Chapter 3

Transient Analysis (AC and DC)

CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS

☞ DC Transients ☞ A.C. Transients

☞ Source Free Circuits ☞ Transient Response with Sinusoidal Excitation
☞ Singularity Functions ☞ Sinusoidal Steady – State Analysis
☞ Step, Impulse, and Ramp functions ☞ Inductor
☞ Step Response of an RC Circuit ☞ Capacitor
☞ Transient and Steady-state Response ☞ Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis of RLC Circuits
☞ Equivalent Circuits for R, L and C in S Domain ☞ RL Series Circuit
☞ Higher – Order Circuits ☞ Series RC Circuit
☞ Series and Parallel RLC Circuits ☞ Series RLC Circuit

Introduction S. No
Element Equivalent
(initial condition) circuit at t = 0+
Whenever a circuit is switched from one condition to
another, either by a change in the applied source or a change R R
1. WVV
in the circuit elements, there is a transitional period dur-
ing which the branch currents and element voltages change 2. L O.C
from their initial values to new ones. This period is called
the transient period. After the transient period has passed, C S.C
3.
the circuit is said to be in steady state.
Transient in the system is because of the presence of I0 I0
energy storing elements (i.e., L and C). 4.
Since the energy stored in a memory element cannot
change instantaneously, that is, within zero time. – + –+
The network consists of only resistances. No transients 5. q
V0 = 0 V0
in the system at the time of switching, since the resistor can C
accommodate any amount of voltage and currents.
The equivalent form of the elements in terms of the A long time after the switching action (t → ∞) is the steady
­initial condition of the elements. state (SS). In SS, the inductor behaves like a short circuit
and capacitor behaves like an open circuit.
t → ∞ ⇒ f = 0.
0– 0+ ZL = sL W ⇒ ZL = 0 W ⇒ is the short circuit.
| | | 1
–∞ 0 +∞
ZC = W ⇒ ZC = ∞ is the open circuit.
sC
ZL = sLW
(i) * The equivalent form of the elements in terms of the
final condition of the element.
1
(ii) ZC = W S. No
Element Equivalent circuit at t = ∞.
sC (and initial condition) (steady state values)

At t = 0+ ⇒ f = ∞ ⇒ ZL = ∞ ⇒ L ⇒ 0 C 1. R R
WVV
1 2.
ZC =
= 0 W ⇒ C is the short circuit. L S.C
2p fc
(Continued)
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.55

Element Equivalent circuit at t = ∞. RC Circuit → initial voltage (V0) across the capacitor
2.
S. No
(and initial condition) (steady state values) (C → V0)
3. C O.C RLC Circuit → initial current through inductor or
3.
voltage across capacitor.
4. I0 S.C Source-free RC circuits: A source-free RC circuit occurs
I0 when its DC source is suddenly disconnected. The energy
already stored in the capacitor is released to the resistors.
5.
–C + –+
O.C
Consider a series combination of a resistor and an
q
V0 = 0 V0 ­initially charged capacitor as shown in Figure 1.
C
iC iR

NOTES
1.  Inductor current at t = 0− and t = 0+ instants C V
R

0– 0+
| | |
–∞ 0 +∞
↑ Figure 1  A source-free RC circuit.
Current flowing through an inductor is given as
t The capacitor is initially charged; we can assume that at
1
iL(t) = ∫ VL (t ) . dt
L -∞
time t = 0, the initial voltage is
V(0) = V0
0- 0+
1 1 By applying KCL at the node of circuit in Figure 1,
= ∫ VL (t ) dt + L ∫- VL (t ) dt
L -∞ iC + iR = 0
0

iL (0+) = iL(0-) + 0 dV V dV 1
C. + =0⇒ + .V = 0
\ iL(0+) = iL(0-) dt R dt RC
dV 1
\ Inductor current cannot change instantaneously. =- . dt
2.  Capacitor voltage at t = 0− and at t = 0+ instants. V RC
t By integrating both sides, we get
1
VC(t) =
C ∫ iC . dt ln V =
-t
+ ln A
-∞ RC
t
where A is the integration constant. Thus,
( )
= VC 0 - +
1
C 0∫-
iC (t ) . dt
V -t V
ln = ⇒ = e - t / RC
A RC A
At t = 0+
0+
\ V(t) = A . e−t/RC
1 However, from initial conditions at t = 0
C 0∫-
VC (0 + ) = VC (0 - ) + iC (t ). dt
V(0) = A.1 A = V(0) = V0
VC(0+) = VC(0−) Volts.
\V (t ) = V0 .e - t /RC Volts
Therefore, it is called the natural response of the circuit. The
Classification of Transients natural response of a circuit refers to the behaviour of the
Transients circuit itself, with no external sources of excitation.
The natural response is illustrated graphically in Figure 2.
DC AC V(t)

