Matrix



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3.

 4.

 Matrix

Note:
(i) In a compact form, the matrix (as shown in
definition) can also be represented as
A = [aij ], 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n or simply [aij ]m×n.
(ii) The numbers of above matrix, a11, a12, ..., etc.,
etc., are called the elements of the matrix.
(iii) The element which lies in the ith row and jth
column of a matrix is represented by aij and
it is called the (i, j)th element of the matrix.
Examples
2 1 -1
(i) A =   is a matrix having 2 rows
1 3 2
and 3 columns and so it is a matrix of
order 2 × 3 such that a11 = 2, a12 = 1,
Definition
A matrix is a rectangular array of
symbols (which could be real or
complex numbers) arranged in a
row and column. A matrix which
have m rows and n columns is said
to have the order of matrix, m×n.
The order of matrix represents
the number of elements in the
arrangement. Matrix A of order m×n
is usually written as :
(Matrices are represented by [ ], ( ))
 a11 a12 ... a1n 
a a22 ... a2n 
A=
21

a13 = – 1, a21 = 1, a22 = 3, a23 = 2.  ... ... ... ... 

 
 sin x cos x  am1 am2 ... amn 
(ii) B =   is a matrix having 2
cos x − sin x 

rows and 2 columns and so it is a matrix of

order 2 × 2 such that b11 = sin x, b12 = cos x,
b21 = cos x, b22= – sinx.

Q. What are the possible orders a matrix can have, if it has 12 elements?

Sol. Let matrix has order m × n, then mn = 12

So, possible orders are 1 × 12, 2 × 6, 3 × 4, 4 × 3, 6 × 2, 12 × 1

Q. Construct the matrix of order 3 × 2 whose elements are given by aij = 2i – j.

1 0
 
Sol. A = 3 2
5 4 
Matrix

1.
 TYPES OF MATRICES
Row Matrix
A matrix which have only one row is known Point to Remember!!!
as row-matrix or a row-vector.
Example : The elements aij in a square matrix
A = [1 3 –1 –2] is a row matrix of order A = [aij]n×n having the property i = j,
1 × 4. i.e., the elements a11, a22, ..., ann are
Column matrix called the Diagonal elements. The
A matrix which have only one column is line along which these elements lie
known as column matrix or a column-vector. is called the Principal Diagonal or
Example: Leading Diagonal of the matrix.
3 
1  2 
A = 2  and B=   are column-matrix of
5 
-1  
 4
order 3 × 1 and 4 × 1 respectively.

Square matrix
A Square Matrix is defined as a matrix having
the equal number of rows and the number Know the facts
of columns. If the number of rows and
columns are n, then matrix is said to be a A diagonal matrix of order n × n
Square Matrix of Order n. having d1, d2, ...., dn as diagonal
A square matrix of order n is also called a elements is denoted by diag
[d1, d2, ...., dn].
n-rowed square matrix.
Example :
2 1 -1 
 
The matrix 3 -2 5  is square trix of
 1 5 -3

order 3 in which the diagonal elements are

2, –2 and –3.

Diagonal matrix
A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is defined as a
diagonal matrix if all of its elements, except
those present in the leading diagonal, are
zero, i.e., aij = 0, for all i ≠ j
Matrix

2.
 Example :
 1 0 0 Know the facts
 
The matrix A = 0 2 0 is a diagonal matrix,
0 0 3
A diagonal matrix having all of its
diagonal elements equal is called
to be denoted by A = diag (1, 2, 3).
the scalar matrix.
Scalar Matrix
A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is known as Scalar
Matrix if
(i) aij = 0 for all i ≠ j, and
(ii) aii = c for all i, where c ≠ 0.

Example :
 2 0
The matrices A =   and
0 2

1 - 2i 0 0 
 
B= 0 1 - 2i 0 
 0 0 1 - 2i

Above matrices are scalar matrices of order

2 and 3 respectively.
Identity or Unit Matrix
Know the facts
A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called an identity
or unit matrix if
The identity matrix of order n
(i) aij = 0 for all i ≠ j and, is denoted by In.

(ii) aii = 1 for all i

In other words, a square matrix each of
whose diagonal element is unity and each
of whose non-diagonal elements is equal to
zero called an identity or unit matrix.
Example:
 1 0 0
 1 0  
The matrices I2 =   , I3 = 0 1 0 are
0 1  0 0 1 

identity matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.

Matrix

3.
 Null matrix
A matrix having all of its elements equal to zero is called a null
matrix or a zero matrix.
Example:
0 0 0 0 0 
 ,  are null matrices of order 2 × 2 and 2 × 3
0 0 0 0 0 
respectively.

Real Matrix
A matrix is called Real matrix if all of it’s elements are real.

Complex Matrix
If at least one of the elements of a matrix contains an imaginary
number, then the matrix is called a complex matrix.

Sub Matrix
Let A be an m × n matrix. Then a matrix obtained by leaving some rows
and columns or both of A is called submatrix of A.
Example :
2 2 5 6
 
A = 5 7 1 0
2 1 1 7 

2 2 5 6
  5 7 0
⇒  5 7 1 0  = (sub matrix of A) = 2 1 7 
 2 1 1 7   

2 2 5 6
 
Also,  5 7 1 0  = (sub matrix of A) = [2 1 7]
 2 1 1 7 

Singular Matrix
A square matrix A can be called Singular if |A| = 0. A square matrix A
is called non-singular if |A| ≠ 0. (where |A| denotes the determinant of
matrix A)
Matrix

4.
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] can be called equal, if :
(i) They are of the same order,
(ii) Each element of ‘A’ is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is
aij = bij for all i and j.

Example :
 1 -1  1 -1  1 -1 -1 1 
  and   are equal matrices but   and   can
2 3  2 3  2 3   2 3

not be called equal matrices. Figuratively if two matrices A and B are

equal, we write A = B.
Example :
 -1 0
x y   
  3  , then x = –1, y = 0, z = 2, a = 1
If z a  = 2 3 ,b= 5,c=
 1 2
b c   5 
 2

x + y 2x + z  4 7 
Q. If 
x - y
=  , then find the values of x, y, z, w.
2z + w   0 10 

Sol. By equating elements

x + y = 4 …(1)
x – y = 0 …(2)
gives x = 2, y = 2
Also, 2x + z = 7 ⇒ z = 3
And 2z + w = 10 ⇒ w = 4.

Q. Find the values of x and y for which the following matrices are equal.
2x + 1 3y  x + 3 y2 + 2
A=   , B =  
 0 y 2 - 5y   0 -6 

Sol.
By equating elements
2x + 1 = x + 3 ⇒ x = 2
3y = y2 + 2 ⇒ y = 1, 2 …(1)
y2 – 5y = – 6 ⇒ y = 2, 3 …(2)
by (1) and (2) y = 2
So, x = 2, y =2.
Matrix

5.
 i
Q. If A is a n-rowed square matrix, A = [aij] where aij =   ,[×] denotes greatest
 j
integer, then find the value of det (A).
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) –1

Sol. (C)
1 0 0 ... 0 
2 1 0 ... 0 

A = 3

1 1 ... 0 

 
n ............... 1

|A| = 1 x 1 x 1 x…x1 (n times) + 0 + 0 + 0… + 0 ; |A| = 1

 3 2 
Q. 
x-1

The number of distinct values of x for which matrix  3 -1 x + 2  is
 x + 3 -1 2 

singular, is:
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 3

Sol. (A)

∆ = 3(–2 + x + 2) – (x – 1) {(6 – (x + 3) (x + 2)} + 2{–3 + x + 3} = 0

⇒ 3x + (x – 1) (x2 + 5x) + 2x = 0
⇒ x {(x – 1) (x + 5) + 5} = 0
⇒ x{x2 + 4x} = 0
⇒ x2(x + 4) = 0
⇒ x = {0, –4}

Q. A is square matrix of order n.I = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a

triangular matrix m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal
matrix p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix If I + 5 = p +
2m, find the order of the matrix.
(A) 8 (B) 6 (C) 5 (D) 4

Sol. (D)
n(n + 1)
=I 2
+1
Matrix

6.
 m=n+1
n(n − 1)
p=
2
Now, I + 5 = p + 2m
n(n + 1) n(n − 1)
1+5
+= + 2(n + 1)
2 2
n
⇒ {(n + 1) – (n – 1)} + 6 = 2n + 2
2
⇒ n + 4 = 2n
⇒ n = 4

Q. If a matrix has 18 elements, find out all of it’s possible order. What, if it has 5
elements?

Sol. Let order be m × n then

(i) mn = 18
(m, n) = {(1, 18), (2, 9), (3, 6), (6, 3), (9, 2). (18, 1)}
(ii) mn = 5
⇒ m × n = {1 × 5, 5 × 1}

Q. Find the number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 having each entry
either 0 or 1.
(A) 27 (B) 256 (C) 81 (D) 512

Sol. (D)

For a 3 × 3 matrix, we have 9 positions.

