Introduction:

In recent years, the oil and gas industry has been facing major challenges related to highly volatile
prices, global demand, and environmental issues. The industry is forced to adopt strategies to
optimize the performance of reservoirs, reducing the production and development costs for
sustainable operations and environmental monitoring. Petroleum engineering has undergone a
major technological revolution with the adoption of advanced computational facilities at every
stage of the exploration and development processes. Growing energy demand and stringent
environmental monitoring pose major challenges to the E & P industry for enhancing recovery
from old fields and monitoring produced water. Although conventional fossil fuel remains the
main source of energy, more and more funds are being allocated to explore nonconventional
hydrocarbon sources and green energy. A right mix of conventional and unconventional
hydrocarbons should meet the global demand of hydrocarbon for the next several decades. The
petroleum industry remains the backbone of the Middle East’s economic development. The Middle
East and North Africa (MENA) region accounts for more than 50% of the world’s hydrocarbon
reserves. Despite being the largest oil and gas producer of the world, the MENA countries face
routine problems regarding petroleum engineering, reservoir modeling, and production
optimization. The development of the aircraft industry with its need for higher-quality petroleum
fuels.
This volume of Proceedings includes selected papers accepted for presentations during the 1st
Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018. This book
presents a collection of papers on new methods in petroleum engineering, petrophysics, petroleum
geochemistry, and petroleum system modeling by researchers primarily from the MENA region.
This volume contains topics related mainly to formation evaluation, enhanced oil recovery,
petroleum system modeling, source rock analysis, hydrocarbon exploration, and nonconventional
energy resources. A few papers discuss the environmental impact of hydrocarbon production and
management of hydrocarbon development and production business. Data and discussions
presented in this volume highlight major issues in petroleum industries concerning the
improvement of hydrocarbon recovery and reservoir engineering pertaining to the development of
old fields and petroleum system modeling and exploration methods for finding new fields. Various
case studies of this book provide the latest methods in petroleum exploration and production
business.[1]
Sulfur, nitrogen, and metals in petroleum cause expensive processing problems in the refinery. As
conventional technology does not exist to economically remove these contaminants from crude
oil, the problem is left for the refiners to handle downstream at a high cost. In addition, regulations
in various countries restricting the allowable levels of sulfur in end products continue to become
increasingly stringent. This creates an ever more challenging technical and economic situation for
refiners, as the sulfur levels in available crude oils continue to increase, conferring a market
disadvantage for producers of high-sulfur crudes. Lower-sulfur crudes continue to command a
premium price in the market, while higher sulfur crude oils sell at a discount. Desulfurization
would offer producers the opportunity to economically upgrade their resources.

1
The sulfur content of petroleum varies from <0.05% to >14% wt. but generally falls in the range
of 1–4% wt. Petroleum having <1% wt. sulfur is referred to as low-sulfur, and that having >1%
wt. sulfur is referred to as high-sulfur. Heavy oils, residua, and bitumen are generally considered
to be high-sulfur feedstocks by the refining industry. In addition, petroleum refining has entered a
Significant transition period as the industry moves into the 21st century. Refinery operations have
evolved to include a range of next-generation processes as the demand for transportation fuels and
fuel oil has shown a steady growth. These processes are different from one another in terms of the
method and product slates, and they will find employment in refineries according to their
respective features. The primary goal of these processes is to convert the heavy feedstocks to
lower-boiling products, and during the conversion there is a reduction in the sulfur content.
With the inception of hydrogenation as a process by which both coal and petroleum could be
converted into lighter products, it was also recognized that hydrogenation would be effective for
the simultaneous removal of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds from the feedstock.
However, with respect to the prevailing context of fuel industries, hydrogenation seemed to be
uneconomical for application to petroleum fractions. At least two factors dampened interest: (1)
the high cost of hydrogen and (2) the adequacy of current practices for meeting the demand for
low-sulfur products by refining low-sulfur crude oils, or even by alternative desulfurization
techniques.
Nevertheless, it became evident that reforming processes instituted in many refineries were
providing substantial quantities of by-product hydrogen, enough to tip the economic balance in
favor of hydrodesulfurization processes. In fact, the need for such commercial operations has
become more acute because of a shift in supply trends that has increased the amount of high-sulfur
crude oils employed as refinery feedstocks.
Overall, there has, of necessity, been a growing dependence on high-sulfur heavier oils and residua
as a result of continuing increases in the prices of the conventional crude oils coupled with the
decreasing availability of these crude oils through the depletion of reserves in various parts of the
world. Furthermore, the ever growing tendency to convert as much as possible lower-grade
feedstocks to liquid products is causing an increase in the total sulfur content in refined products.
Refiners must, therefore, continue to remove substantial portions of sulfur from the lighter
products; however, residua and the heavier crude oils pose a particularly difficult problem. Indeed,
it is now clear that there are other problems involved in the processing of the heavier feedstocks
and that these heavier feedstocks, which are gradually emerging as the liquid fuel supply of the
future, need special attention.
The hydrodesulfurization of petroleum fractions has long been an integral part of refining
operations, and in one form or another, hydrodesulfurization is practiced in every modern refinery.
The process is accomplished by the catalytic reaction of hydrogen with the organic sulfur
compounds in the feedstock to produce hydrogen sulfide, which can be separated readily from the
liquid (or gaseous) hydrocarbon products. The technology of the hydrodesulfurization process is
well established, and petroleum feedstocks of every conceivable molecular weight range can be
treated to remove sulfur. Thus, it is not surprising that an extensive knowledge of
hydrodesulfurization has been acquired along with the development of the process during the last

