INTRODUCTION:

The step response of RC and RLC circuits involves the determination of

the transient and steady-state solutions of the circuit. Energy storage
elements such as inductors or capacifors do not permif an instantaneous
change in energy. Thus a gradual change takes place from some initial
level till the new steady state level is reached.

AIM:
a) To verify KVL and KCL measure input resistance.
b) To study the effect of some modifications in special circuits.

APPARATUS

1. Resistors of value (9.94k2, 6252, 20.82)

2. Capacitor(0.224F)
3. Breadboard
4. Multi-meter
5. Connecting wires
6. DC Power Supply 0-30V
7. DSO(Digital Storage Oscilloscope)

THEORYY
Analysis of the RC circuits can be done as follows:

-
w
ul
Zero-input
C
- +
RC series circurt
CV0
state

To find the total response of an RC series circuit, you need

to find the zero-input response "ZIR" (Natural or free or
transient) and the zero-state response "ZSR" (forced) and then
add them together
For ZIR, the first-order differential equation reduces to:

dve =0
dtR=0

The response(Natural) becomes venlt) =Ae*/RC

The constant term RC in this equation is called the time

constant(t).

Capacitor charging Capacitor discharging

Voltage Voltage
To calculate ZSR, consider the circuit in a steady state (the
capacitor acts as an open circuit). After getting ZSR, Substitute in the
total response to get total response.
v . ) = vt+ Ve

-1
v.0)= Ae /t+V
Analysis of RLC circuit:
R

Blue line= direction of current

RI()+Ld(t)
dt +V(0)+ r)dr =V).
The above equation is just Kirchhoffs Voltage Law applied to the
circuit.
Solving it gives a sinusoidal equation of relation between voltage
and time.

Response Condition Voltage Function

ype
Overdamped woca vt)=V+Ael Axe