Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pradita O. Hadi
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institute of Technology Bandung
Second-Order Circuit 1
Learning Objectives
• Able to analyse a circuit containing two storage elements.
• Able to solve source-free second-order circuits.
• Able to solve second-order circuits with independent dc source.
• Able to solve second-order differential equation.
Second-Order Circuit 2
Introduction
• A second-order circuit is characterized by a second-order differential
equation.
• A second-order circuit consists of resistors and the equivalent of two
independent energy storage elements.
• To solve a second-order differential equations, we need two initial
conditions (boundary conditions) which can often be obtained via
circuit analysis.
Second-Order Circuit 3
Second Order Circuit
Second-Order Circuit 4
Finding Initial and Final Values
Second-Order Circuit 5
Finding Initial and Final Values
• Some initial values such as the voltage across a capacitor and the
current through an inductor in second-order circuits can be
determined from circuit analysis using the results that
(1) the capacitor voltage is always continuous and
(2) the inductor current is always continuous
vc (0 ) vc (0 )
iL (0 ) iL (0 )
Second-Order Circuit 6
Initial Value
• The initial derivatives of voltage across a capacitor and current
through an inductor can often be determined from the initial values
of voltage and current using the v-i characteristics of capacitor and
inductor below.
dvc (0 )
C ic (0 )
dt
diL (0 )
L v L (0 )
dt
Second-Order Circuit 7
Final Value
• The final values of voltage v(∞) and current i(∞) are determined
via circuit analysis using the steady-state properties that the
capacitor is treated as an open circuit and the inductor as a short
circuit.
Second-Order Circuit 8
Example (1)
• The switch shown has been closed for a long time. It is open at t = 0.
Find:
(a) i (0 ), v(0 ), (b) di (0 )/dt , dv(0 )/dt , (c) i (), v().
Second-Order Circuit 9
Example (1)
Second-Order Circuit 10
Example (1)
(a) At dc steady state, the inductor acts like a short circuit and the
capacitor like an open circuit (Fig.(a)).
12
i (0 ) 2A, v(0 ) 2i (0 ) 4V
42
i (0 ) i (0 ) 2 A, v (0 ) v (0 ) 4 V
Second-Order Circuit 11
Example (1)
(b) At t = 0+ , the switch is open (Fig.(b))
iC (0 ) i (0 ) 2A
dv(0 ) iC (0 ) 2
20V/s
dt C 0.1
12 4i (0 ) vL (0 ) v(0 ) 0
vL (0 ) 12 8 4 0
di (0 ) vL (0 ) 0
0A/s
dt L 0.25
Second-Order Circuit 12
Example (1)
(c) For t > 0 , the circuit undergoes transience. But t → ∞, the circuit
reaches steady state (Fig.(c))
i ( ) 0 A, v() 12V
Second-Order Circuit 13
Example (2)
• Calculate: (a ) iL (0 ), vC (0 ), vR (0 )
(b) diL (0 ) / dt , dvC (0 ) / dt
(c) iL (), vC (), vR ()
Second-Order Circuit 14
Example (2)
(a) For t < 0, 3u(t) = 0, At t = 0- (the circuit has reached steady state)
iL (0 ) 0, vC (0 ) 20V, vR (0 ) 0
Second-Order Circuit 15
Example (2)
For t > 0, 3u(t)=3(Fig.(b))
iL (0 ) iL (0 ) 0, vC (0 ) vC (0 ) 20V
Applying KCL at node a,
vR (0 ) vO (0 )
3
2 4
Applying KVL to the middle mesh,
vR (0 ) vO (0 ) vC (0 ) 20 0
vR (0 ) vO (0 )
vR (0 ) vO (0 ) 4V
Second-Order Circuit 16
Example (2)
diL (0 ) vL (0 )
(b) Applying KVL to the right mesh,
dt L
di ( 0 )
vL (0 ) vC (0 ) 20 0 , L
0
dt
Applying KCL at node b,
vO (0 )
iC (0 ) iL (0 ) ,
4
4
[ v o (0 ) 4, i L (0 ) 0 i C (0 ) 1A
4
dvC (0 ) iC (0 ) 1
2V/s
dt C 0.5
Second-Order Circuit 17
Example (2)
(c) As t → ∞, the circuit reaches steady state
2
i L ( ) 3 A 1A,
24
4
v R ( ) 3 A 2 4A,
24
vC () 20V
Second-Order Circuit 18
