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CONTENTS INCLUDE:
n
About Apache Ant Getting Started with
Apache Ant
n
Anatomy of an Ant Script
n
Core Java Related Tasks
n
Infrastructure Tasks
n
SCM Related Tasks
n
Hot Tips and more...
By James Sugrue
Attribute Description Required
ABOUT APACHE ANT
name The name and identifier of this target Yes

Apache Ant is an XML based tool for automating software depends Comma separated list of other targets that this No
build processes. Starting out as part of the Apache Tomcat target depends on

codebase, Ant got its first standalone release in July 2000. if The name of a property which must be set for No
Today it is the most widely used build tool for Java projects, this target to run
enabling developers to adopt agile principles: most unless The name of a property which must not be set No
importantly test-driven development. for this target to run

Download Instructions description Description of this target No

You can download the latest Ant distribution (1.8.1) extensionOf Add the target to the depends list of the No
Hot as a standalone tool from http://Ant.apache.org/. Ant named extension point
Tip is also built into most Java development IDEs, such Table 2: Target element attributes
as Eclipse, and NetBeans which uses it as its internal
build system. Extension Points
Introduced in Ant 1.8.0 <extension-point> is similar
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The Anatomy of an Ant Script Hot to a <target> with its name and depends attributes.
A typical Ant script consists of a single build.xml file. The Tip However, it does not contain any tasks and is used
root element of the build script is the project tag. Within the to collect targets that contribute to a state in the
project element there are one or more targets specified. A
dependency relationships of the script.
target contains a set of tasks to be executed.

The project element can specify a default target if no target is Properties

chosen during execution of the build script. Properties can be defined within the build script or in separate
property files to provide more customizable build scripts.

Attribute Description Required

name Name of the property No
value The value of the property One of
these when
location Set value to absolute filename. If the value
using name
passed through is not an absolute path it will
attribute
Getting Started with Apache Ant

be made relative to the project basedir

refId Reference to an object defined elsewhere

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Figure 1: The basic structure of an Ant build script.
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The most important concept in Ant is that of dependencies.
Each target may depend on other targets. When running, Ant
resolves these dependencies so that your script gets executed
in the order you have specified.

Attribute Description Required

name Name of the project. No
basedir Base directory from which all path calculations No
are done
default The default target to run when no other target No
has been specified

Table 1: Project element attributes

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 2
Getting Started with Apache Ant

file Location of the properties file When Core Java Related Tasks
not using This section gives a complete reference of all taks and their
the name attributes that are most commonly used by Java Developers.
resource Location in the classpath of the properties file
attribute
(i.e. loading Compiling Java Code
url URL pointing to properties file external
properties)
Compilation is achieved with the <javac> task.

basedir The basedir to calculate the relative path from No. Default Attribute Description
is project
srcdir Location of java files to compile
basedir
classpath / The classpath to use when looking up a No bootclasspath/ Location of bootstrap class files or reference to a
classpathref resource boothclasspathref predefined path

environment Prefix to use when accessing environment No classpath/ classpathref Classpath to use for compilation or reference to a
variables predefined path
prefix Prefix to apply to properties loaded using file, No compiler Compiler implementation to use. Default is current VM
resource or url
debug Whether source should be compiled with debug
Table 3: Property element attributes information (-g parameter). Defaults to off

All system properties that can be accessed from the System. debuglevel Can be lines, var or source. Used in the –g parameter
for the compiler
getProperties() methods in Java can be used in Ant.
Additionally, the following built-in properties are available: depend Enables dependency tracking on jikes and classic
compilers
Property Name Description deprecation Whether source should compile with deprecation
basedir Absolute path of projects basedir information

ant.core.lib Absolute path of the ant.jar file destdir Destination for compiled .class files
ant.file Absolute path of buildfile encoding Encoding of source files
ant.home Home directory of Ant errorProperty Property to set to true if compilation fails
ant.java.version Java version detected excludes Comma separated list of files that must be excluded
ant.project.default-target Name of the default target from compilation. Wildcard patterns can be used