Each position can be filled with 0 or 1
Total number of matrices = 2
 2x...2
×  = 29
9 times

ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
Addition of matrices
(i) A
 ny two matrices can only be added if they are of the same order. The
matrix thus produced is of the same order. Hence we can say that if
two matrices A and B are of the same order, only then they can be
conformable for addition.
(ii) If A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m×n are two matrices of the same order,
their sum A + B is defined as the matrix of order m × n such that
Matrix

7.
 (A + B)ij = aij + bij for i = 1, 2, ...., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n.

Example :
1 2 3 6 5 4
If A =  , B =   then
 4 5 6 3 2 1 
1 + 6 2 + 5 3 + 4 
A+B=  
4 + 3 5 + 2 6 + 1 
7 7 7 
A+B=  
7 7 7 
Example :
-1 2 1 
 1 2 3  
If A =   , B = 3 2 1  ,
 4 5 6   2 5 -2

Since A and B are not of the same order, A + B is not defined.

Properties of Matrix addition

(i) Matrix addition is commutative
If A and B are two m × n matrices, then A + B = B + A.
(ii) Matrix addition is associative
i.e., if A, B, C are three matrices of the same order,
then (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
(iii) Existence of Identity
The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition, i.e.,
A + O = A = O + A.
(iv) Additive Inverse
For every matrix A = [aij]m × n there exists a matrix [–aij]m×n, denoted by
– A, such that A + (–A) = O = (–A) + A.
(v) Cancellation laws hold true in case of addition of matrices If A, B, C
are matrices of the same order, then
A + B = A + C ⇒ B = C (left cancellation law)
and,B + A = C + A ⇒ B = C (right cancellation law)

Subtraction of Matrices
Definition :
For two matrices A and B of the same order,
we define A – B = A + (–B).
Matrix

8.
 -3 2 1 3 5 - 2
Q. If A =   and B = 
 1 -4 7  –1
 , then A – B = A + (–B)
4 - 2
 −3 2 1   3 5 −2   −3 − 3 2 − 5 1 − ( −2 )   −6 −3 3
Sol. A−B 
= − =   =   
 1 −4 7   −1 4 2  1 − ( −1) −4 − 4 7 − ( −2 )   2 −8 9 


 −3 2 1  3 5 −2   −3 − 3 2 − 5 1 + 2   −6 −3 3
A+B 
= + =   =   
 1 −4 7  1 4 2   1 + 2 −4 − 4 7 + 2   2 −8 9 
Clearly, both LHS and RHS are equal

Multiplication of Matrix by scalar

2 3 5  4 6 10
If A =   , then 2A =  
6 7 82×3 12 14 162×3

Properties of Scalar
Multiplication
If A = [aij]m×n, B = [bij]m×n are two matrices and k, l are scalars, then
(i) k (A + B) = k A + k B
(ii) (k + l) A = kA + lA
(iii) (kl)A = k (l A) = l (k A)
(iv) (–k)A = – (k A) = k (– A)
(v) 1.A = A
(vi) (–1)A = – A.

2 -1  1 4
Q. If A = 
 3 1
 and B =


 7 2
 , find 3A – 2B.

2 −1 6 −3
Sol. A=  
3 1 
⇒ 3A =  
9 3 

 1 4  2 8
B=   ⇒ 2B =  
7 2  14 4
 6 − 2 −3 − 8  4 −11
3A – 2B =   =  
9 − 14 3 − 4   −5 −1 
Matrix

9.
 2 3 4   3 0 15 
Q.    
If A 0 4 6  , B =  5 3 2  , find 3A – 2B.
5 8 9  0 4 7 
   

2 3 4   6 9 12 
Sol. A = 0 4 6  ⇒ 3A =  0 12 18 
 
5 8 9 15 24 27 
3 0 15  6 0 30
   
B = 5 3 2  ⇒ 2B = 10 6 4
 
0 4 7   0 8 14 
 
 6 9 12   6 0 30  0 9 −18
   
3A – 2B =  0 12 18  − 10 6 4  =  
 −10 6 14 
15 24 27   0 8 14   15 16 13 

Q. If A = diag (1, – 1, 2) and B = diag (2, 3, – 1), then find 3 A + 4B.

 1 0 0 3 0 0
 
A = 0 −1 0 ⇒ 3A = 0 −3 0
Sol.
0 0 2 0 0 6
2 0 0  8 0 0
 
B = 0 3 0  ⇒ 4B = 0 12 0 
0 0 −1 0 0 −4
11 0 0
3A + 4B =  0 9 0 = diag (11, 9, 2)
 0 0 2 

 1 0  1 -2 
Q.    
If A A =  3 -1 and B = -2 2  , then find the matrix ‘X’ such that 3A + 2X
-5 2  1 1
   
= 5 B Q.

 3 0  5 −10
Sol. 3A  9 −3 , 5B =
=   −10 10 
 
 −15 6   5 5 
Matrix

10.
  2 −10
5B − 3A = −19 13 
 
 20 −1 
5B − 3A
3A + 2X = 5B ⇒ X =
2
 2 −10
1
X
= −19 13 
2
 20 −1 

 
 1 −5 
 
19 13 
X = −
 2 2 
 1
 10 − 
 2

5 2 3 6 
Q. Find X and Y, if X + Y =   and X – Y =
0 9 
 
0 -1
5 + 3 2 + 6 8 8  4 4
Sol. Adding 2X =
=   
0 + 0 9 − 1  0 8
⇒ X =  
0 4 
5 − 3 2 − 6  2 −4
Subtracting 2Y =  = 
0 − 0 9 − (−1) 0 10 
 1 −2
⇒ y =  
0 5 

9 1  1 5 
Q. If A = 
7 8
 and B =   , then the matrix C such that 5A + 3B + 2C is a
7 12 
null matrix, is:
 −24 −10   −24 −20 
(A)   (B)  
 −28 −38   −14 −38 
 −48 −20 
(C)   (D) None of these
 −56 −76 

Sol. (A)
Matrix

11.
 9 1  1 5  0 0
5 
 7 8
+ 3 
7 12
+ 2C =
0 0
 
45 5   3 15  0 0
⇒  + 21 36 + 2C =
0 0
 35 40    
48 20 0 0
⇒   + 2C =
0 0
56 76  
 −48 −20
⇒ 2C =  
 −56 −76
 −24 −10 
⇒ C= 
 −28 −38

 1 0 2  1 2 3  4 4 10 
Q. Find the value of l, a non-zero scalar, if λ   + 2
3 4 3 
= 
 −1 −3 2  4 2 10 

 λ 0 2λ  4 4 10  2 4 6  2 0 4
Sol. 3λ 4λ 3λ  =4 2 10 −  −2 −6 4 =6 8 6 
       
λ=2

x2   x  -2 
Q. Solve the matrix equation   - 3   =   .
 y 2  2y  -9 

 x2  3x   −2 
Sol.  2 −   =  
 y  6y   −9
 x2 − 3x   −2
 2 = 
 y − 6y   −9
x2 – 3x = –2 and y2 – 6y = – 9
x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 and y2 – 6y + 9 = 0
x = 1, 2 and y = 3
⇒ (x, y) = {(1, 3), (2, 3)}

 cos θ sin θ   sin θ − cos θ 

Q. Simplify cos θ   + sin θ 
 − sin θ cos θ  cos θ sin θ 


 cos2 θ cos θ sin θ  sin2 θ − sin θ cos θ

Sol. 
 − cos θ sin θ
 + 
cos2 θ  sin θ cos θ sin2 θ 


 1 0
= 
0 1 
 = I2
Matrix

12.
Trace of a Matrix
The sum of all the elements of a square matrix A present in the
principal diagonal is called the trace of matrix A, i.e., tr (A).
Thus if A = [aij]n×n, then
n
tr (A) = ∑a
i=1
ii = a11 + a22 + ... + ann

Properties of trace of a matrix

Let A = [aij]n×n and B = [bij]n × n and l be a scalar, then
(i) tr (λA) = λ tr (A)
(ii) tr (A + B) = tr (A) + tr (B)
(iii) tr (AB) = tr(BA)

 1 2 0  2 -1 5 
Q.    
Let A + 2B =  6 -3 3  and 2A – B =  2 -1 6  , then find tr (A) – tr (B).
-5 3 1  0 1 2 
   
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) –1

Sol. (A)

tr(A + 2B) = 1 + (–3) + 1
⇒ tr(A) + 2 tr(B) = – 1 …(1)
and tr(2A – B) = 2 + (–1) + 2
⇒ 2tr(A) – tr(B) = 3 …(2)
By solving (1) and (2)
tr(A) = 1, tr(B) = – 1
⇒ tr(A) – tr(B) = 2