2
few decades. However, most of the available information pertaining to the hydrodesulfurization
process has been obtained with the lighter and more easily desulfurized petroleum fractions, but it
is, to some degree, applicable to the hydrodesulfurization of the heavier feedstocks such as the
heavy oils and residua. On the other hand, the processing of the heavy oils and residua present
several problems that are not found with distillate processing and that require process
modifications to meet the special requirements that are necessary for heavy feedstock
desulfurization.
In the last three decades, there have been many changes in the refining industry. The overall
character of the feedstocks entering refineries has changed to such an extent that the difference can
be measured by a decrease of several points on the API gravity scale. It is, therefore, the object of
the present text to discuss the processes by which various feedstocks may, in the light of current
technology, be treated to remove sulfur and, at the same time, afford maximum yields of low sulfur
liquid products. Thus, this text is designed for those scientists and engineers who wish to be
introduced to desulfurization concepts and technology, as well as those scientists and engineers
who wish to make more detailed studies of how desulfurization might be accomplished. Chapters
relating to the composition and evaluation of heavy oils and residua are considered necessary for
a basic understanding of the types of feedstock that will necessarily need desulfurization treatment.
For those readers requiring an in-depth theoretical treatment, a discussion of the chemistry and
physics of the desulfurization process has been included. Attention is also given to the concept of
desulfurization during the more conventional refinery operations.
The effects of reactor type, process variables and feedstock type, catalysts, and feedstock
composition on the desulfurization process provide a significant cluster of topics through which
to convey the many complexities of the process. In the concluding chapters, examples and brief
descriptions of commercial processes are presented and, of necessity, some indications of methods
of hydrogen production are also included. In addition, environmental issues have become of such
importance that a chapter on the cleanup of refinery gases is included. Moreover, the
environmental effects of sulfur-containing gases are also addressed.
Finally, as refineries and feedstocks evolve, biocatalytic processes for reducing sulfur offers the
petroleum industry potentially great rewards by use of such processes (biocatalytic
desulfurization). Generally, biological processing of petroleum feedstocks offers an attractive
alternative to conventional thermochemical treatment due to the mild operating conditions and
greater reaction specificity afforded by the nature of biocatalysis. Efforts in microbial screening
and development have identified microorganisms capable of petroleum desulfurization,
denitrogenation, and demetallization.
Biological desulfurization of petroleum may occur either oxidatively or reductively. In the
oxidative approach, organic sulfur is converted to sulfate and may be removed in process water.
This route is attractive because it would not require further processing of the sulfur and may be
amenable for use at the wellhead, where process water may then be reinjected. In the reductive
desulfurization scheme, organic sulfur is converted into hydrogen sulfide, which may then be
catalytically converted into elemental sulfur, an approach of utility at the refinery. Regardless of
the mode of biodesulfurization, key factors affecting the economic viability of such processes are