ant.project.invoked-targets List of targets specified in the command line when excludesFile File that contains the exclusion list
invoking this project executable Path to javac executable to use when fork set to yes
ant.project.name Name of the project that is running extdirs Location of installed extensions
ant.version Version of Ant fork Whether to execute javac using the JDK compiler
externally. Default no
Table 4: Built-in properties
failonerror Whether compilation error fails the build. Default true
Path Structures
includes Comma separated list of files that must be included in
Path structures can be created using a series of <pathelement> compilation. Wildcard patterns can be used
tags. For example, a classpath can be created using:
includeAntRuntime Whether to include ANT runtime libraries in the
classpath. Default yes
<classpath>
<pathelement location=”/path/jarfile.jar”/> includeDestClasses Whether classes compiled to the dest directory are
<pathelement path=”/path/lib/jar1.jar;/path/lib/jar2.jar”/>
</classpath> included in the classpath. Default true. When false,
causes recompilation of dependent classes

File Sets includesFile File containing the exclusion list

In order to bundle files together, Ant provides the <fileset> tag: includeJavaRuntime Whether to include default libraries from VM.
Default no
Property Name Description Whether source files to be compiled will be listed.
listfiles
casesensitive Whether include/excludes patterns must be treated with Default no
case sensitivity. Default true
memoryInitialSize / Initial and maximum memory sizes for VM if run
dir Root of the directory tree of this fileset memoryMaximumSize externally
defaultexcludes If default excludes should be used (set of definitions that nowarn Whether –nowarn should be used with the compiler.
are always excluded) Defaults to off
erroronmissingdir If true causes a build error, if false the fileset is ignored optimize Whether to compile with optimization, ignored since
JDK1.3
excludes List of patterns of files to exclude
source Value of the –source command line switch
excludesfile Name of a file to exclude
sourcepath/ Defaults to value of srcdir or reference to a
file Shortcut for specifying a fileset containing a single file
sourcepathref predefined path
followssymlinks Whether symbolic links should be followed. Default true target Generate class files for a particular VM version

Table 5: Fileset attributes tempdir Temporary file location if fork set to yes
updatedProperty Property to set for successful compilation
Built-in Tasks
verbose Use verbose output on the compiler
The following sections list out the most commonly used tasks
in Ant build scripts. Required attributes are marked in bold. Table 6: javac tasks properties

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 3
Getting Started with Apache Ant

Additional command line arguments can be passed through to indexMetaInf Whether to include META-INF in the index.
the compiler using the <compilerarg> nested element. Default false
level Compression level for files from 0 (none) to 9
Compiler Choice (maximum)
To use different compilers set the build.compiler
Hot property to classic (1.1, 1.2) modern (1.3-1.6) or
manifest Location of manifest for jar
Tip choose a separate compiler such as jikes, jvc, kjc, manifestencoding Encoding to use for manifest. Default is platform
encoding
gcj or sj.
mergeClassPathAttributes Merge classpath attributes of different manifests
when merging
Class file dependencies can be managed using the
preserve0permissions If a file has permissions value of 0, it will preserve
<depend> task. this instead of applying default values