Multiplication of Matrices
a b e f  ae + bg af + bh
Example : (i)   = 
c d g h ce + dg cf + dh
x 
a b c    ax + by + cz 
(ii)   y =
d e f     dx + ey + fz 
z 

Note :
(i)  Two matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if the
number of columns in A (pre-multiplier) is equal to the number of
rows in B (post-multiplier).
Matrix

13.
 (ii) 
Thus, if A = [aij]m× n B = [bij]n × p are two matrices of order m × n and n × p,
respectively, then their product AB is of order m × p

 2 1 3  1 -2 
Q.    
If A =  3 -2 1  and B = 2 1  , then find AB if possible.
-1 0 1   1 -3 
   
 2×1 + 1×2 + 3×1 2 × (−2) + 1 × 1 + 3x(−3) 
Sol. AB = 3 × 1 + (−2) × 2 + 1 × 1 3 × (−2) + (−2) × 1 + 1 × (−3)

 −1 × 1 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 1 −1 × (−2) + 0 × 1 + 1 × (−3) 
7 −12
AB = 0 −11 
0 −1 

2 3
Q.  1 -2 3   
Let A =   and B = -1 2  . Find AB and BA and show that AB ≠ BA.
3 2 -1  2 -5 
 
1 × 2 + (−2) × (−1) + 3 × 2 1 × 3 + (−2) × 2 + 3 × (−5)
Sol. AB = 
 3 × 2 + 2x(−1) + (−1) × 2 3 × 3 + 2 × 2 + (−1) × (−5)


10 −16
AB =  
 2 18 
 2×1 + 3×3 2(−2) + 3 × 2 2 × 3 + 3 × (−1) 

BA =  (−1) × 1 + 2 × 3 (−1)(−2) + 2 × 2 (−1)3 + 2(−1) 
2 × 1 + (−5) × 3 2(−2) + (−5) × 2 2 × 3 + (−5)(−1)
 11 2 3
=  5 6 −5
 −13 −14 11 
Clearly, AB ≠ BA

Properties of matrix multiplication

(i) Commutative law does not necessarily hold for matrix multiplication.
(ii) If AB = BA, then matrices A and B are called commutative matrices.
(iii) 
If AB = –BA, then matrices A and B are called anticommutative
matrices.
(iv) Matrix multiplication is associative : A (BC) = (AB) C.
Matrix

14.
(v) 
Matrix multiplication is distributive with respect to addition
A (B ± C) = AB ± AC.
(vi) 
If the product AB = O, it is not necessary that at least one of the
matrices should be a zero matrix.
Example :

0 2  1 0 0 0
If A = 
  and B =   . then AB =   , while neither A nor
0 0 0 0 0 0
B is the null matrix.
(vii) 
Cancellation law does not necessarily hold, i.e., if AB = AC, then in
general B ≠ C, even if A ≠ O.
(viii) 
If A = diag (a1, a2, a3, ..., an) and B = diag (b1, b2, b3, ..., bn), then
A × B = diag (a1b1, a2b2, ...., anbn).

Thus, An = diag (an1 , an2 , an3 , ....., ann )

(ix) 
If A and B are diagonal matrices of the same order, then AB = BA
or diagonal matrices are commutative.
(x) If A and B are commutative, then
(A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B) = A2 + AB + BA + B2 = A2 + 2AB + B2
Similarly
(A + B)3 = A3 + 3A2B + 3AB2 + B3
In general,
(A + B)n = nC0An + nC1An–1B + nC2An–2B2 + ··· + nCnBn
Matrices A and I are always commutative. Hence,
(I + A)n = nC0 + nC1A + nC1A2 + ···+ nCnAn
(xi) 
If A1, A2, ...., An are square matrices of the same order, then |A1A2
...An|= |A1||A2| ... |An|.
(xii) If k is scalar, then |kA| = kn|A|, where n is order of the matrix A.
(xiii) If A and B are square matrices of same order, then |AB| = |BA| even
though AB ≠ BA.
Matrix

15.
  3 -2  3 3
Q.   y y   
Find the value of x and y that satisfy the equations 3 0    = 3y 3y  .
2 4   x x   10 10 
   
 3 −2   3 3 
3 0   y y  = 3y 3y 
Sol.   x x   
2 4     10 10 
 
 3y − 2x 3y − 2x   3 3 
 3y 3y  = 3y 3y 

2y + 4x 2y + 4x   10 10 

3y – 2x = 3, 2y + 4x = 10
y + 2x = 5
y = 2, x = 3/2

a b  p  0 
Q. Let A =   and B =
 c d
  ≠   are such that AB = B and a + d = 2, then find
q 0 
the value of (ad – bc).
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) –1

Sol. (C)

AB = B
ap + bq p
⇒  = 
cp + dq q
⇒ ap + bq = p
cp + dq = q
⇒ p(a – 1) + qb = 0
pc + q(d – 1) = 0
As p, q ≠ 0, 0
a−1 b
So, =
c d−1
⇒ (a – 1) (d – 1) = bc
⇒ ad – bc = a + d – 1
⇒ ad – bc = 2 – 1 = 1
Matrix

16.
 Q. Prove that the product of matrices
 cos2 θ cos θ sin θ   cos2 φ cos φ sin φ 
  and   is the null matrix,
cos θ sin θ sin2 θ  cos φ sin φ sin2 φ 
when θ and φ differ by an odd multiple of π/2.

Sol. cos θ cos φ + sinθ sinφ = cos(θ – φ)

 cos2 θ cos θ sin θ  cos2 φ cos φ sin φ
   
cos θ sin θ sin2 θ  cos φ sin φ sin2 φ 

cos θ cos φ(cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ) cos θ sin φ(cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ)
=  
 sin θ cos φ(cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ) sin θ sin φ(cos θ cos φ + sin θ sin φ) 
cos θ cos φ cos(θ − φ) cos θ sin φ cos(θ − φ)
=  
 sin θ cos φ cos(θ − φ) sin θ sin φ cos(θ − φ) 
π
Given θ – φ = (2n + 1) ⇒ cos(θ – φ) = 0
2
cos θ cos φ cos(θ − φ) cos θ sin φ cos(θ − φ) 0 0
therefore   =  
 sin θ cos φ cos(θ − φ) sin θ sin φ cos(θ − φ)  0 0

 1 1
Q. Find all matrices which commute with A =  
 0 1

Sol. Let B be matrix such that A & B are commute

⇒ AB = BA
(2 × 2) (m × n) (m × n) (2 × 2)
a b
⇒ m = n = 2. So, Let B =  
c d
 1 1 a b a b  1 1 a + c b + d a a + b
Now,   =   ⇒  c =
0 1 c d c d 0 1  d  c c + d
equating elements
a+c=a⇒c=0
b+d=a+b⇒a=d
a b
B= 
0 a 
Matrix

17.
  1 2 a b 
Q. If the matrices A =   and B = 
3 4 
 (a, b, c, d not all
 c d
d−b
simultaneously zero) commute, find the value of . Also show
a +c −b
α − β 2β / 3 
that the matrix which commutes with A is of the form  
 β α 

Sol. Given AB = BA
 1 2  a b a b  1 2 
3 4 c d = c d 3 4
     
 a + 2c b + 2d  a + 3b 2a + 4b
 = 
3a + 4c 3b + 4d c + 3d 2c + 4d
a + 2c = a + 3b, b + 2d = 2a + 4b, 3a + 4c = c + 3d, 3b + 4d = 2c + 4d
2c = 3b, 3b + 2a = 2d, a + c = d, 3b = 2c
If c = β, d = α
2β
b= ,a=α–β
3
2β 2β
α− α−
d−b 3 3
Now = = = 1
a + c − b α − β + β − 2β α − 2β
3 3

POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Let A be square matrix. Then, we define
(i) A1 = A and,
(ii) An+1 = An·A, where n ∈ N.
It is evident from this definition that
A2 = AA, A3 = A2 A = (AA) A. etc.
It can be easily seen that
(i) Am.An=Am+n and
(ii) (Am)n = Amn for all m, n ∈ N.

MATRIX POLYNOMIAL
Let f(x) = a0 xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + ... + an–1 x + an
be a polynomial and let A be a square matrix of order n. Then,
f (A) = a0 An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ... + an–1 A + an In
is called a matrix polynomial.
Matrix

18.
Example:
 If f(x) = x2 – 3 x + 2 is a polynomial and A is a square matrix, then A2 – 3 A + 2 I is a matrix
polynomial.