The transient effects are more for DC as compared to AC V0

and the transient-free condition is possible to only for AC V0 . e− t / τ
excitations.
0.368V0
DC Transients
Source-free Circuits
0 τ 5τ t (sec)
RL circuit → initial current through the inductor
1.
(L → Ι 0) Figure 2  The voltage response of the RC circuit.
3.56  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

Time Constant Example 2

The time constant of a circuit is the time required for the The value of Vx for t ≥ 0
response to decay to a factor of 1/e or 36.8% of its initial Vx 8 Ω
value.
At t = t 1 F +
12 Ω 3 Vc
6Ω
V0 . e−t /RC = V0 . e−1 = 0.368V0 –

\ t = RC
(A) Vx = 5 .e−4t V (B) Vx = 12 . e−0.25t V
\V (t ) = V0 .e - t / RC = V0 .e - t /t Volts (C) Vx = 5 . e−0.25t V (D) Vx = 15 . e−0.71t V
Solution
NOTE By applying KCL at node Vx.
In finding the time constant t = RC, R is obtained the Vx Vx Vx - Vc
Thevenin’s equivalent resistance at the terminals of the + + =0
12 6 8
capacitor.
2 Vx + 4Vx + 3(Vx - Vc) = 0
\ t = Req C = Rth C 9Vx = 3 Vc
V (t ) V0 - t /t Vx = 1/3 Vc ⇒ Vx = 1/3 × 15.e−t/4 V.
iR (t ) = = ⋅e A
R R Vx = 5 . e−0.25t V
Power dissipated in the resistor (R) is
V0 2 -2t /t Example 3
P(t) = V. iR = ⋅e
R The switch in the circuit in figure has been closed for a long
Let us consider the following example. The circuit shown in time, and it is opened at t = 0.
figure. Let VC(0) = 15 V 3Ω t=0 1Ω
i0 8Ω
20 V + V
+
20 mF
9Ω –
+
+ 1/3 F Vc
12 Ω –
6Ω Vx
– (i) The VC (t) for t ≥ 0 is
(A) VC (t) = 15 e−t V (B) VC (t) = 12e−0.2t V
(C) VC (t) = 15e−5t V (D) VC (t) = 12e−5t V
Solved Examples Solution (i)
Example 1 For t < 0:
The switch is closed, and the capacitor is open circuit to DC.
The value of VC (t), at t = 2 s
(A) 12 V (B) 13.62 V –
3Ω Vc (0 ) 1Ω
(C) 2.04 V (D) 9.09 V +
i=0
Solution 20 V +
9Ω Vc(0– )
We know for source-free RC circuits
–
VC (t) = V0.e−t/RC
Circuit is in S and S.
t = ReqC ⇒ Req = 8 + (6 ||12) ⇒ 12 W
9
t = 12 × 1/3 = 4 s \ Vc(0−) = 20 × = 15 V for t < 0.
9+3
VC(t) = 15e−t/4 V Since the voltage across capacitor does not change
instantaneously,
at t=2s
Vc(0−) = Vc(0+) = 15 V
VC(2) = 15e−2/4 ⇒ 15e−0.5 = 9.09 V For t ≥ 0:
The switch is opened. The circuit is shown in the figure.
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.57

3Ω 1Ω d
Let =D
dt
20 V +
9Ω 20 mF ⎛ R⎞
⎜⎝ D + ⎟⎠ i = 0
L
D = -R/L.
\ VC(t) = V0 e−t/t Therefore, i(t) = A e−Dt ⇒ i(t) = Ae−Rt/L
t = Reqc. \ iL(t) = A . e−t/(L/R)
Req ⇒ At t = 0, iL(0) = I0
1Ω
iL(0) = I0 = Ae−0 ⇒ A = I0