Attribute Description roundup Whether to round up file modification time to the

next even number of seconds
srcdir Location of Java files to compile. Will be examined to
determine which files are out of date strict How to handle breaks of packaging version
specification Fail, warn or ignore (default)
cache Directory where dependency information is stored and
retrieved. No cache if not used update Whether to overwrite files that already exist.
Default false
classpath Classpath from which dependencies also need to be checked
useLanguageEncodingFlag Whether to set language encoding if encoding set
closure If true, all classes depending on an out-of-date class are to UTF8 only
deleted
whenmanifestonly Behavior when no files match – fail, skip or create
destdir Location of class file to be analyzed (default)
dump If true dependency info is written to the debug level log
Table 8: Jar task properties
warnOnRmiStubs Disables warnings about files that look like rmic generated
stubs but no .java source
War and Ear Archive Tasks
Table 7: Depend task properties Hot Both <war> and <ear> tasks have similar attributes
Tip to the <jar> task, adding in attributes for web.xml or
Ivy For Dependency Management application.xml respectively.
Hot
Tip Ivy (http://ant.apache.org/ivy), a sub project of Ant,
can also be used to manage dependencies. Additionally, you can sign jar archives using the <signjar> task.
Attribute Description
Distributing Compiled Code alias The alias to sign under
Jar files can be created using the <jar> task.
jar The jar file to sign
Attribute Description storepass The password for keystore integrity
destfile JAR file to create executable Specific jarsigner executable to use in place of default
in JDK
basedir The directory to build from
force Force signing if already signed or not out of date
compress Compress data in jar. Defaults true
internals Whether to include the .SF file inside signature block.
createUnicodeExtraFields Whether to create unicode extra fields to store file
Default false
names a second time inside the entry’s metadata
keypass The password for the private key
defaultexcludes Whether default excludes should be used.
Default true keystore Keystore location
duplicate Behavior when a duplicate file is found – add lazy Whether a signature file being present means the jar is
(default), preserve, fail signed
keepcompression For entries coming from other archives, keep its maxmemory Maximum memory the VM will use when signing
compression, overriding compress
preservelastmodified Signed files keep the same modification time as original
encoding Character encoding for filenames. Default UTF8 jar files
excludes List of patterns of files to exclude sectionsonly Whether to compute the hash of entire manifest
excludesfile The name of a file that defines an exclude pattern sigfile The name of the .SF or .DSA file
fallbacktoUTF8 If the specified encoding cannot be used, whether signedjar The name of the signed jar file
to fallback to UTF8
storetype The keystore type
filesonly Store only file entries. Default false
tsacert Alias in keystore for timestamp authority
filesetmanifest Behavior for when a manifest is found in a
tsaurl URL for timestamp authority
zipfilesset. Can merge, mergewithoutmain or skip
(default) verbose Whether to use verbose output. Default false
flattenAttributes Merge attributes occurring more than once in a Table 9: Signjar task properties
section into one single attribute
includes List of patterns of files to include Manifests can be included using the <manifest> task.

includesfile The name of a file that defines an include pattern Attribute Description
file Manifest file to create or update
index Whether to create an index list to speed up
classloading. Default false encoding Encoding to read existing manifest

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Getting Started with Apache Ant

flattenAttributes Merge attributes occurring more than once in a public Show only public classes and members
section into one single attribute
protected Show only protected/public classes and members
mergeClassPathAttributes Merge classpath attributes of different manifests
package Show only package/protected/public classes and
when merging
members
mode Either update or replace (default)
private Show all classes and members
Table 10: Manifest task properties serialwarn Warn about @serial tag
source Source level used for compilation
Generating Documentation
JavaDoc generation is done through the <javadoc> task. splitindex Split index into one file per letter
stylesheetfile Specifies CSS stylesheet
Attribute Description
use Create class and package usage pages
sourcepath Location of the source files for the task. At least one
sourcepathref of these attributes required for this specification verbose Output all messages of javadoc process
sourcefiles version Include @version parts
destdir Destination directory required unless a doclet is windowtitle Browser window title for documentation
specified
Table 11: JavaDoc task properties
access Access mode (public, private, protected, package)
additionalparam Additional parameters to pass through Executing Java Classes
author Include @author parts Java classes can be executed from Ant using the <java> task.
bootclasspath / Location of class files loaded by bootstrap class Attribute Description
bootclasspathref loader
classname The jar file or classname to execute. If using jar, fork must be
bottom Bottom text for each page jar set to true
breakiterator Use new breakiterator algorithm append Whether output/error files should be appended or overwritten
charset Charset for cross platform viewing
args Arguments for class. Better to use nested <arg> elements
classpath/classpathref Location of classpath
classpath / Classpath to use for execution
defaultexcludes Whether default excludes should be used classpathref
docencoding Encoding of output file clonevm Clones system properties and bootclasspath of forked VM to
be the same as the Ant VM
docfilessubdirs Deep copy of doc-file subdirectories
dir Directory to invoke VM in
doclet/docletpathref Classfile that starts to doclet used
error File to write error (System.err) output to
doctitle Title for the package index page
errorproperty Property to store error output from command
encoding Source file encoding
failonerror Stops Ant build process if failure occurs
excludepackagenames Packages to exclude from javadoc
fork Executes the class in another VM
executable Specify a javadoc executable instead of VM default
input File where standard input is taken from
extdirs Location of installed extensions
inputstring String where standard input is taken from
failonerror Stops build process if command fails
jvm Command used to invoke JVM. Default is java
footer Footer text for each page
javmargs Arguments for forked JVM. Better to use nested <jvmarg>
group Group specified packages together in overview
page logError Shows error output in Ant log
header Header text for each page maxmemory Maximum memory to allocate to the forked VM
helpfile Specifies help file to include newenvironment When fork=true, do not propogate current environment
variables
includenosourcepackages When true includes packages with no source
output File to write output to
link Create links to javadoc output at given url
outputproperty Property to store output of the command
linksource Generate links to source files
locale Locale to be used resultproperty Property where return code of command is stored