3
biocatalyst activity and cost, differential in product selling price, sale or disposal of coproducts or
wastes from the treatment process, and the capital and operating costs of unit operations in the
treatment scheme. Furthermore, biocatalytic approaches to viscosity reduction and the removal of
metals and nitrogen are additional approaches to fuel upgrading. [2]
The major corrosion problems in oil and gas processing facilities are not caused by hydrocarbons
but by various inorganic compounds, such as water, hydrogen sulfide, hydrofluoric acid, and
caustic. There are two essential sources of these conglomerates: feed-stock contaminants and
process chemicals, including solvents, neutralizers, and catalysts (Nenry & Scott, 1994).
For practical purposes, corrosion in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants is classified as
low- and high-temperature corrosion. Low-temperature corrosion is considered to take place at
temperatures below 260˚C in the presence of water. The main source of low-temperature corrosion
is the contaminants in crude oil. Those contaminants are water, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen
chloride, nitrogen compounds and polythionic acids (API, 1973).
Crude oils and gases that contain hydrogen sulfide are processed by most refineries (Hudjins,
1969). Hydrogen sulfide is also can be found in some feed stocks handled by petrochemical plants.
This harmful chemical compound forms the black sulfide film seen in almost all refinery
equipment (Ewing, 1955). Hydrogen sulfide is the main component of refinery sour waters and
can cause corrosion problems in overhead systems of fractionation towers, in hydrocracker and
hydrotreater effluent streams, in catalytic cracking units, in sour water stripping units, and, of
course, in sulfur recovery units (Piehl, 1968).
Sulfur compounds include hydrogen sulfide, polysulfides, mercaptans, aliphatic sulfides, and
thiophenes. Those contaminants, excluding thiophenes, react with metal surfaces at high
temperatures forming metal sulfides, organic molecules, and hydrogen sulfide. The corrosiveness
of sulfur compounds increases with accumulating temperature. Depending on a specific process,
corrosion can be in the form of uniform thinning, localized attack, or erosion-corrosion (Nenry &
Scott, 1994).
When it comes to high-temperature processes, corrosion is of considerable importance. Facility
failures can have undesirable consequences because refinery processes at high temperatures
involve high pressures as well. With crude oil streams, there is always the danger of fire when
ruptures take place. That is why corrosion by different sulfur compounds at temperatures between
260 and 540˚C is a general issue in petroleum refining and petrochemical processes (Nenry &
Scott, 1994).[3]
Temperature, as described in the oxford advanced dictionary is the degree of hotness or coldness
of a place, thing or a system. Simple experiments, experience and judgments tell us that any
chemical mixture of naturally occurring hydrocarbon becomes more volatile as its temperature is
increased. Ultimately, when the temperature is great enough, a liquid will boil and begins to change
into vapour. If such an experiment is carried out in a laboratory and the quantity of liquid and
vapour present in a closed system as pressure and temperature are varied, it results in a pressure
volume diagram which illustrates how the petrophysical properties of reservoir fluids varies with
respect to pressure and temperature.

4
As temperature and pressure increases, properties like viscosity, liquid density etc., generally
decrease while properties like vapour density, viscosity, etc., generally increases. Thus, the
difference in physicalproperties of the coexisting phases decrease. These changes continue as
thetemperature and pressure are raiseduntil a point is reached where the properties of the
equilibrium vapour and liquid becomes equal. The temperature, pressure and volume at this point
are known as the critical values for that species and are useful in correlating physical properties of
reservoir fluids.
The analysis of the effect of temperature on the petrophysical properties of rocks and fluids
requires knowledge and understanding of these properties of reservoir rocks and fluids and the
variations of these properties during reservoir exploitation.[4]
With regard to oil pipelines, if a hot oil pipe is shutdown, heat will escape from the pipe to the
environment due to the temperature difference between the interior and exterior of the pipe. When
the oil temperature drops to the wax-appearance point, paraffin wax will separate out and the oil
will coagulate, making the oil pipe hard to restart. Numerical simulation results of pipeline oil
temperature distribution have an important guiding role in determining safe shutdown time,
establishing restart schemes, and determining maintenance plans.
Because the components of oil are complex, its phase transformation process is different from that
of water. Additionally, the physical properties of crude oil are variable. For numerical simulation
of oil temperature drops, there are two main problems to resolve: modeling convective heat transfer
and wax-appearance precipitation. Natural convection is caused by changes in oil density and
affected by oil viscosity. The release of latent heat through crude oil wax precipitation results in
specific heat variation. Therefore, oil physical properties play a major role in modeling its
temperature drops and phase changes.[5]
API GRAVITY AND SULFUR CONTENT
The expected quality changes in oil supply streams to 2035 are presented in Tables 4 and 5 (World
Oil Outlook, 2011). Global averages for API gravity and for sulfur content indicate a relatively
stable future crude slate. This is particularly clear in respect to API gravity. The figure is projected
to improve marginally to around 33.5◦API by 2015, from 33.4◦API in 2010, and then move back
to 33.0◦API by 2035, a level not very dissimilar to the present one. Table 4 also underscores that
the global average for the entire forecast period is anticipated to remain in a fairly narrow range of
less than 1◦API (World Oil Outlook, 2011).
A similar pattern can also be observed for average sulfur content projections (Table 5). Although
the expected variations in average sulfur content are somewhat wider, they are still in the range of
10% over the 25-year forecast period. This is not seen as a major problem for the downstream
industry, although it will necessitate some extra desulfurization capacity. Driven mainly by
increases in syncrudes, condensates and light crude oils, it is projected that the global crude slate
will become marginally sweeter in the period to 2015, compared to 2010. The trend then reverses
towards a sourer slate, with the sulfur content slightly above 1.3% (wt) by 2035. A similar pattern
is also observed when countries are grouped into non–Organization of the Petroleum Exporting