 1 -1 a 1 
Q. If A = 
 1 -1
 ,B = 
  b -1
 and (A + B)2 = A2 + B2, then (a, b) equals

(A) (3, 2) (B) (0, 5) (C) (1, 3) (D) (–1, 2)

Sol. (C)
1 −1 a 1  a − b 1 + 1 a − b 2
=AB  =   =   
1 −1 b −1 a − b 1 + 1 a − b 2
a 1  1 −1 a + 1 − (a + 1)
BA =   = 
b −1 1 −1 b − 1 − b + 1 
Now, (A + B)2 = A2 + B2
(A + B) (A + B) = A2 + B2 ⇒ A2 + AB + BA + B2 = A2 + B2
⇒ AB + AB = 0
a − b 2 a + 1 − (a + 1) 0 0
⇒   +  =  
a − b 2 b − 1 − b + 1  0 0
2a − b + 1 1 − a  0 0
⇒  = ⇒ 1 – a = 0, 3 – b = 0
 a−1 3 − b 0 0
⇒ a = 1, b = 3

Q. If AB = B and BA = A then A2 + B2 is not equal to:

(A) AB + BA (B) 2AB (C) A + B (D) AB(A + B)

Sol. (C)

A2 = AA
= A(BA)
= (AB)A
= (B)A
= A = BA
Similarly B2 = B = AB
Also, AB(A + B) = A(BA) + (AB)B = AA + BB = A + B
Matrix

19.
  8  p8 - 1  
Q. p q  p q 
 , then show that A = 
8
If A =   p - 1 
0 1  0 1 
 
p q
Sol. A= 
0 1 
p q p q p2 pq + q
=A2 =    
0 1  0 1   0 1 
p2 pq + q p q p3 p2q + pq + q
A3 A=
= 2
.A   =   
0 1  0 1   0 1 
p8 q(p7 + p6 + ... + 1)
By observation, A8 =  
0 1 
 8  pB − 1  
p q   
=   p − 1 
0 1 
 
0 1  0
Q. Let A = 
3 0
 . If (A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I)V =   then vertical vector 11V
 11
is:(where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix)
0   1  1  −1
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 1 0   1 0

Sol. (A)
0 1  0 1  3 0
A2 =   =  =
3 0 3 0 0 3
 3I

A4 = (A2)2 = 9I, A6 = (A2)3 = 27I, A8 = (A4)2 = 81I

0
(A8 + A6 + A4 + A2 + I) V =  
11
121 0  a   0 
 0 121 b = 11
    
121a   0 
121b = 11
   
121a = 0, 121b = 11
1
a=0 b=
11
Matrix

20.
 Transpose of Matrix
Let us consider a matrix
 a11 a12 a13  ← R1

= 
A a21 a22 a23   ← R2
a31 a32 a33  ← R3
3×3
↑ ↑ ↑
C1 C2 C3

We interchange all elements of now one (R1) with column one (C1)
and similarly row two (R2) with column two (C2). Finally, we inter
change all the elements of row three (R3) with all the elements of
column three (C3).
 a11 a21 a31 
New matrix = a12 a22 a32 
a13 a23 a33 
3×3

This new matrix is given the name AT or transpose of A.

Similarly, take up another example.
 a11 a12  ← R1

= A a21 a22  ← R2
a31 a32  ← R3
3×2

↑ ↑

C1 C2
a11 a21 a31 
Thus, A T =   Transpose of matrix A
a12 a22 a32 2×3

Example :
 1 2
1 3 5 
A = 3 4 , then A’ =  
5 6  3×2 2 4 62×3

Change row into column and vice-versa.

Properties of transpose of matrix

(i) Transpose of transpose of a matrix A is equal to matrix A.
(AT) T = A
a11 a12 a13 
A= 
a21 a22 a23 2×3
Matrix

21.
 a11 a21 
A = a12 a22 
T

a13 a23 
3×2

a 11 a 12 a 13 

= (A T )T =  A
a21 a22 a23 2×3
(ii) (kA)T = kAT (where k is any scalar.)
(iii) (A + B)T = AT + BT
(iv) (AB)T = BT AT ; (ABC)T = CT BT AT
(v) (An)T = (AT)n

cos θ − sin θ 
Q. If A = 
 sin θ cos θ
 then find the value of q satisfying the equation AT +A= I2.


Sol. AT + A = I2
cos θ − sin θ   cos θ sin θ   1 0
 + = 
 sin θ cos θ   − sin θ cos θ 0 1 
2 cos θ 0   1 0
 0 =
 2 cos θ 0 1 
2 cos θ =1
π
θ= 2nπ ±
3

1 2 2 
Q.  
If A =  2 1 -2  is a matrix satisfying AAT = 9I3, then find the value of a-5b=
a 2 b 
 
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

Sol. (D)

AAT = 9I3
1 2 2   1 2 a
2 1 -2 2 1 2  = 9I

a 2 b  2 -2 b
 9 0 a + 2b + 4  9 0 0
 
 0 9 2(a − b + 1)  = 0 9 0
a + 2b + 4 2(a − b + 1) a2 + b2 + 4 0 0 9
 
Matrix

22.
 ⇒ a+2b+4= 0 …(1)
2(a-b+1)= 0 …(2)
a2 + b2 + 4 = 9 …(3)
By solving
(a, b) = (–2, –1)
a – 5b = 3

 1 2 5 
Q. Consider the two matrices A and B where A = 
 4 3
;B=

  . If n(A) denotes
-3 
the number of elements in A such that n(XY) = 0, when the two matrices X
and Y are not conformable for multiplication. If C = (AB)(B’A); D= (B’A)(AB)
(
 n(C) | D |2 +n(D)
then, the value of 
)  is:
 n(A) − n(B) 
 
(A) 500 (B) 1300 (C) 250 (D) 650

Sol. (D)

Order of A is 2 × 2, order of B is 2 × 1
C = ABB’A,
C = A2×2 B2×1 B’1×2 A2×2
= A2×2(BB’)2×2 A2×2
Order of C= 2 × 2
n(C) = 4
 1 2  1 2 9 8
AA =     =  
 4 3  4 3 16 17 
D = B’AAB
9 8 5 
D = [5 –3] 16 17   −3
  
 21 
= [5 –3]   = [18]
29
n(c)(| D |2 + n(D)) 4(324 + 1)
now =
n(A) − n(B) 2
= 2 × 325 = 650
Matrix

23.
 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices.
 A square matrix A = [aij] is called a symmetric matrix if aij = aji for all
i, j.
Example :
 3 -1 1 
The matrix A = -1 2 5  is symmetric, because a12 = –1 = a21,

 1 5 -2

a13 = 1 = a31, a23 = 5 = a32.

Note :
(i)  It follows from the definition of a symmetric matrix that A is
symmetric ⇔ aij = aji for all i, j ⇔ (A)ij = (AT)ij for all i, j ⇔ A = AT.
(ii)  Thus, a square matrix A is symmetric matrix if AT = A.
a h g  2 + i 1 3 

= A =  
h b f  ,B  1 2 3 + 2i
g f c   3 3 + 2i 4 
Matrices are symmetric matrices, because AT = A and BT = B.

Skew-Symmetric Matrix
 A square matrix A = [aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix if aij = –aji for all
i, j.
Example :
 0 2 -3
Matrix A = -2 0 5  is skew-symmetric because
 3 -5 0 

a12 = 2, a21 = –2 ⇒ a12 = – a21

a13 = –3, a31 = 3 ⇒ a13 = – a31
a23 = 5, a32 = – 5 ⇒ a23 = – a32
Thus, a square matrix A is a skew-symmetric matrix if AT = – A.
Example :
 0 2i 3   0 −3 5 

Matrices A=   
 −2i 0 4 ,B =
 3 0 2 are skew-symmetric
 −3 −4 0  −5 −2 0

matrices, because AT = – A and BT = –B.

Matrix

24.
 Properties of Symmetric and Skew-symmetric Matrices
(i)  If A is a symmetric matrix, then –A, kA, AT, An, A–1, BT AB are also
symmetric matrices, where n ∈ N, k ∈ R and B is a square matrix of
order that of A
(ii) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
(a) A2n is a symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(b) A2n + 1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n ∈ N,
(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k ∈ R,
(d) BT AB is also skew-symmetric matrix where B is a square matrix of
order that of A.
(iii) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
(a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrices,
(b) AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.
(iv) If A, B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
(a) A ± B, AB – BA are skew-symmetric matrices,
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.

 3 2 3
Q.  
Express the matrix A = 4 5 3  as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-sym-
2 4 5
 
metric matrix.

 3 2 3
Sol. A = 4 5 3
2 4 5

3 4 2 
A = 2 5 4
T

3 3 5 

6 6 5 
6 10 7 
A+A =T
 
5 7 10

 0 −2 1 
A −=
A  2 0 −1
T
 
 −1 1 0 
Matrix

25.
  5  1
3 3
2 0 −1
2
   
A + AT A − AT 7 −1 
=A + = 3 5 + 1 0
2 2  2  2
   
5 7
5  −1 1
0
 2 2   2 2 

Q. Show that positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are

skew-symmetric and positive even integral powers of a skew-symmetric
matrix are symmetric.

