AC CIRCUITS ENGR. JOEY A.

DANDAN
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC)

A flow of electricity which reaches maximum in one

direction, decreases to zero, then reverses itself and
reaches maximum in the opposite direction.
PARAMETERS OF ALTERNATING CURRENT

Period
Frequency
Wavelength
Propagation Velocity
SAMPLE QUESTION

Find the period of a periodic voltage that has a

frequency of 0.2 Hz
A. 0.2 s
B. 5 s
C. 20 s
D. 50 s
SAMPLE QUESTION

Find the frequency of a periodic current that has a period

of 50 µs
A. 20 Hz
B. 200 Hz
C. 2 kHz
D. 20 kHz
SAMPLE QUESTION

What are the period and frequency of a periodic voltage

that has 12 cycles in 46 ms?
A. 3.83 ms, 261 Hz
B. 46 ms, 21.73 Hz
C. 83.3 ms, 12 Hz
D. 83.3 ms, 21.73 Hz
SAMPLE QUESTION

Determine the amplitude and frequency of the sinusoid

v(t) = 42.1 sin (377t + 30°) V
A. 42.1√2 V, 60 Hz
B. 42.1√2 V, 377 Hz
C. 42.1 V, 60 Hz
D. 42.1 V, 377 Hz
SAMPLE QUESTION

What is the shortest time required for a 2.1 krad/s

sinusoid to increase from zero to four-fifths of its peak
value?
A. 0.44 ms
B. 0.55 ms
C. 0.66 ms
D. 0.595 ms
SAMPLE QUESTION

Find the period of v(t) = 3 sin² 4t

A. 1/4
B. π/2
C. π/4
D. 1/2
DIFFERENT VALUES OF SINUSOIDAL WAVE
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Peak-to-Peak Value
Peak Value
Instantaneous Value
Average Value
Effective Value or Root-Mean-Square (RMS)
PEAK-TO-PEAK VALUE

The magnitude of a
waveform from the peak of
the positive alternation to
the peak of the negative
alternation.
PEAK VALUE

The maximum value of a waveform of one alternation

either negative or positive alternation.
INSTANTANEOUS VALUE

The instantaneous value of voltage or current is the value

or current at one particular instant.
AVERAGE VALUE

The average value of voltage or current is the average of

the ALL the Instantaneous value during ONE Alternation.

Eave = 0.636  Emax

EFFECTIVE VALUE OR RMS

Effective Value of Alternating Current of Voltage will have

the same heating effect on a resistance as a comparable
value of direct current or voltage will have on the same
resistance.

Imax
Ieff =
2
SAMPLE QUESTION

What is the average value of the periodic waveform

shown below?

A. 8A
B. 3A
C. 5A
D. 2.5 A
SAMPLE QUESTION

What is the average value of the periodic waveform

shown below?

A. 0.4 A
B. 2A
C. 0A
D. 0.8 A
SAMPLE QUESTION

What is the RMS value of v(t) = 5+ 10 sin (120πt) ?

A. 7.07 V
B. 10.61 V
C. 8.66 V
D. 11.18 V
SAMPLE QUESTION

A triangular wave has a peak value of 10 V. What is its

RMS value?
A. 7.07 V
B. 5.77 V
C. 8.66 V
D. cannot be determined, more information is needed
PHASORS AND COMPLEX NUMBERS

Steinmetz's work revolutionized AC circuit theory and

analysis, which had been carried out using complicated,
time-consuming calculus-based methods. In the
groundbreaking paper, "Complex Quantities and Their
Use in Electrical Engineering", presented at a July 1893
meeting published in the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers (AIEE), Steinmetz simplified these complicated
methods to "a simple problem of algebra". He
systematized the use of complex number phasor
representation in electrical engineering education texts,
whereby the lower-case letter "j" is used to designate the
90-degree rotation operator in AC system analysis.
INDUCTIVE AND CAPACITIVE
REACTANCE
INDUCTIVE REACTANCE

It is the property of an inductor to oppose the alternating

current.

XL = L = 2fL
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE

The property of the capacitor to oppose the alternating

current.

1 1
XC = =
C 2fC
IMPEDANCE

The total opposition to the flow of the alternating current.

It is the combination of resistance and reactance.

TYPES OF LOADS
PURELY RESISTIVE LOAD

The AC Voltage is in-phase with Current.

PURELY INDUCTIVE LOAD

The AC voltage is supplying

a circuit with an inductor
only.

The voltage leads the

current by 90 degrees.
PURELY CAPACITIVE LOAD

The AC voltage is supplying

a circuit with only a
capacitor as its load.

The current leads the

voltage by 90 degrees.
TYPES OF AC CIRCUITS
SERIES RL CIRCUIT

The AC voltage is supplying

the series connection of
resistor and inductor.
SERIES RC CIRCUIT

The AC voltage is supplying

the series connection of
resistor and capacitor.
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
PARALLEL AC CIRCUIT

Conductance

Susceptance

Admittance
CONDUCTANCE

Reciprocal of resistance.

Measured in Siemens (old unit: Mho)

SUSCEPTANCE

Reciprocal of Reactance in an AC circuit.

Measured in Siemens (old unit: Mho)

ADMITTANCE

Reciprocal of impedance in an AC circuit.

Measured in Siemens (old unit: Mho)

Y=GBj (siemens)
Inductive: -Bj
Capacitive: +Bj
PARALLEL RL CIRCUIT

The AC voltage is supplying

the parallel connection of Y = G + BL
2 2

resistor and inductor.