5
Companies (OPEC) and OPEC, although on average, OPEC crudes are generally sourer than those
in non-OPEC countries (World Oil Outlook, 2011; Aissaoui, 2012).
The density of a crude oil indicates how light or heavy it is, as a whole. Lighter crudes contain
higher proportions of small molecules, which the refinery can process into gasoline, jet fuel, an
diesel (for which demand is growing). Heavier crudes contain higher proportions of large
molecules, which the refinery can either (a) use in heavy industrial fuels, asphalt, and other heavy
products (for which the markets are less dynamic and, in some cases, shrinking) or (b) process
into smaller molecules that can go into the transportation fuels products. In the refining industry,
the density of an oil is usually expressed in terms of API gravity, a parameter whose units are
degrees (◦API; e.g., 35◦API). API gravity varies inversely with density (i.e., the lighter the
material, the higher its API gravity). By definition, water has API gravity of 10◦.
Table 1: Crude Oil Quality Outlook in Terms of Sulfur Content

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035

OPEC 1.38 1.36 1.39 1.45 1.49 1.54
Non-OPEC 1.19 1.15 1.18 1.24 1.31 1.35
World 1.00 0.94 0.97 1.03 1.13 1.16
Source: World Oil Outlook (2011).

The quality of a typical light crude indicates 35◦API and a typical heavy crude 25◦API, in terms
of their natural yields of light gases, gasoline components, distillate (mainly jet fuel and diesel)
components, and heavy oils. An arbitrary scale expressing the gravity or density of liquid
petroleum products. The measuring scale is calibrated in terms of ◦API; it may be calculated in
terms of the following formula:
◦API = (141.5)/(sp.gr. 60◦F/60◦F) - 131.5

The higher the API gravity shows the lighter the compound. Light crudes generally exceed 38◦API
and heavy crudes are commonly labeled as all crudes with an API gravity of 22◦ or below.
Intermediate crudes fall in the range of 22–38◦API gravity.
A widely used scheme shows for classifying crude oils on the basis of their API gravity and sulfur
content. Each crude class is defined by a range of API gravity and a range of sulfur content; the
names of the categories indicate these ranges in qualitative terms.
Of all the heteroelements in crude oil, sulfur has the most important effects on refining. Sufficiently
high sulfur levels in refinery streams can (a) deactivate (poison) the catalysts that promote desired
chemical reactions in certain refining processes, (b) cause corrosion in refinery equipment, and (c)
lead to air emissions of sulfur compounds, which are undesirable and may be subject to stringent
regulatory controls.