Sol.
Let A be skew symmetric Matrix
(i) B = A2n+1
BT = (A2n+1)T
= (AT)2n+1 ( (An)T = (AT)n)
= (–A) 2n+1

= (–1)2n+1 (A)2n+1 ( (λA)n = λn. An, λ is scalar)

=–A 2n + 1

=–B
Hence, B is skew symmetric matrix
(ii) Let B = A2n
BT = (A2n)T
= (AT)2n ( (An)T = (AT)n)
= (–A)2n
= (–1)2n (A)2n ( (λA)n = λnAn, λ is scalar)
= A2n
=B
Hence, B is symmetric matrix

Q. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then show that AB is symmetric iff

AB = BA i.e. A and B commute.

Sol.
Let Z = AB
ZT = (AB)T
= (BTAT)
= BA
But given Z is symmetric. So, Z = ZT
⇒ AB = BA
Matrix

26.
 If AB = BA then (AB)T = (BA)T
⇒ BTAT = ATBT
⇒ BA = AB Hence Proved.

Q. What is the maximum number of different elements required to form a

symmetric matrix of order 12 ?
(A) 66 (B) 68 (C) 78 (D) 55

Sol. (C)

 a 1 a2 a3 ... a 12 

a2 b1 b2 ... b11 

     
 
a 12 b11 C10 ... l 1 

maximum number of elements = 12 + 11 + 10 + 9 +…+ 2 + 1

12 × 13
= = 78
2

Q. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then find |(A – AT)2011| .

Sol. Let Z = A – AT is skew symmetric matrix

B = Z2011 = (A – AT)2011 is also skew symmetric matrix.
So, B is skew symmetric matrix of odd order.
Hence |B| = |(A – AT)2011| = 0

Previous Year’s Question

If M is a 3 × 3 matrix, where MT M = I and det (M) = 1, then prove that det

(M – I) = 0  [JEE 2004, 2 out of 60]

Sol. (M – I)T = MT – I = MT – MTM = MT (I – M)

⇒ |(M – I)T| = |MT| |I – M|
⇒ |M – I| = |I – M|
⇒ |M – I| = 0.
Alternate: det (M – I) = det (M – I) det (MT) = det (MMT – MT)
= det (I – M)T = – det (MT – I) = – det (M – I)T = – det(M – I)
⇒ det (M – I) = 0.
Matrix

27.
 Previous Year’s Question

Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew, symmetric matrices and Z be an

arbitrary 3 × 3, non-zero, symmetric matrix, Then which of the following matrices is (are)
skew symmetric ?  [JEE Adv. 2015]
(A) Y3Z4 – Z4Y3 (B) X44 + Y44 (C) X4Z3 – Z3X4 (D) X23 + Y23

Sol. (C,D)

XT = – X, YT = – Y, ZT = Z
(A) Let P = Y3Z4 – Z4Y3
P = (Y Z ) – (Z4Y3)T
T 3 4 T

– Z4Y3 + Y3Z4 = P
⇒ symmetric
(B) Let P = X44 + Y44
PT = (X44)T + (Y44)T = P
⇒ symmetric
(C) Let P = X4Z3 – Z3X4
PT = (Z3)T(X4)T – (X4)T(Z3)T
= Z3X4 – X4Z3 = –P

⇒ skew symmetric

(D) Let P = X23 + Y23
PT = – X23 – Y23 = –P
⇒ skew symmetric

Previous Year’s Question

How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the sum of the
diagonal entries of MTM is 5 ?  [JEE Adv. 2017]
(A) 135 (B) 198 (C) 162 (D) 126

Sol. (A)
a d g 
Let M = b e h
c f i 
Matrix

28.
 a b c  a d g 
M M = d e f  b e h
T

g h i  c f i 

Diagonal entry = a2 + b2 + c2 + d2 + e2 + f2 + g2 + h2 + i2 = 5
Case-I : Five (1’s) and four (0’s)
9C5 = 126
Case-II: One (2) and one (1)
9
C2 × 2! = 72
∴ Total = 198

 3 a -1  d a 
Q.   
3

A = 2 5 c  is symmetric and B = b - a e -2b - c  is skew-symmetric,
b 8 2   -2 6 -f 
  
then find AB.

3 a −1
Sol. A = 2 5 c  is symmetric ⇒ a = 2, b = – 1, c = 8
b 8 2 

 d 3 a 
B = b − a e −2b − c  is skew symmetric ⇒ d = e = – f = 0

 −2 6 −f 
 3 2 −1  0 3 2   −4 3 −6 
   
Now, AB =  2 5 8   −3 0 −6 =  −31 54 −26

 −1 8 2   −2 6 0   −28 9 −50

Q. Find a Matrix X such that X = P’Q2017 P.

 3 1 
 
Where P =  2 2  and Q = PAP’, A =  1 1
 
 1 3  0 1
− 
 2 2 
 3 1  3 1
  − 
1 0
2  =
Sol. PP’ =  2 2  2 =
0 1  I
 1 3 1 3  
−  
 2 2  2 2 
Matrix

29.
 Q = PAP’
Q2 = (PAP’) (PAP’)
= PAP’PAP’ = PAIAP’ = PA2P’
Q3 = PAP’PAP’PAP’
= PAIAIAP’
= P(AI) (AI) AP’
= PAAAP’
= PA3P’
by observation
Q2017 = PA2017P’
X = P’Q2017 P
= P’PA2017 P’P
= I(A2017) I = A2017
 1 1  1 1  1 2 
Now, A2 =   = 
0 1 0 1 0 1 
 1 2   1 1  1 3 
A3 = A2 A =   = 
0 1  0 1 0 1 
 1 2017 
by observation A2017 = 
0 1 
 1 2017 
X= 
0 1 

Q. Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily square) real matrices such that AT = BCD; BT

= CDA; CT = DAB and DT = ABC and S = ABCD, then which of following is always
true
(A) S = S’ (B) S3 = S’ (C) S2 = S (D) S4 = S’

Sol. (B)

S = ABCD
S’ = D’ C’ B’ A’
= (ABC) (DAB) (CDA) (BCD)
= (ABCD) (ABCD) (ABCD)
= SSS
= S3
Matrix

30.
SPECIAL MATRICES
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if the product of the
matrix A and its transpose A’ is an identity matrix. i.e., AA’ = A’A = I.
a 11 a 12 a 13 
 
For A = a21 a22 a23 
a a32 a33 
 31

a 11 a 12 a 13  a 11 a21 a31 
  
AA ' = a21 a22 a23  a 12 a22 a32  I
a a32 a33  a 13 a23 a33 
Gives the following
 31 results:
1. a211 + a212 + a213 = 1

2. a221 + a222 + a223 = 1

3. a231 + a232 + a233 = 1

4. a11a21 + a12a22 + a13a23 = 0

5. a21a31 + a22a32 + a23a33 = 0

6. a31a11 + a32a12 + a33a13 = 0

Similarly, If we do A’A = I we get:

1. a211 + a21
2
+ a231 = 1
2. a212 + a22
2
+ a232 = 1
3. a213 + a23
2
+ a233 = 1
4. a11a12 + a21a22 + a31a32 = 0
5. a12a13 + a22a23 + a32a33 = 0
6. a13a11 + a23a2! + a33a31 = 0
(i) If AA’ = I, then A–1 = A’ i.e. inverse of A equals A’.
(ii) If A and B are orthogonal, then AB is also orthogonal.
(iii) Value of corresponding determinant of orthogonal matrix is ± 1.

Idempotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation
A2 = A.
Matrix

31.
 Periodic Matrix
A square matrix A is called periodic, if Ak+1 = A, where k is a
positive integer. If k is the least positive integer for which
Ak+1 = A, then k is said to be period of A. For k = 1, we get
A2 = A and hence is idempotent matrix.

Nilpotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called nilpotent matrix of order k provided it
satisfies the relation Ak = O and Ak–1 ≠ O, where k is positive integer and
O is null matrix and k is the order of the nilpotent matrix A.

Involutory Matrix
A square matrix A is called involutory matrix provided is satisfies the
relation A2 = I, where I is identity matrix.
Example :
1 0  1 0 = An I=
for n even
A=   and A2
=   = I  n
0 -1 0 1  = A A=
for n odd

a b c 
Q.  
If matrix A = b c a  where a, b, c are real positive numbers such that
c a b
 
abc = 1 and AT A = I, then find the value of a3 + b3 + c3.
(A) 3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

Sol. (D)

AAT = I
 a2 + b2 + c2 ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca   1 0 0
 
2
⇒ ab + bc + ca a + b + c 2 2
ab + bc + ca  = 0 1 0
 2 2 2  0 0 1 
ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca a + b + c 
⇒ a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 …(1)
and ab + bc + ca = 0 …(2)
So, (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2(ab + bc + ca)
2 2 2 2

⇒ (a + b + c)2 = 1 + 2 × 0
⇒ a + b + c = 1 (as a, b, c are positive)
Now, a3 + b3 + c3 – 3 abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
⇒ a3 + b3 + c3 – 3 × 1 = 1(1 – 0)
⇒ a3 + b3 + c3 = 4
Matrix

32.
  2 −2 −4 
Q.  
Show that the matrix A =  −1 3 4  is idempotent.
 1 −2 −3 
 
 2 −2 −4  2 −2 −4  2 −2 −4
    
Sol. A =  −1 3
2
4   −1 3 4  =  −1 3 4 
 1 −2 −3  1 −2 −3  1 −2 −3

A2 = A
Hence, A is idempotent.