The Source-Free Series RLC Circuit
Second-Order Circuit 19
The Source-Free Series RLC Circuit
𝑑𝑖 𝑑2 𝑖 𝑖
2. KVL for 𝒕 > 𝟎: ⟺𝑅 +𝐿 2+ =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝑑𝑖 1 0 𝑑2 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑖
𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 + න 𝑖𝑑𝑡 = 0 ⟺𝐿 2+𝑅 + =0
𝑑𝑡 𝐶 −∞ 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝒅𝟐 𝒊 𝑹 𝒅𝒊 𝒊
⟺ 𝟐+ + =𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝑳 𝒅𝒕 𝑳𝑪
Second-Order Circuit 20
The Source-Free Series RLC Circuit
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑2 𝑣
𝑖=𝐶 ⟺ 𝑅𝐶 + 𝐿𝐶 2 + 𝑣 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖 𝑑2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 + 𝑣 = 0 ⟺ 𝐿𝐶 2 + 𝑅𝐶 +𝑣 =0
1. Initial condition: 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 0
𝑣 0 = න 𝑖𝑑𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝒅𝟐 𝒗 𝑹 𝒅𝒗 𝒗
𝐶 −∞ ⇔ 𝑅𝐶 +𝐿 𝐶 +𝑣 =0 ⟺ 𝟐+ + =𝟎
𝑖 0 = 𝐼0 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝒅𝒕 𝑳 𝒅𝒕 𝑳𝑪
Second-Order Circuit 21
Finding Solution of Second-Order Equation
To find the solution of second-order equation, two initial conditions are
necessary to be known. Example:
𝑑𝑖
• Initial condition of current 𝑖 and its first differential ( ), or
𝑑𝑡
𝐴𝑅 𝑠𝑡 𝐴 𝑠𝑡 𝑅 1
𝐴𝑠 2 𝑒 𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑒 + 𝑒 = 0 ⇔ 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 2
𝑠 + 𝑠+ =0
𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝐿 𝐿𝐶
Second-order equation: Since 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑠𝑡 is the assumed solution we are trying to find, only the
expression in parentheses can be zero:
𝑑2 𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 𝑖
2
+ + =0 𝑅 1
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
𝑠2 + 𝑠+ =0 → characteristic equation
𝐿 𝐿𝐶
Second-Order Circuit 23
Finding Solution of Second-Order Equation
Characteristic equation of second-order differential equation:
𝑅 1
𝑠2 + 𝑠+ =0
𝐿 𝐿𝐶
The roots of characteristic equation determine the characteristic of
current 𝑖. The two roots are:
𝑠1 , 𝑠2 : frekuensi natural [Np/s,
𝑅 neper per second]
Second-order equation: 2 𝛼=
𝑅 𝑅 1 2𝐿 𝜔0 : frekuensi resonansi atau
𝑠1,2 =− ± − frekuensi natural tidak
𝑑2 𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 𝑖 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 teredam [rad/s, radian
+ + =0 1 per second]
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶 𝜔0 =
𝐿𝐶 𝛼 : frekuensi neper atau
faktor redaman
𝑠1,2 = −𝛼 ± 𝛼 2 − 𝜔02 𝛼
[Np/s, neper per second]
𝜁= 𝜁 : rasio redaman
Second-Order Circuit 𝜔0 24
Finding Solution of Second-Order Equation
The two values of s indicate that there are two possible solutions for
current 𝑖, each of which is of the form of the assumed solution:
𝑖1 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑠1𝑡 , 𝑖2 = 𝐴2 𝑒 𝑠2𝑡
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑠1𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 𝑠2𝑡
𝑠1 = −𝛼 + 𝛼 2 − 𝜔02
𝑠2 = −𝛼 − 𝛼 2 − 𝜔02
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑠1𝑡 + 𝐴2 𝑒 𝑠2𝑡
Second-Order Circuit 26
Critically Damped Case (𝛼 = 𝜔0 )
𝛼 = 𝜔0 ⟹ 𝐶 = 4𝐿Τ𝑅2
Real identical roots, less than 0.
𝑠1 = 𝑠2 = −𝛼
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐴2 + 𝐴1 𝑡 𝑒 −𝛼𝑡
Second-Order Circuit 27
Underdamped Case (𝛼 = 𝜔0 )
𝛼 < 𝜔0 ⟹ 𝐶 < 4𝐿Τ𝑅2
complex roots with real part less than 0.
𝑠1 = −𝛼 + − 𝜔02 − 𝛼 2 = −𝛼 + 𝑗𝜔𝑑
𝑠2 = −𝛼 − − 𝜔02 − 𝛼 2 = −𝛼 − 𝑗𝜔𝑑
We first calculate
R 40 1 1
5, 0 1
2 L 2 ( 4) LC 1
4
4
The roots are
s1, 2 2 2 5 25 1
0
or
s1 0.101, s2 9.899
Since 0 , the response is overdamped.
