Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering
North South University

Term Project

5V AC to DC converter

Name: Faria Sharif Janifar

ID: 2031748643

Faculty:
Zunayeed Bin Zahir
Lecturer
ECE Department
Spring, 2021
Abstract
All electronic devices require low DC voltage in order to run. But the mains supply provides
high AC voltage. In order to run the appliances, the AC needs to be converted and step down to a
suitable voltage. Nowadays there are different types of converters. Here in this project, the study
of a basic AC/DC converter is carried out with simulations required to understand the topic.

Introduction
In our society the demand for efficient system keeps increasing. These efficient systems call for
improved performance and not as much of electricity consumption. And so as to keep up with
those needs, engineers were coming forward with growing efficient conversion strategies and
been capable of designing circuits with brilliant performance. However this sector keeps
improving with collective demands. Converter converts the power from one type to another by
means of varying voltage or frequency. In this project we present an AC/DC converter which
converts 230V AC to 5V DC. Here we’ve used a step down transformer to covert high AC
voltage to a low AC voltage. Then we used rectifier to convert it to low DC voltage and used
filters that removes noise from AC power waves. The voltage will be stepped down by the
transformer to the voltage required by the device being supplied.

Background Theory
With not very much exclusion, transference of electric power is in AC system. With the progress
of alternating to direct current converters are getting documented and are commonly followed
applications. Accordingly, AC/DC converter has framed a functioning area of research in recent
times. The requirement for DC power may be supplemental, for example, use in electronic
controls, or crucial, for example, the DC connection of a motor. In the meantime regulatory
bodies are upholding strict harmonics directions. This is due to the powerful factor and low line
current harmonics distortion requirements. To change line frequency from AC to DC, a line
frequency diode bridge rectifier is utilized. A large filter capacitor is used at the rectifier output
to diminish the ripple in the output voltage. In any case, current drawn by this converter is peaky
by characteristics for the larger capacitor. This input current is high in low order harmonics and
because of the existence of these harmonics, the aggregate harmonic distortion is high and the
input control factor is denied. Issues related with these low power factors also, harmonics,
utilities will authorize harmonic standards and rules which will oblige the measure of current
distortion permitted into the utility.
Description
Stage 1: A step down transformer is used to convert the AC voltage of 230V AC to 9V AC.
There are two sets of coils in a transformer - Primary coil and secondary coil. In a step down
transformer, the primary coil consists of more number of turns than the secondary coil.
Stage 2: The 9Vrms AC is now converted to DC using a bridge rectifier. The rectifier consists
of four diodes and are connected in the form of a bridge. We know that, the diode only conducts
in one direction and remains in off state in the opposite direction. In our circuit, during the
positive half cycle of the power supply, diodes D2 and D4 conducts and during the negative half
cycle, diodes D1 and D3 conducts. Thus, the input AC power is rectified into the output DC
power, but the DC output power has pulses and is termed as pulsating DC.
Stage 3: The pure DC power can be obtained from a pulsating DC power using a filter circuit.
In this part of the circuit, a capacitor is used to store energy while the input voltage is increasing
from zero to its peak value and energy from the capacitor can be discharged while the input
voltage is decreasing from its peak value to zero. Thus, the pulsating DC can be connected into
pure DC using this charging and discharging process of a capacitor.
Stage 4: The output DC voltage is regulated using a LM7805 regulator. It is used for
maintaining constant 5V DC voltage. The regulator consists of an operating amplifier that acts as
an error amplifier, zener diode which is used to provide voltage reference. The series pass
element is used to dissipate extra energy as heat and heat sink can be used for thermal protection.

LM7805 IC circuit
Circuit Design:
Simulations:
Components:

LM7805 Regulator
 MDA2500 Bridge Rectifier

The MDA2500 bridge rectifier consists of four diodes that work in pairs
to convert AC voltage to DC voltage.
 1A Fuse

A 1A fuse is used so that the fuse breaks and the circuit opens when
excessive current flows through it otherwise the circuit might get too hot
and catch fire.

Capacitor Rated 470μF Capacitor 0.1μF

References:

https://www.power-and-beyond.com

https://www.globalspec.com