 1 1 3
Q.  
The matrix A =  5 2 6  is
-2 -1 -3 
 
(A) an involuntary matrix (B) an idempotent matrix
(C) a nilpotent matrix of order 3 (D) a nilpotent matrix of order 4

Sol. (C)
1 1 3
A =  5 2 6 
 −2 −1 −3

1 1 3 1 1 3
A =  5 2 6   5 2 6 
2   
 −2 −1 −3  −2 −1 −3

 1+5−6 1+2−3 3 + 6 − 9  0 0 0 
A = 5 + 10 − 12 5 + 4 − 6 15 + 12 − 18 =  3 3 9 
2 
 −2 − 5 + 6 −2 − 2 + 3 −6 − 6 + 9   −1 −1 −3

0 0 0   1 1 3  0 0 0
A = A A =  3 3 9   5 2 6  = 0 0 0 A3 is null matrix
3 2  
 −1 −1 −3  −2 −1 −3 0 0 0

-5 -8 0 
Q.  
Show that the matrix A =  3 5 0  is involutory.
 1 2 -1
 
-5 -8 0  -5 -8 0   1 0 0
    
Sol. A =  3 5 0   3 5 0  = 0 1 0
2

 1 2 -1  1 2 -1 0 0 1 

A2 = I
Matrix

33.
 Q. If (A + I)n = I + 255A. When A is idempotent and I is identity matrix, the value of
n is:
(A) 128 (B) 8 (C) 9 (D) 10

Sol.
A2 = A
A3 = A2A = A.A = A2 = A
For all n e N, An = A
Now, (A + I)n = nC0An + nC1An–1I + nC2An–2I +…+ nCnIn
= nC0An + nC1An–1 + nC2An–2 +…+ nCn–1 A + nCn I
= nC6A + nC1A + nC2 A +…+ nCn–1A + I
= (nC0 + nC1 +… nCn–1) A + I
255A + I = (2n – 1)A + I
2n – 1 = 255
⇒ 2n = 256 ⇒ n = 8

 cos θ sin θ 
Q. If A = 
 − sin θ cos θ
 and An = A find the minimum value of n when θ = π/6,

n∈N
(A) 17 (B) 15 (C) 13 (D) 19

Sol. (C)
 cos θ sin θ   cos θ sin θ 
A2 =   
 − sin θ cos θ  − sin θ cos θ

 cos2 θ − sin2 θ cos θ sin θ + sin θ cos θ
= 
 − sin θ cos θ − cos θ sin θ cos2 θ − sin2 θ 
 cos 2θ sin2θ 
=  
 − sin2θ cos 2θ
 cos 3θ sin 3θ 
Similarly A3 =  
 − sin 3θ cos 3θ
 cosnθ sinnθ 
By observation An =  
 − sinnθ cosnθ
Now, An = A
 cosnθ sinnθ   cos θ sin θ 
⇒  = 
 − sinnθ cosnθ  − sin θ cos θ
Matrix

34.
 ⇒ cos nθ = cosθ, sinnθ = sinθ
⇒ nθ = 2π + θ (for smallest n)
2π
⇒ (n – 1)θ = 2π ⇒ =
n + 1 ⇒=
n 13
π/6

3 -4   f(n) g(n)
Q. If A =   and A = 
n

 1 -1  h(n) k(n)
10 5 15 20
then find the value of
=r 1=r 1=
∑ f(r) + ∑ g(r) + ∑ h(r) + ∑ k(r)
r 1=r 1

3 −4 3 −4 9 − 4 −12 + 4 5 −8

= Sol.
A2 =   =   
 1 −1   1 −1   3 − 1 −4 + 1  2 −3
5 −8 3 −4 15 − 8 −20 + 8 7 −12
A3 = A2A = =
2 −3   1 −1  =   
    6 − 3 −8 + 3  3 −5 
nthterm of 3, 5, 7, ... nth term of − 4, −8, −12... 2n + 1 −4n 
An =   = 
th
n term of 1, 2, 3, .... nth term of − 1, −3, −5   n −2n + 1
10 5 15 20
Now, ∑
r=1
f(r) + ∑
r=1
g(r) + ∑
r=1
h(r) + ∑ k(r)
r=1
10 5 15 20
= ∑ (2r + 1) + ∑ (-4r) + ∑ (r) + ∑ (-2r + 1)
r=1 r=1 r=1 r=1

=
= 10(11) + 10 + (−2)(5)(6) + 15(8) − 400
= –220

0 2b c 
Q.  
If the matrix A = a b -c  is an orthogonal matrix, find the values of a, b
a -b c 
 
and c.

Sol. A.AT = I
0 2b c   0 a a 
a b −c  2b b −b =
   I
a −b c   c −c c 
 4b2 + c2 2b2 − c2 −2b2 + c2   1 0 0
 2 
 2b − c
2
a + b + c a − b − c  = 0 1 0
2 2 2 2 2 2

 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 
 −2b + c a − b − c a + b + c 
Matrix

35.
 ⇒ 4b2 + c2 = 1 …(1)
2b2 – c2 = 0 …(2)
a2 – b2 – c2 = 0 …(3)
a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 …(4)
By solving
 1 1 1 
(a, b, c) =  ± ,± ,± 
 2 6 3

ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

 Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n and let Cij be cofactor of aij
in A. Then the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of elements of A is
called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A.
y Thus, adj A = [Cij]T or (adj A)ij = Cji
 a11 a12 a13 
y If A = a21 a22 a23  , then
a31 a32 a33 

 C11 C12 C13   C11 C21 C31 

y adj A =
= C21 C22 C23  
C12 C22 C32 

C31 C32 C33  C13 C23 C33 

where Cij denotes the cofactor of aij in A.

Example :
p q
A= 
r s
Here, C11 = s, C12 = – r, C21 = –q, C22 = p. Therefore,
T
 s −r   s −q
adj A =   = 
 −q p   −r p 

Inverse of A Matrix
A non-singular square matrix of order n is invertible if there exists a
square matrix B of the same order such that AB = In = BA
In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B and we write A–1 = B
1
Also from A (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A) A, we can conclude that A −1 = adjA
|A|
Matrix

36.
Properties of Adjoint and Inverse of Matrix
(i) Let A be a square matrix of order n.
Then A (adj A) = |A| In = (adj A) A.
Proof :
n n
| A | if i = j
(A(adj A))ij = ∑ (A) (adj A)
r =1
ir rj = ∑a C
r =1
ir jr =
 0 if i ≠ j
| A | 0 0 ... 0 
0 |A| 0 ... 0 
 
⇒ A(adj A) = 0 0 | A | ... 0  = |A|In
 
     
0 0 0 0 | A |
n n
| A | if i = j
Similarly, ((adj A)A)ij = ∑
r =1
(adj A)
=ir (A)rj ∑
=
r =1
Criarj 
 0, if i ≠ j
Hence, A (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A)A
(ii) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
(iii) Reversal law If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then
AB is invertible and (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1. In general, if A, B, C, ... are invertible
Matrices, then (ABC···)–1 = ··· C–1 B–1 A–1.
(iv) If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and
(AT)–1 = (A–1)T.
(v) If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n, then |adj A| = |A|n–1.
(vi) Reversal law for adjoint : If A and B are non-singular square matrices of
the same order, then adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) (using (AB)–1 = B–1·A–1) adj
(ABC) = (adj C) (adj B) (adj A)
(vii) If A is an invertible square matrix, then
–1
adj (AT) = (adj A)T (using (AT) = (A–1)T)
(viii)If A is a non-singular square matrix, then adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
(ix) If A is a non-singular matrix, then |A–1| = |A|–1, i.e., |A–1| = 1/|A|.
(x) Inverse of the kth power of A is the kth power of the inverse of A.
Matrix

37.
 Q.  1 1 1
 
Find the adjoint of matrix. A =  2 1 -3 
 -1 2 3 

1 1 1 
 2 1 −3
Sol.
= A  
 −1 2 3 
1 −3
M11 = = 9 ⇒ C11 = 9
2 3
2 −3
M12 = = 3 ⇒ C12 = – 3
−1 3
2 1
M13 = = 5 ⇒ C13 = 5
−1 2
1 1
M21 = = 1 ⇒ C11 = – 1
2 3
Similarly finding all elements of cofactor matrix, we get:
 9 −3 5 
Cofactor (A) =  −1 4 −3
 −4 5 −1 

 9 −1 −4
Adj(A) = (cofactor A) =  −3 4 5 
T

 5 −3 −1 

2 3 
Q. Show that the matrix A = A = 
 1 2
 satisfies the equation A2– 4A + I = O,

where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix and O is 2 × 2 zero matrix. Using this equation,
find A–1.