6
Sulfur in vehicle fuels leads to undesirable vehicle emissions of sulfur compounds and interferes
with vehicle emission control systems that are directed at regulated emissions such as volatile
organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, and particulates.
Consequently, refineries must have the capability to remove sulfur from crude oil and refinery
streams to the extent needed to mitigate these unwanted effects. The higher the sulfur content of
the crude, the greater the required degree of sulfur control and the higher the associated cost. The
sulfur content of crude oil and refinery streams is usually expressed in weight percent (wt%) or
parts per million by weight (ppmw). In the refining industry, crude oil is called sweet (low sulfur)
if its sulfur level is less than a threshold value (e.g., 0.5 wt% [5,000 ppmw]) and sour (high sulfur)
if its sulfur level is above a higher threshold. Most sour crudes have sulfur levels in the range of
1.0–2.0 wt%, but some have sulfur levels >4 wt%.
Within any given crude oil, sulfur concentration tends to increase progressively with increasing
carbon number. Thus, crude fractions in the fuel oil and asphalt boiling range have higher sulfur
content than those in the jet and diesel boiling range, which in turn have higher sulfur content than
those in the gasoline boiling range. Similarly, the heavier components in, say, the gasoline boiling
range have higher sulfur content than the lighter components in that boiling range.
DESULFURIZATION PROCESSES
The desulfurization methods including variations thereon that are discussed include
hydrodesulfurization, extractive desulfurization, oxidative desulfurization, biodesulfurization and
desulfurization through alkylation, chlorinolysis, and by using supercritical water (Adschiri et al.,
1998; Guru et al., 2006; Pawelec et al., 2011; Javadli and De Klerk, 2012).
Sulfur can be removed as from molten metals, petroleum oil, or flue gases. Petroleum
desulfurization is a process that sulfur compounds removes from various streams during
therefining process. Desulfurization processes include catalytic hydrotreating and other
chemical/physical processes such as adsorption. Desulfurization processes vary based on the type
of stream treated (e.g., naphtha, distillate, heavy gas oil) and the amount of sulfur removed (e.g.,
sulfur reduction to 10 ppm).
High-sulfur coal when burnt in air releases sulfur predominantly in the form of SO2. Combustion
of high sulfur lignites is one of the fundamental reasons for problem with sulfur dioxide emissions.
The sulfur dioxide in the air combines with rainwater to form sulfurous acid (acid rain). Polluted
air causes erosion whereby an originally smooth concrete surface can be weathered away leaving
only a coarse exposed aggregate highly susceptible to deterioration. Sulfur dioxide is one of the
air pollutants that evolves mostly from fossil fuels used in transport vehicles, industrial furnaces
and thermal power plants.
Different methods of desulfurization have been developed based on physical, microbial and
chemical principles. There are nearly 15 different processes, which can be applied to remove sulfur
dioxide from the flue gases produced by coal combustion. These processes can in general be
classified into two main groups: wet processes and dry processes (Yan, 1976; Yaman and
Kucukbayrak, 1997; Stromberg and Karlsson, 1998; Cilek et al., 2000; Demirbas, 2000).

7
The removal of sulfur from coal has recently become even more critically important. Existence of
sulfur compounds in coal limits its industrial application due to environmental as well as technical
problems. However, high sulfur coals can be upgraded by desulfurization through physical,
chemical and biotechnological processes (Demirbas, 2000a, 2002b, 2002c). Sulfur dioxide is one
of the most harmful air pollutants, evolving mostly from combustion of fossil fuels in transport
vehicles, industrial furnaces and thermal power plants. In many countries, the main sources of
sulfur dioxide are oil and coal fired power plants that have produced about more than half of the
sulfur dioxide discharge. The sulfur dioxide in the air combines with rainwater to form sulfurous
acid. Acid rain resulting from sulfur dioxide has a harmful effect on agriculture and destroys the
ecological balance.
The sulfur dioxide in the air combines with rainwater to form sulfurous acid. The highest
concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere is in industrial areas. Polluted air causes erosion
whereby an originally smooth concrete surface can be weathered away leaving only a coarse
exposed aggregate highly susceptible to deterioration. Sulfur dioxide is one of the air pollutants
that evolves mostly from fossil fuels used in transport vehicles, industrial furnaces, and thermal
power plants. Agricultural, forest, and oil industry waste fires may also generate sulfur dioxide.
Harmful sulfur dioxide emissions can be controlled by taking precautions, which can be classified
as coal desulfurization, sorbent injection into combustion systems, and removal of sulfur oxides
from flue gases. Harmful sulfur dioxide emissions can be controlled by taking precautions that can
be classified as coal desulfurization, sorbent injection into combustion systems, and removal of
sulfur oxides from flue gases. Lignite before utilization is subjected to some physical, chemical,
and biological desulfurization methods. However, physical and biological methods are ineffective,
time consuming, and they can be applied only on the bench scale. Most of the effective lignite
desulfurization techniques are based on chemical methods. Available processes for sulfur dioxide
removal from coals can be divided into two main categories: removal of sulfur dioxide during
combustion and removal of sulfur dioxide from flue gases after combustion (Demirbas and Balat,
2004; Demirbas, 2006).
Various heavy petroleum feedstocks from which sulfur is to be removed may be employed in the
present process. Thus, the process is particularly effective when employed for the desulfurization
of heavy hydrocarbons, for example, those containing residual oils. Preferably, therefore, the
process disclosed herein may be employed for the desulfurization and simultaneous
hydroconversion of whole or topped crude oils, but most preferably for residua feeds, including
both atmospheric and vacuum residua feedstocks and heavy viscous crudes.
Under the supercritical conditions the dielectric constant of water is much lower. For this reason,
subcritical and supercritical water behaves as an organic solvent and exhibits extraordinary
solubility toward organic compounds containing large nonpolar groups (Demirbas, 2011). Organic
sulfur compounds can be removed from the petroleum products by using supercritical water.
The sulfur compounds from gasoline are generally removed by treating it with an alkaline solution
sodium plumbite. Sulfur can be removed from diesel fuel by using alkali and CaO catalysts (Arpa
et al., 2010; Arpa and Yumrutas, 2013).

