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iddle school students love to to mean or posits how he or she might have made
argue. Unfortunately, most different choices so as to imply a different mean-
ing. The rebuttal considers other perspectives.
equate argument with verbal
Literary arguments can make judgments about
combat, thinking that if they speak loud- characters and their actions, suggest central ideas
er, with more passion, they stand a greater of a text, or evaluate the text itself.
chance of convincing others of their right- We know some oral arguments can strength-
en written ones (Andrews, 2009), so it makes
ful perspective.
sense to utilize language activities that encourage
We know argument relies less on volume and pa- students to make claims about works of litera-
thos and more on reason and logos, but we are ture, defend those with evidence, offer warrants,
reaching for the ways and means to make the and consider rebuttals. We decided to utilize So-
structure and value of argument more apparent cratic Circles with 26 eighth graders as a means
to students. of prewriting argument. Students would collect
Writing argument is not easy. It is, after all, evidence through participation in inner and out-
“the most highly prized type of academic dis- er circles; the former encourages speaking and
course: something that is deemed essential to a the latter, listening.
thesis, to an article in a We engaged in an inquiry linking to the
We know argument relies research journal, to a dis- speaking and listening circles and their impact
on written argument. We asked two questions:
less on volume and pathos sertation, essay, and to
many other kinds of writ- 1) What is the nature of student talking and lis-
and more on reason and ing within schools and tening during Socratic Circles? 2) What are the
effects of student talking and listening circles on
logos, but we are reaching the academy” (Andrews,
2009). It is mainly about argumentative writing? The remainder of this ar-
for the ways and means logical appeals, and it in- ticle describes our process for implementing So-
cratic Circles, explores the language of speaking
to make the structure and volves claims, evidence,
warrants, backing, and re- and listening circles, and considers the effects the
value of argument more buttals. circles have on writing argument.
apparent to students. Students in the lan-
guage arts classroom are
Structuring Argument with
specifically challenged to construct literary argu-
Socratic Circles
ments, making a defensible yet debatable claim Socrates was convinced that the surest way to at-
about a work of literature. As Smith, Wilhelm, tain reliable knowledge was through the practice
and Fredricksen (2012) explain, evidence comes of disciplined conversation, which he called a
from mining the work of literature in support dialectic. A dialectic is the art or practice of ex-
of the claim. The warrant offers a reason about amining opinions or ideas logically, often by
what an author might have intended something the method of question and answer, so as to de-
Copyright © 2014 by the National Council of Teachers of English. All rights reserved.
Voices from the Middle, Volume 22 Number 1, September 2014
termine their validity; by extension, a Socratic for the deaths—they struggled to support claims 59
Circle is a method to foster an understanding of with direct evidence from the text. As detailed
information by creating a dialectic in which par- here, students grappled with Romeo’s rash deci-
ticipants seek deeper comprehension of complex sion to kill himself:
ideas through rigorously thoughtful dialogue. In Rene: I think if it was somebody I loved
a Socratic Circle, students read and take notes on and somebody said they was dead, I
a text. They create questions to ask one another wouldn’t believe that. I would be trying to
about what they have read. They are then divided slap them in the face or wake them up or
into inner and outer circles. Students in the in- something.
ner circle engage in a discussion, and those in
the outer circle listen carefully, providing feed- edward: But he sees her in the tomb.
back once the inner circle discussion of the text is Rene: I would go to them and start crying.
complete. Students in both circles then exchange I wouldn’t just kill myself. That’s unreason-
roles and positions (Copeland, 2005). able thinking.
We incorporated Socratic Circles when read- edward: And didn’t he say her lips were
ing Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. The guiding golden?
essential questions for the unit asked students to
R e n e : But the poison was supposed to
consider: “To what extent are Romeo and Juliet
make her appear lifeless. It was supposed to
victims of fate or their own poor decisions? Who
do that.
is responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Ju-
liet?” The questions required students to take a t r o y: But she was going to wake up.
stance and find evidence to support their claims. R e n e : But it’s weird that Romeo didn’t
Students participated in two Socratic Circles. even talk to the Friar about it.