maxmemory Maximum amount of memory to allocate in VM spawn Need fork set to true. Will spawn a process independent of
calling Ant process
nodeprecated Do not include @deprecated information
timeout Timeout for the command to execute within before being
nodeprecatedlist Do not generate deprecated list stopped
notree Do not generate class hierarchy
Table 12: Java task properties
noindex Do not generate index
nohelp Do not generate help link Running Unit Tests
JUnit tests are executed from Ant through the <junit> task
nonavbar Do not generate naviation bar
noqualifier Enables –noqualifier argument for a list of packages Attribute Description
(or all) clonevm Clones system properties and bootclasspath of forked VM
overview Read overview documentation from HTML file to be the same as the Ant VM

packagenames List of package files to use dir Directory from which to invoke the VM

packageList File containing packages to use errorproperty Property to set when errors occur

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Getting Started with Apache Ant

failureproperty Property to set when failure occurs unless Use formatter if property is not set
filtertrace Filter out JUnit or Ant stack frames from stack traces in usefile If output should be sent to a file. Default true
errors or failures
Table 15: JUnit formatter definition
fork Run JUnit in a separate VM
forkmode How many VMs to create when forking tests. (preTest, Once tests are completed, reports can be generated for the
perBatch or once) tests using the <junitreport> task.
haltonerror Stop build process if an error happens
Attribute Description
haltonfailure Stops build process if a test fails
todir The directory that will contain the results
includeAntruntime Stops build process if a test fails
tofile The name of the XML file that will aggregate all previously
jvm Command used to invoke VM, default java generated results
logfailedtests Log a FAILED message for each failed test to Ant’s logging
system Table 16: JUnitReport task properties

maxmemory Maximum memory to allocate to forked VM The <junitreport> task contains a fileset that collects all the
newenvironment When fork=true, do not propogate current environment reports from previous Junit tests.
variables
To output to a report file, use the internal <report> tag.
outputformatters Send output generated by tests to test formatters
printsummary Print statistics for each test case. (on, off, withOutAndErr) Attribute Description
reloading Whether a new classloader should be instAntiated for each format Format of report (frames or noframes)
test styledir Directory containing stylesheets. Files must be junit-frames.xsl
showoutput Send output to Ant log or junit-noframes.xsl

tempdir Location for temporary files todir The directory that files are written to. By default this is the
current directory
timeout Cancel tests if not complete in specified time
Table 17: Report tag for <junitreport>
Table 13: JUnit task properties
Infrastructure Tasks
Tests are defined in nested elements within the <junit> task.
There are a number of other core tasks related to file
Batch tests are defined using the <batchtest> tag:
operations. The following is an overview of these tasks:
Attribute Description
Task Description
name Name of test class
attrib /chmod Changes permission of a file (attrib for Windows, chmod for
errorproperty Property to set when errors occur Unix)
failureproperty Property to set when failure occurs checksum Generates a checksum for files
filtertrace Filter out JUnit or Ant stack frames from stack traces in errors concat Concatenates multiple files into one single file, or to the console
or failures
copy Copies a file, or collection of files, to another location
fork Run tests in a separate VM, overriding the value set in the
<junit> task delete Deletes a file, directory or collection of files
haltonerror Stop build process if an error happens exec Executes a system command
haltonfailure Stops build process if a test fails Provides basic FTP functionality
ftp
if Property condition to run test against, if set
get Gets a file from a URL
todir Directory to write reports to
import / Imports or includes another build file into the current Ant script
unless Property condition to run test against, if not set include