2 3 2 3 4 + 3 6 + 6   7 12
Sol. A2 = =
   =   
 1 2   1 2   2 + 2 3 + 4  4 7 
 7 12 2 3  1 0 0 0
So A2 – 4A + I =   − 4  +  =  
4 7   1 2 0 1  0 0
Now, we know A2– 4A + I = O
Multiply with A–1
A–1A2 – 4A–1A + A–1I = 0
Matrix

38.
 ⇒ A – 4I + A–1 = 0
⇒ A–1 = 4 I – A
 1 0 2 3
⇒ A–1 = 4  − 
0 1   1 2
 2 −3
⇒ A–1 =  
 −1 2 

2 1   −3 2   1 0 
Q. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation  A = 
 3 2   5 −3  0 1 
2 1   −3 2 
Sol.
= Let B = 
3 2 
andC 
 5 −3


BAC = I
⇒ Adj(B) BAC (Adj (C)) = Adj(B) I(Adj(C))
⇒ (|B| I) A(|C|I) = Adj(B) Adj(C)
⇒ |B| |C| A = Adj (B) Adj (C)
1  2 −1  −3 −2
⇒ A =   
1 × (−1)  −3 2   −5 −3
1 1 

A= 
 1 0

Q.  1 −1 1   4 2 2
   
Let A = 2 1 −3  and 10B =  −5 0 α  If B is the inverse of A, then find the
1 1 1   1 −2 3 
  

value of a.
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 11

Sol. (B)

As B is inverse of A
AB = I; 10AB = 10I
 1 −1 1   4 2 2   1 0 0
2 1 −3  −5 0 α  =10 0 1 0
    
 1 1 1   1 −2 3  0 0 1 
Matrix

39.
 10 0 5 − α  10 0 0 
 0 10 α − 5 =  0 10 0 
   
 0 0 α + 5  0 0 10
α=5

Q. Let p be a non-singular matrix, and I + p + p2 + ··· + pn = O, then p–1 is:

(A) pn (B) pn+1 (C) pn+2 (D) pn–1

Sol. (A)

I + p + p2 +… pn = 0 …(1)
multiply with p–1
p–1 + I + p +… pn–1 = 0
⇒ p–1 = – (I + p + p2 +… pn–1)
= – (– pn) (using (1))
=p n

Q. A3 × 3 is a matrix such that | A | = a, B = (adj A) such that | B | = b. The value of

1 a a2 a3
(ab2 + a2b + 1)S, where S = + 3 + 5 + …… up to ∞ and a = 3 is:
2 b b b
(A) 220 (B) 225 (C) 110 (D) 512

Sol. (B)

a=3
⇒ b = a2 = 9
 a a2 a 3 
Now,
= S 2  + 3 + 5 + ……
b b   
b 
 a 
 b   ab   3×9  9
S = 2=
  2=
 b2 − a  2=
 
1 − a     81 − 3  13
 b2 
9
Now, (ab2 + a2b + 1)S = (3 × 81 + 9 × 9 + 1)
13
= 25 × 9 = 225
Matrix

40.
 Q. If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP where P is a non-singular matrix then
show that the matrix PB–1 is also orthogonal.

Sol.
Z = PB–1
= P(AP)–1
= PP–1A–1
= IA–1
Z = A–1 …(1)
AAT = I
(AAT)–1 = I
(AT)–1 A–1 = I
(A–1)T A–1 = I
A–1 is also orthogonal
Z is also orthogonal

Q. If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then B = (I – A) (I + A)–1 is (where I is an

identity matrix of same order as of A)
(A) idempotent matrix (B) symmetric matrix
(C) orthogonal matrix (D) None of these

Sol. (C)

B = (I – A) (I + A)–1
⇒ BT = (I + AT)–1 (I – AT)
= (I – A)–1 (I + A)
⇒ BBT = (I – A) (I + A)–1 (I – A)–1 (I + A)
= (I – A) (I –A)–1 (I + A)–1 (I + A) (As (I – A). (I + A) = (I + A) (I + A))
= (I) (I)
=I
B is orthogonal

 0 5
Q. If A = 
 −5 0
 , then sum of all entries of the matrix B = (I – A)(I + A)–1

34 14 12 24
(A) − (B) − (C) − (D) −
13 13 13 13

Sol. (D)
 0 5
B = (I – A) (I + A)–1 for A =  
 −5 0
Matrix

41.
 −1
 1 −5  1 5
=   
5 1   −5 1 
 1 −5  1   1 −5  1   1 −5  1 −5
=     =    
5 1   26  5 1   26  5 1  5 1 
1  −24 −10  1  −12 −5 
=  10 −24 =  
26   13  5 −12

Previous Year’s Question

Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If
PT denotes the transpose of P, then M2N2(MTN)–1(MN–1)T is equal to  [JEE 2011]
(A) M (B) –N (C) –M
2 2 2
(D) MN

Sol. (C)

 MN = NM
M2N2 = MN MN

Given, M2N2(MTN)–1 . (MN–1)T

= – MN MN N–1M–1 N–1 M  (MT)–1 = (–M)–1 = – M–1

= – M NN–1M = – M2
The most appropriate answer to this question is (C), But given information is
contradictory as skew symmetric matrix of odd order cannot be non - singular.
IIT has declared this question as bonus (Marks to all students)

Previous Year’s Question

 1 4 4
 
If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7  , then the possible value(s) of the
 1 1 3
 
determinant of P is(are)  [JEE 2012]
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2

Sol. (A,D)
Matrix

42.
  1 4 4
adj (P) = 2 1 7 
 1 1 3 

|adj P| = (3–7) –4(6–7) + 4(2–1) = 4

|adj P| = |P|n–1 = |P|2
|adj P| = 4 = |P|2
|P| = 2 or – 2

System of Linear Equations in Three Unknowns

Consider the system of equations
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ...(i)
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ...(ii)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 ...(iii)

Methods of solving non-homogenous equation in three variables:

(a) Determinant method (Cramer’ s Rule)
which has already been dealt with in the chapter on Determinants.
(b) Matrix method
The given system of equations can be written as:
 a1  b1 c1  x   d1 
AX = B where 
A a2  b2 c=   y  ,B   d2 

= 2 ,X =
a3 b
  3 c3   z    d3 

Criteria for Consistency

(i) If | A | ≠ 0, System is consistent having unique solution
(a) If | A | ≠ 0, and (adj A). B ≠ Null matrix
System is consistent having unique non-trivial solution
(b) If | A | ≠ 0, and (adj A). B = Null matrix
System is consistent having unique trivial solution
(ii)  If | A | = 0, then the system of equation given by AX = B can be consistent
with infinitely many solution or it can be inconsistent also.
Case I :If (adj A). B = Null matrix
⇒ Infinitely many solutions (System Consistent)
Case II :If (adj A). B ≠ Null matrix ⇒ No solution (System Inconsistent)
Example :
2x + y = 3 and 4x + 2y = 6
⇒ |A| = 0 so A–1 does not exist, but system has infinitely many
solutions.
i.e., x = m and y = 3 – 2m is solution.
Matrix

43.
 Q. Examine the consistency of the system of equations.
x + 3y = 5
2x + 6y = 8

Sol. |A| = 0 so A–1 does not exist, adj(A)B ≠ 0 system has no solutions.

Q. Examine the consistency of the system of equations.

3x - y - 2z = 2
2y - z = -1
3x - 5y = 3

Sol. Given set of equations is: 3x – y – 2z = 2; 2y – z = – 1 and 3x – 5y = 3

This set of equation can be written in the form of matrix as AX = B
3 −1 −2  x   2 
0 2 −1   y  =  
     −1 ,
3 −5 0   z   3 

3 −1 −2
=A 0 2 −1 
3 −5 0 
Matrix

44.
 3 −1 −2
=|A| 0 2 −1
3 −5 0
= 3(–5) + (3) – 2(–6) = 15 –15
=0
 −5 10 5
Now, (adj. A) =  −3 6 3
 −6 12 6

 −5 10 5  2   −10 − 10 + 15  −5 
(adj. A)B =  −3 6 3  −1 =  −6 − 6 + 9  =  −3  ≠ 0
 −6 12 6  3   −12 − 12 + 18  −6
⇒ no solution.