BL−1
 = − tan
G
IT = IR + IL 2 2

−1 IL
 = − tan VT = IT  Z
IR
PARALLEL RC CIRCUIT

The AC voltage is supplying

the parallel connection of Y = G + BC
2 2

resistor and capacitor.

BC
−1
 = tan
G
IT = IR + IC 2 2

−1 IC
 = tan VT = IT  Z
IR
PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT

Y = G + (BC − BL )
2 2

 =  tan −1 (BC − BL )
G
PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT

IT = IR + (IC − IL )
2 2

 =  tan −1 ( IC − IL)

IR

VT = IT  Z
SAMPLE QUESTION

Find the reactances of a 120 mH inductor at 0 Hz, 40

rad/s, and 60 Hz.
A. 0 Ω, 30.16 Ω, 7.2 Ω
B. 0 Ω, 4.8 Ω, 7.2 Ω
C. 0 Ω, 30.16 Ω, 45.24 Ω
D. 0 Ω, 4.8 Ω, 45.24 Ω
SAMPLE QUESTION

Find the reactances of a 3.3 µF capacitor at 0 Hz, 40

rad/s, and 60 Hz.
A. 0 Ω, 7.58 kΩ, 803.8 Ω
B. ∞ Ω, 7.58 kΩ, 803.8 Ω
C. 0 Ω, 1.21 kΩ, 803.8 Ω
D. ∞ Ω, 1.21 kΩ, 803.8 Ω
PAST BOARD EXAM QUESTION

Two 10-H inductors are in parallel and is in series with a

3rd 10-H inductor. What is the approximate total
reactance when a voltage frequency of 7 kHz is applied
across the terminals?
A. 1.3 MΩ
B. 219 kΩ
C. 66 kΩ
D. 660 kΩ
SAMPLE QUESTION

What is the voltage across a capacitor with reactance of

100 Ω in series with a 100 Ω resistance if supplied with
100 VAC?
A. 100 V
B. 70.7 V
C. 50 V
D. 63.7 V
SAMPLE QUESTION

If a 30 Ω resistor and 40 Ω inductive reactance are in

series with 220 VAC applied, find the phase angle
between the voltage and current.
A. I leads V by 36.9°
B. I lags V by 36.9°
C. V leads I by 53.1°
D. V lags I by 53.1°
SAMPLE QUESTION

A 10 Ω resistor, 20 mH inductor, and a 50 µF capacitor

are in parallel with a supply of 80 VAC at 250 Hz.
Determine the total current.
A. 1.78 A
B. 8.83 A
C. 3.77 A
D. 9.08 A
AC POWERS
POWER

True or Real Power

Reactive Power

Apparent Power
TRUE POWER

The power consumed by the resistive component.

REACTIVE POWER

The power consumed by the reactive component, either

inductor or capacitor.
APPARENT POWER

The vector sum of the true and reactive powers.

POWER FACTOR
PAST BOARD EXAM QUESTION

The apparent power on a circuit is 100 W, and the

imaginary power is 40 W. What is the true power?
A. 92 W
B. 64 W
C. 60 W
D. 86 W
RESONANCE
RESONANCE

A condition existing when in a series or parallel RLC circuit

when the inductive reactance (XL) balances out the
capacitive reactance (XC).

The impedance is purely resistive.

RESONANCE

A circuit phenomenon or condition wherein:

 The current is in-phase with the voltage

 The circuit power factor becomes unity

 The inductive reactance is equal to the capacitive

reactance
RESONANT FREQUENCY

The frequency at which opposite reactances are equal.

where:
▪L=inductance (H)
▪C=capacitance (F)
MAGNIFICATION FACTOR Q

The quality or figure of merit of the resonant circuit.

The sharpness of resonance.
BANDWIDTH OF RESONANT CIRCUIT

Measured at half power points

High Q means narrow BW.
PAST BOARD EXAM QUESTION

What is the bandwidth of the circuit shown below?

A. 31.8 Hz
B. 32.3 Hz
C. 7.2 kHz
D. 142 Hz
SAMPLE QUESTION

What value of inductance resonates with 106 pF

capacitor at 1 MHz?
A. 23.9 µH
B. 239 µH
C. 2.39 mH
D. 239 mH
ELECTRICAL TRANSIENTS
ELECTRICAL TRANSIENTS

A temporary phenomenon occurring in a network prior to

reaching a steady-state condition.

Transient period is the period required for the currents

and voltages to adjust themselves to the steady-state after
it is switched-on.
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT
V R
− t 
i =  1 − e L

R 

 − t
R
VR = V  1 − e L 
 
R
− t
VL = Ve L
RL TRANSIENT CIRCUIT

R
V − t
i= e L
R
RC TRANSIENT CIRCUIT – CHARGING
RC TRANSIENT CIRCUIT – CHARGING
t
V −
i= e RC
R
 −
t

VC = V  1 − e RC

 
t
−
VR = Ve RC
RC TRANSIENT CIRCUIT – DISCHARGING
RC TRANSIENT CIRCUIT – DISCHARGING

t
−
VC = Ve RC
SAMPLE QUESTION

What time when the voltage across the inductor will be

equal to the voltage across the resistor in a series RL
transient circuit where V = 24 V, R = 10 Ω, and L = 1 H?
A. 6.93 s
B. 0.693 s
C. 6.93 ms
D. 69.3 ms
END OF SESSION ENGR. JOEY A. DANDAN