Table 14: JUnit batch test definition mail Sends mail over SMTP
mkdir Creates a new directory

Single Tests move Moves a file, or collection of files, to another location

Hot If you just need to run a single test, the <test> tag record Listens to the build process and outputs to a file
Tip can be used to specify the test. This contains similar replace Replaces occurances of a string in file or collection of files
attributes to the <batchtest> tag. replaceregexp Replaces occurances of a string in file or collection of files using
regular expressions
Test results can be written to different formats, using the sql Executes SQL statements to a database using JDBC
outputformatters attribute in the <junit> task. The following Synchronizes a target directory with a list of files
sync
table shows the options for formatter definition:
zip / unzip Creates a zip file / unzips an existing zip. Also provides
Attribute Description tar / untar functionality for tar files

type A predefined formatter type of either xml, plain, brief or failure Table 18: Overview of basic infrastructure tasks
classname If no type specified, use a customer formatter implementing
org.apache.tools.Ant.taskdefs.optional.junit SCM Related Tasks
.JUnitResultFormatter ANT provides a number of tasks for connecting with different
source control management systems. The core support deals
if Use formatter if property is set
with CVS.

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 6
Getting Started with Apache Ant

Task Description buildnumber Reads build number from a specified file

cvs Handles commands to be run against CVS, defaulting with condition Set property if a condition is true
checkout
dirname Set property to the directory path of a specified file
cvschangelog Generates a report of change logs recorded in CVS
echoproperties Display all properties to file or console
cvspass Adds entries to a .cvspass file
loadfile Loads a file into a property
cvstagdiff Generates a report of the changes between two tags/dates
from CVS loadproperties Load a property file contents as Ant properties

cvsversion Retrieves CVS client and server version makeurl Converts filenames into URLs

patch Applies a diff file to originals pathconvert Converts a file list or path structure to a separated string for
the target platform
Table 19: CVS task properties
property Set a property
There are also tasks available for interfacing with ClearCase, propertyfile Creation and modification of property files
Visual Source Safe, Pvcs, Perforce and Continuus. Additional
uptodate Set property if specified target file is newer than source files
tasks can be found online for DCVS systems such as Git and
Mercurial. whichresource Find class or resource
xmlproperty Loads properties from property file written in XML
Property Tasks
Ant provides some tasks that deal with managing properties Table 20: Ant Property Tasks
throughout your build process.
Writing Your Own Tasks
Task Description
available Sets property if file, directory or class in classpath is available
Hot If Ant doesn’t provide you with the functionality that
at runtime
Tip you need, you can write your own Ant tasks in Java
by extending org.apache.tools.ant.Task.
basename Sets property to last element of specified path

ABOUT THE AUTHOR RECOMMENDED BOOKS

James Sugrue has been editor at both Javalobby A single application of increasing complexity, followed
and EclipseZone for over two years, and loves every throughout the book, shows how an application evolves
minute of it. By day, James is a software architect at and how to handle the problems of building and testing.
Pilz Ireland, developing killer desktop software using Reviewers have praised the book’s coverage of large-
Java and Eclipse all the way. While working on desktop projects, Ant’s advanced features, and the details and
technologies such as Eclipse RCP and Swing, James also depth of the discussion-all unavailable elsewhere.
likes meddling with up and coming technologies such
as Eclipse e4. His current obsession is developing for
the iPhone and iPad, having convinced himself that it’s a BUY NOW
turning point for the software industry. books.dzone.com/books/ant-action

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