured
ppt. indicates the presence of Sn.

Procedure;
For Brass:
1. A small piece of brass was taken in a china dish and was heated with a
small quantity of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece completely.
2. The solution was heated till a solid residue was obtained.
3. The solid residue was dissolved in dil.HCl and filtered. Distilled water
was later added to the filtrate.
4. H2S gas was passed through the filtrate. A black precipitate of CuSO4
was obtained. The black ppt. was separated and the filtrate was kept for
testing the presence of Zn2+ ions. The black ppt. was dissolved by heating
it with 50% HNO3. To this solution, ammonium hydroxide solution was
added. A deep blue color appeared in the solution which showed the
presence of copper ions in the solution.
5. To test for the presence of Zn2+ ions: The filtrate was boiled to
remove H2S gas. Then NH4Cl was dissolved in this filtrate by heating. To
make the solution ammonical excess NH4OH was added. Then H2S gas
was passed through this ammonical solution. A dirty white or grey ppt.
was formed. The ppt. was then dissolved in minimum amount of dil. HCl.
The solution was boiled to expel any H2S gas and Potassium ferrocyanide
solution was added. Bluish white ppt. was formed which confirmed the
presence of Zn2+ ions in the solution.

For Bronze;
1.The sample was dissolved in 50% HNO3 and then heated to obtain
nitrates.
2. The nitrates were dissolved in dil. HCl and then precipitated as
sulphides by passing H2S gas.
3. The precipitates were treated with yellow ammonium sulphide when
a part of it dissolves. The soln. was filtered.
4. The ppt. was tested for Cu as in the case of brass.
5. The filtrate was treated with conc. HCl followed by Fe dust.
6. Then HgCl2 soln. was added. Formation of a slate-colored ppt.
confirmed the presence of Sn.

Observations;
The following were found to be the constituents of the alloys
which were experimentally analyzed.
Alloy Constituents
Brass Zinc, Copper

Bronze Tin, Copper

Result ;
1. The given sample of brass contains copper and zinc. Metals as the main constituents.
2. The given sample of bronze -Cu and Sn as the main constituents