8
At large scales, the most economical technology for converting hydrogen sulfide into sulfur is the
Claus process. This well-established process uses partial combustion and catalytic oxidation to
convert about 97% of the H2S to elemental sulfur. In a typical application, an amine treatment unit
concentrates the H2S before it enters the Claus unit, and a tail gas treatment unit removes the
remaining 3% of the H2S after it exits the Claus unit.
This multistep process has low operating costs but high capital costs—too expensive for plants
recovering less than about 20 tons of sulfur per day. These plants were using liquid phase
reductionoxidation (redox) processes to remove sulfur. While these processes removed essentially
all of the sulfur and offered a lower capital cost, they also imposed high chemical and operating
costs ($300–600 per ton of sulfur), too costly for many small fuel processing plants.
Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) is a catalytic process widely used to remove sulfur from
refinedpetroleum products such as diesel fuel, gasoline, jet fuel, and fuel oils. The purpose
ofremoving thesulfur is to reduce the SO2 emissions.
Petroleum feedstock uses HDS technology to remove sulfur. Simply described, hydrogen is added
to a Co-Mo or Ni-Mo charged catalytic column at high temperature and pressure liberating the
sulfur as hydrogen sulfide, H2S. The H2S is converted to elemental sulfur using the classic Claus
process. These systems are capital intensive, complex and require significant investment in
technology, engineering, and operational resources usually only found at large scale petroleum
refineries.
The removal of organosulfur compounds from diesel fuel is an important aspect of all countries to
reduce air pollution by reducing the emission of toxic gases such as sulfur oxides and other polluted
materials. One of the easily and fast method to remove sulfur from diesel oil is the adsorption
desulfurization process. The adsorption-desulfurization process of diesel fuel was proposed and
examined. Local diesel fuel of 410 ppm sulfur content was treated with commercial activated
carbon and carbonized date palm kernel powder at room temperature in batch work. The addition
of activated carbon caused reduction in sulfur content by more than 54% of the original sulfur
content value while carbonized date palm kernel powder without any activation process showed
lower performance toward sulfur recovery (Al-Zubaidy et al., 2013).
The desulfurization of high sulfur or heavy crude oil via microwave heating was achieved at low
microwave power at a temperature of 200◦C. This nonconventional treatment reduced the sulfur
content of heavy crude oil at lower pressures of hydrogen and temperatures (Khan and Al-Shafei,
2009). In their study, 70% of total sulfur has been removed by using iron powder (325 mesh) and
Ron powder/copper powder catalysts.[6]

9
References
[1] S. Banerjee, R. Barati, and S. Patil, Advances in Petroleum Advances in Engineering and
Engineering Petroleum G Petroleum Geochemistry. 2018.
[2] N. S. El-Gendy and J. G. Speight, Handbook of Refinery Desulfurization. 2015.
[3] D. Duissenov, “Production and processing of sour crude and natural gas - challenges due
to increasing stringent regulations,” no. June, p. 101, 2013, [Online]. Available:
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30858314.pdf.
[4] G. C. J. Nmegbu and P. Harcourt, “Analysis of Effects of Temperature on Petrophysical
Properties of Petroleum Reservoir Rocks and Fluids,” Int. J. Eng. Res. Dev., vol. 10, no. 6,
pp. 53–61, 2014.
[5] Y. Xu, Q. Cheng, X. Liu, Y. Liu, L. Liu, and M. Gao, “Effects of crude oil’s variable
physical properties on temperature distribution in a shutdown pipeline,” Adv. Mech. Eng.,
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[6] A. Demirbas, H. Alidrisi, and M. A. Balubaid, “API gravity, sulfur content, and
desulfurization of crude oil,” Pet. Sci. Technol., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 93–101, 2015, doi:
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