Q. Solve the following system of equations. using matrix method :

2x + y + z = 1 and x – 2y – z = 3/2 and 3y – 5z = 9

Sol. Given set of equations is: 2x + y + z = 1 and x – 2y – z = 3/2 and 3y – 5z = 9

This set of equation can be written in the form of matrix as AX = B
2 1 1  x   1 
 1 −2 −1   y  =  
    3 / 2
0 3 −5  z   9 

2 1 1
AX = B, where A =  1 −2 −1 

0 3 −5
And
2 1 1
| A | = 1 −2 −1 = 2(10 + 3) – 1 (–5) + 1(3) = 2(13) + 5 + 3 = 26 + 5 + 3 = 34 ≠ 0
0 3 −5
System is consistent.
1
So, X = A–1B = (adj. A) B
|A|
1
x  13 8 1    13 + 12 + 9   34 
y  1    3 = 1 5 − 15 + 27=  1 
=  34  5 −10 3  2    17 
34 34
 z   3 −6 −5    3 − 9 − 45   −51
9
 
Therefore, x = 1, y = 1/2 and z = –3/2
Matrix

45.
 Q. Let l and α be real. find the set of all real values of λ for which the system of
linear equations:
λ x + (sin α) y + (cos α) z = 0
x + (cos α) y + (sin α) z = 0
–x + (sin α) y – (cos α) z = 0
has non-trivial solutions. For λ = 1, find all values of α.

λ sin α cos α
Sol. For non-trivial solution: 1 cos α sin α = 0
−1 sin α − cos α
Expanding by C1: λ(–1) + sin 2α + cos 2α = 0
∴ λ = cos 2α + sin 2α ⇒ − 2 ≤ λ ≤ 2
Now, for λ = 1: cos 2α + sin 2α = 1
cos 2α sin2α 1  π π
⇒ = + , cos =
 2α −  cos
2 2 2  4 4

π π π
⇒ 2α − = 2nπ ± ⇒ α = nπ,nπ + ,n ∈ I
4 4 4

Previous Year’s Question

The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system
x  1 
   
A  y  = 0  has exactly two distinct solutions, is [JEE 2010]
 z  0 
   
(A) 0 (B) 29 – 1 (C) 168 (D) 2

 a1 b1 c1 
Sol. Let A = a2 b2 c2  . The system becomes
a3 b3 c3 

a1x + b1y + c1z = 0,

a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3z = 0 representing 3 planes.
Matrix

46.
Three planes meets at
(i) exactly one point, or
(ii) no point
(iii) infinite number of points
They can’t meet at exactly two points for any A.

Q. If the system of equations

x – 2y + z = a
2x + y – 2z = b
and x + 3y – 3z = c
have at least one solution, then
(A) a + b + c = 0 (B) a – b + c = 0
(C) – a + b + c = 0 (D) a + b – c = 0

Sol. (B)
1 −2 1
∆ = 2 1 −2 = −3 + 6 + 2(−6 + 2) + (6 − 1) = 0
1 3 −3
Hence for atleast one solution
if ∆1 =∆2 =∆3 =0
a −2 1
∴=∆1 b 1=
−2 0
c 3 −3
⇒ a – b + c = 0
From ∆2 = 0 and ∆3 = 0, we get the same condition.

Q. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle, the system of equations (sinA)x + y + z =

cos A, x + (sin B)y + z = cos B, x + y + (sin C)z = 1 – cos C has
(A) No solution (B) Unique solution
(C) Infinitely many solutions (D) Finitely many solutions

Sol. (B)
sin A 1 1
Let ∆ = 1 sinB 1
1 1 sinC
Apply C2 → C2 – C1 and C3 → C3 – C1
Matrix

47.
 sin A 1 − sin A 1 − sin A
=∆ 1 sinB − 1 0
1 0 sinC − 1
Then expanded along C1, we get
∆ = sin A(1 – sin B) (1 – sin C) + (1 – sin A)
(1 – sin C) + (1 – sin A) (1 – sin B)
Since, A, B, C are angles of a triangle, 0 <
sin A, sin B, sin C ≤ 1
⇒ ∆ ≠ 0 ⇒ Unique solution
Point to Remember!!!
Cayley - Hamilton Theorem :
Let A be a square matrix, then the equation Every square matrix A satisfy its
|A – xI| = 0 is called characteristic equation characteristic equation
of A. After solving the characteristic equation i.e. a0xn + a1xn–1 + ........ + an–1x + an = 0 is
the values of ‘x’ are said to be characteristic the characteristic equation of A, then
roots of the equation. a0An + a1An–1 + ........ + an–1A + anI = O
Note :
(i) Sum of the roots of the characteristic
equation is equal to trace of the matrix.
(ii) Product of the roots of the characteristic
equation is equal to the determinant value.
(iii) The degree of characteristic equation is
same as the order of the matrix.
Note :
This theorem is helpful to find the inverse of
any non-singular square matrix.
i.e. a0An + a1An–1 + ........ + an–1A + an I = O
On multiplying by A–1 on both the sides of
above equation, we get
1
A −1 = −
an
( )
a0  An−1 + a1  An−2 + …… .an−1I
Matrix

48.
  2 1
Q. Let A = 
 −1 1
 be a square matrix and A4 = = eA + mI, then tell the value of e

(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 11

Sol. (C)
 2 1  1 0

A – λI = 
 −1 1
 −λ 
0 1 
2 − λ 1 
= 
 −1 1 − λ 
Now, |A – λI| = 0
2−λ 1
⇒ =0
−1 1−λ
⇒ (2 – λ) (1 – λ) + 1 = 0
⇒ λ2 – 3λ + 3 = 0
⇒ A2 – 3A + 3I = 0
⇒ A2 = 3(A – I)
⇒ A4 = 9(A2 – 2A + I)
= 9(3A – 3I – 2A + I)
= 9(A – 2I) = 9A – 18I ⇒ e = 9, m = – 18

1 2 0 
Q.  
A  2 −1 0  If A–1 = kA2 + xA + rI. Tell the value of 5(k + x) – r
=
0 0 −1
 
(A) 5 (B) 15 (C) 9 (D) 3

Sol. (D)
1 2 0   1 0 0  1 − λ 2 0 
     0 
A–=
λI 2 −1 0  − λ 0 1 =0  2 −1 − λ
0 0 −1 0 0 1   0 0 −1 − λ 
|A – λI| = (1 – λ) {(– 1 – λ)2 – 0} – 2{– 2 (1 + λ)} = – (λ – 1) (λ + 1)2 + 4(λ +1)
|A – λI| = 0 ⇒ (λ – 1) (λ + 1)2 – 4(λ + 1) = 0 ⇒ λ3 + λ2 – λ – 1 – 4λ – 4 = 0
⇒ λ3 + λ2 – 5λ – 5 = 0
So, characteristic equation A3 + A2 – 5A – 5I = 0
A2 A 1 1
⇒ A −1 = + − I ⇒ k = , x = ,r =−1 ⇒ 5(k + x) − r =3
5 5 5 5
Matrix

49.
 n
 1 2 a  1 18 2007 
Q.    
If 0 1 4  = 0 1 36  , then the value of a is:
0 0 1  0 0 1 
  
(A) 205 (B) 107 (C) 191 (D) 110

Sol. (C)
 1 2 a
A = 0 1 4
0 0 1 

 1 4 2a + 8
A = 0 1
2
= AA 8 
0 0 1 
 1 6 3a + 24
A
= 3
A 0 1
A= 2
12 
0 0 1 
 1 8 4a + 48
A
= 4
A 0 1
A= 3
16 
0 0 1 
 1 nthterm(2, 4, 6, ....) nthterm(a, 2a + 8, 3a + 24...)
 
An = 0 1 nthterm(4, 8, 12...) 
0 0 1 
 
th
 1 18 2007   1 2n n term(a, 2a + 8, 3a + 24...)
0 1  
 36  = 0 1 4n 
0 0 1  0 0 1 

S = a + (2a + 8) + (3a + 24) + (4a + 48) + ... + Tn
=S a + (2a + 8) + (3a + 24) + ... + Tn
– – – – – −

0 =a + (a + 8) + (a + 16) + (a + 24) + ... – Tn
n−1
Tn = na + [2 × 8 + (n − 1 − 1)8]
2
= na + (n − 1)[4n]
=na + 4n2 − 4n
Matrix

50.
  1 2n na + 4n2 –4n   1 18 2007 
 
0 1 4n  = 0 1 36 
0 0 1  0 0 1 
 
⇒ 2n = 18, na + 4n2 – 4n = 2007
⇒ n = 9, 4n2 – 4n + na = 2007
⇒ 9a + 4 × 9 × 8 = 2007
⇒ a + 32 = 223
⇒ a = 191

Matrix

51.
52.