Second-Order Circuit 30
Example (2)
Find i(t) in the circuit shown. Assume that the circuit has reached
steady state at t = 0-.
For t < 0, capacitor: open circuit,
inductor: shunted circuit
10
i (0) 1A, v(0) 6i (0) 6V
46
For t > 0,
R 9 1 1
9, 0 10
2
2L 1 LC 1 1
2 2 50
s1, 2 2 2 9 81 100
0
s1, 2 9 j 4.359
Second-Order Circuit 31
Example (2)
Hence, the response is underdamped ( α < ω )
i (t ) e 9t ( A1 cos 4.359t A2 sin 4.359t ) i (t ) e 9t (cos 4.359t 0.6882 sin 4.359t )A
i (0) 1 A1
di 1
Ri (0) v(0) 2[9(1) 6] 6A/s
dt t 0 L
di
9e 9t ( A1 cos 4.359t A2 sin 4.359t )
dt
e 9t (4.359)( A1 sin 4.359t A2 cos 4.359t )
6 9( A1 0) 4.359(0 A2 )
6 9 4.359 A2 A2 0.6882 Second-Order Circuit 32
The Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuit
Second-Order Circuit 33
The Source-Free Parallel RLC Circuit
1. Initial condition: 2. KCL at node v:
1 0
𝑖 0 = න 𝑣 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼0
𝐿 −∞ 𝑣 1 𝑡 𝑑𝑣
+ න 𝑣 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 + 𝐶 =0
𝑣 0 = 𝑉0 𝑅 𝐿 −∞ 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑2 𝑣
⟺ + 𝑣+𝐶 2 =0
𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣 1
⟺𝐶 2+ + 𝑣=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝐿
𝒅𝟐 𝒗 𝟏 𝒅𝒗 𝟏
⟺ 𝟐+ + 𝒗=𝟎
𝒅𝒕 𝑹𝑪 𝒅𝒕 𝑳𝑪
Second-Order Circuit 34
Finding Solution of Second-Order Equation
We obtain the charcteristics equation by replacing the first derivative by
𝑠 and the second derivative by 𝑠 2 .
Second-Order Circuit 37
Example (1)
v(0) = 5V The corresponding response :
i(0) = 0 v(t ) A1e 2t A2 e 50t
L=1H v(0) 5 A1 A2
C = 10 mF
dv (0) v(0) Ri (0) 50
3
260
dt RC 1.923 10 10
Solution:
dv
Case 1: If R = 1.923Ω, 2 A1e 2t 50 A2 e 50t
dt
1 1
26 ,
2 RC 2 1.923 10 10 3 At t = 0,
0
1
1
10 260 2 A1 50 A2
3
LC 1 10 10
From equations above, A1 =-0.2083 and A2 =5.208,
The roots of the characteristic equation :
s1, 2 2, 50
2 2 v(t ) 0.2083e 2t 5.208e 50 t
0
Second-Order Circuit 38
Example (1)
The response is critically damped
v(0) = 5V
i(0) = 0 v(t ) ( A1 A2t )e 10t
L=1H
C = 10 mF v(0) 5 A1 ,
dv (0) v(0) Ri (0) 50
3
100
dt RC 5 10 10
Solution:
Case 2: If R = 5Ω, dv
(10 A1 10 A2t A2 )e 10t
dt
1 1
3
10 At t = 0,
2 RC 2 5 10 10
100 10 A1 A2
s1, 2 2 2 8 j 6
0
Hence, A1 =5 and A2 =-6.667,
v(t ) (5 cos 6t 6.667 sin 6t )e 8t V
Second-Order Circuit 40
Example (1)
Second-Order Circuit 41
Example (2)
• Find v(t) for t > 0 in the RLC circuit shown When t < 0, the switch: open
Inductor: short circuit, Capacitor: open circuit
50 5
v(0) (40) 40 25 V
30 50 8
40
i (0) 0.5 A
30 50
dv(0) v(0) Ri (0) 25 50 0.5
6
0
dt RC 50 20 10
1 1
6
500
2 RC 2 50 20 10
1 1
0 6
354
LC 0.4 20 10
Second-Order Circuit 42
Example (2)
v(t ) A1e 854t A2 e 164t
v(0) 25 A1 A2 A2 25 A1
1 1
500 dv
2 RC 2 50 20 10 6
854 A1e 854t 164 A2 e 164t
1 1 dt
0 6
354 dv(0)
LC 0.4 20 10 0 854 A1 164 A2 or
dt
s1, 2 2 02
0 854 A1 164 A2
500 250,000 124,997.6
500 354 A1 5.16, A2 30.16
s1 854, s2 146 v(t ) 5.16e 854t 30.16e 164t V
Second-Order Circuit 43