The first circle occurred after Act 3. The In this brief exchange, students made excel-
students were paired up, and each pair composed lent personal connections and used those con-
three open-ended discussion questions. Students nections to support their claims; however, they
in the inner circle were asked to participate at failed to refer to the text as a data source. When
least three times while making specific references Edward questioned whether Juliet’s lips are de-
to the text. Students in the outer circle were giv- scribed as golden, he missed an opportunity to
en Netbooks, instructed to listen carefully, and use the text to refute or support Rene’s claim that
asked to make at least two comments on the dis- Romeo was unreasonable when he killed himself.
cussion occurring in the inner circle. Students blogging in the outer/listening circle
The second circle occurred after students also failed to use the text to support opinions.
had completed reading the play. Students were Finally, two students in the inner/speaking
asked to consider who was ultimately responsible circle used the text to support their opposing
for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. In addition, claims:
they were instructed to use their preparation and
participation in Socratic Circles to help them Balthazar? But he was trying to help
t r o y:
student, Lyn, clearly was processing the informa- so when writing. However, the exchange of dif- 61
tion exchanged during the Socratic Circles. Dur- ferent ideas and perspectives, spoken and heard,
ing her participation in the outer/listening circle, led our students to reconsider initial perspectives
she defended Lord Capulet, blogging, “Lord and consider counterarguments, as exemplified
Capulet is not part of Juliet’s death because he by Rene and Alyssa. Listen-
didn’t know anything that was going on, just that ing to the claims of others [Argument’s] inclusion
she had to marry Paris.” In her essay, she argued aids in the construction and emphasis in the Com-
Romeo and Juliet are responsible for their own of written argument, and
deaths: hearing alternative views mon Core State Standards
Romeo and Juliet are the cause for their death, be- helps students better for- is grounded in the fact
cause it’s their decision to be together. Juliet would mulate rebuttals. Seeing
do anything for Romeo. When Juliet sees Romeo this principal proved true that an understanding of
dead she wants to die with him. Juliet says, “If all
in student essays, we were and respect for argument
else fails, myself have the power to die.” Juliet says
reminded of the power of
this because if all the plans fail, she has the power to
kill herself. listening when formulating is essential to participation
argument. More than one in a democratic society.
Clearly, listening strengthened Lyn’s argument.
student demonstrated an
Katherine is another student who was quiet
enhanced ability to compose an argument after
during the Socratic Circle, but she was also clear-
taking notes during Socratic Circles.
ly engaged in the learning process. During the
The importance of argument is reflected in
outer/listening circle, she argued Lord Capulet
the CCSS College and Career Readiness Stan-
was responsible for Romeo’s and Juliet’s deaths,
dards for Writing as well as for Speaking and
but she did not support her claim with evidence.
Listening. But before students can write argu-
She simply blogged, “I think Lord Capulet
ments, they must practice a model for reasoning,
caused Juliet’s death. Romeo’s death followed.”
and the best way to do so is through structured
In her essay, she mined the text, using quotations
speaking and listening engagements. Ultimately,
to illustrate and strengthen her claim.
argument is a form of academic discourse. Its in-
clusion and emphasis in the Common Core State
Strengthening Argumentative
Standards is grounded in the fact that an under-
Writing
standing of and respect for argument is essential
Engaging in Socratic Circles had little effect on to participation in a democratic society. We want
our students’ ability to provide evidence to sup- our classrooms to be places where students think
port claims. Students who verbally supported critically, exchange ideas, and celebrate different
claims usually did so when writing; students perspectives. With Socratic Circles, our students
who failed to verbally support claims rarely did demonstrated a growing awareness of varied
Socratic Seminars
The ReadWriteThink.org strategy guide “Socratic Seminars” explains Socratic seminars and offers practical methods for
applying the approach in your classroom to help students investigate multiple perspectives in a text.
http://www.readwritethink.org/professional-development/strategy-guides/socratic-seminars-30600.html
Lisa Fink
www.readwritethink.org
Mary E. Styslinger is an associate professor of English and literacy education at the University
of South Carolina, where she also directs the Midlands Writing Project. Jessica F. Overstreet
is in her fourth year of teaching at New Ellenton Middle School; she teaches eighth-grade
English language arts.