9Ω
iL (t ) = I 0 .e - Rt / L A
L
\t = s
Req R
Req = (9 + 1) = 10 W Leq
t= s
Req
t = 10 × 20 × 10−3t = 0. 2 s.
\ i(t) = I0e−t/t A
Thus, the voltage across the capacitor for t ≥ 0 is
This shows that the natural response of the RL circuit is an
V (t) = V0. e−t/t exponential decay of the initial current.
= 15e−t/0.2 V The current response shown in figure.
Therefore, V(t) = 15e−5t V i(t)
(ii) The initial energy stored in the capacitor is I0
(A) 4.5 J (B) 0 J (C) 2.25 J (D) 4 J I 0 . e− t / τ
Solution (ii)
0.368 I0
Wc(0) = 1/ 2 CVc2 (0) = 1/ 2 CVo2
0.0067 I 0
= 1/2 × 20 × 10−3 × (15)2 = 2.25 J 0 τ 5τ t sec
Source-free RL circuits:
Figure 4  The current response of the RL circuit.
Consider the series connection of an RL circuit, as shown
in the figure.
NOTE
i(t)
When
L
– t = RC =
+ R
L VL VR R
+ – L L
R2 = ⇒R= W
C C
Figure 3  A source-free RL circuit.
Example 4
At t = 0, we assume that the inductor has an initial current I0.
The time constant of the given circuit t is
\ i(0) = I0.
1Ω
By applying KVL around the loop in figure,
VL + VR = 0 3A ↑ 2H
2Ω
di
L ⋅ + iR = 0
dt
di R (A) 1 s (B) 1.5 s
+ i =0
dt L (C) 2 / 3 s (D) 4 s
3.58  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

Solution Example 6
Leq The circuit shown in the figure is in a steady state. When the
t= .
Req switch is closed at t = 0, the current through the inductor at
t = 0+ is
Req ⇒ Rth:
10 Ω

1Ω
10 mH t=0
10 V
2Ω

R eq
(A) 0 A (B) 0.5 A (C) 1 A (D) 2 A
⇒ Req = 2 W Solution
2 For t < 0:
t= = 1 sec.
2 at t = 0− ; the switch is opened.
In steady state, L behaves as a short circuit.
Example 5 10
iL(0−) = = 1A .
4Ω 2/3 H 10
At t = 0+, the circuit shown in figure.
5V 4Ω 2H 4H 10 Ω
1Ω

1A ↓ Switch closed
The time constant t is 10 V
2
(A) 1 s (B) 1.5 s (C) s (D) 4 s
3
\ Inductor does not allow sudden change in current.
Solution
\ iL(0+) = iL(0−) = 1 A
Leq
t= s
Req Example 7
Assume that i(0) = 10 A. Calculate the i(t) and ix(t) in the
2/3 H circuit (for t ≥ 0).
2H 4H ix 4Ω

i
2 2Ω 0.5 H + 3i
Leq = + ( 2 || 4)
3
2 4
= + = 2 H. (A) i(t) = 10 .e−2t/3 A; ix (t) = -5/3 .e−2t/3 A
3 3
(B) i(t) = 10 . e−3t/8 A; ix (t) = 5/3 e−3t/8A
Req ⇒ Rth: (C) i(t) = 10 .e−4t A; ix (t) = -20 .e−3t/8 A
4Ω (D) None of the above
Solution
4Ω i (t ) = I 0 ⋅ e - t / t .
1Ω
Given I0 = 10 A.
R th
Leq
Rth = 1 + (4||4) t=
Req
=3W Req = Rth:
2 The equivalent resistance is the same as the Thevenin’s
t= s
3 resistance at the inductor terminals.
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.59

I0 A 4Ω The current through 6 W ⇒ i0 = 0 A.

V6W = 0 V ⇒ i0 = 0 A
V0 = 1 V + + 3i 10
2Ω iL(0−) = = 2A .
5
V0 = 3 × 2 = 6 V.
Rth (i) For t > 0, the switch is closed
Here, I0 = −i iL(t) = I0.e−t/t A.
By applying KCL at node A,
2Ω 3Ω
V0 V - 3i +V –
- Ι0 + 0 =0 0 i0
+
2 4 10 V + VL 2 H
6Ω
2V0 − 4I0 + V0 + 3I0 = 0 –

3V0 = I0 ⇒ Find Rth:

V0 1 3Ω
= Rth = W
Ι0 3
Leq 0.5
t= = = 1.5 s 6Ω
Rth (1/3)
Thus, the current through the inductor is i(t).
Rth
i(t) = 10.e−t/1.5 A
6×3
⇒ Rth = 6 3 ⇒
i(t) = 10.e−2t/3 A for t ≥ 0. 9
Rth = 2 W.
di(t ) d
VL (t ) = L ⋅ = 0.5 × 10 e -2t / 3 L 2
dt dt t= = = 1sec.
Rth 2
⎛ -2 ⎞ -10 -2t / 3 Thus, iL (t ) = i(0 + ).e - t /1
= 5 × ⎜ ⎟ . e -2t / 3 V = .e V.
⎝ 3⎠ 3
= 2. e−t A for t > 0.
Voltage across inductor is equal to voltage across 2 W
resistors. VL (t )
(ii) i0 (t ) =
V ( t ) -5
6
\ ix (t ) = L2 = . e -2t / 3 A for t > 0. di(t ) d
3 ⇒ VL (t ) = L. = 2 × (2 × e -t )
dt dt
Example 8 = −4e−t V.
In the circuit shown in figure assuming that the switch was -2 - t
open for a long time. i0 (t ) = ⋅ e A for t > 0.
3
2Ω 3Ω (iii) V0 = −VL
+ – iL
V0 i0 ⇒ V0 = 4e−t V for t > 0
10 V + t=0 6Ω
2H
Therefore, for all time,
⎧0 A : t < 0
⎪ ⎧6 V, t < 0
Find i0, V0, and iL for all times (-∞ ≤ t ≤ ∞) . i0 (t ) = ⎨ -2 - t V0 (t ) = ⎨ -t
⎪⎩ 3 .e A , t ≥ 0 ⎩ 4 ⋅ e V , t > 0.
Solution
t < 0: ⎧2 A; t < 0
i (t ) = ⎨ - t
For t < 0, the switch is open.
⎩2 ⋅ e A, t ≥ 0
At t = 0 - , the inductor acts like a short circuit to DC.
2Ω 3Ω Singularity Functions
+ V0 – i0
–
i L(0 ) A basic understanding of singularity functions will help us
10 V + make sense of the response of first-order circuits to a sud-
6Ω
den application of an independent DC voltage or current
source.
3.60  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

The most widely used singularity functions in circuit Ramp Function

analysis are the step ramp and impulse functions. Integrating the unit step function u(t) results in the unit
ramp function r(t).
Step Function
r(t)
u(t)

A
1

0 1 t
0 t
The mathematical terms: Figure 7  The unit ramp function.
⎧0 t <0 t
u (t ) = ⎨
⎩ A; t > 0 r(t) = ∫ u(t ) ⋅ dt = tu(t)
-∞
The unit step function is undefined at t = 0
⎧0 t<0
u(t −t0) r (t ) = ⎨
⎩ At t ≥ 0
A r (t −t 0)

1
0 t0 t

Figure 5  The step function delayed by t0 units.

0 t0 t0 + 1
u(t + t0)
Figure 8  Unit ramp function delayed by t0.
A
⎧ 0 t < t0
r (t - t 0 ) = ⎨
⎩t - t0 t ≥ t0

0 t r (t + t0)
–t0

Figure 6  The step function advanced by t0.

Impulse Function c(t)

The derivative of the step function u(t) is the impulse func- –t 0 – t 0+1 0 t
tion d(t).
Figure 9  The unit ramp function advanced by to.
d ⎧ undefined ;(∞): for t = 0
d (t ) = u (t ) = ⎨ ⎧ 0 t < -t 0
dt ⎩0 ; else where r (t + t 0 ) = ⎨
⎩t + t0 t ≥ -t 0
δ(t) ( ∞)
Step Response of an RC Circuit
When the DC source of an RC circuit is applied, the voltage
or current source can be modelled as a step function, and the
response is known as a step response.
0 t t=0 R
R
0+
1. ∫ d (t ) dt = 1 + ≡ Vsu(t)
ν
+
ν + C
0- Vs + C –
–
t2
2. ∫ f (t ) ⋅ d (t - t0 ) dt = f (t0 ) ; t1 < t0 < t2
t1
Figure 10  An RC circuit with voltage source.
= 0; else where
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.61

We assume an initial voltage V0 on the capacitor, since the i(t)

voltage of the capacitor does not change instantaneously.
VS
V(0−) = V(0+) = V0 R

By applying KCL for t ≥ 0,

dV V - VS
C⋅ + = 0.
dt R
dV V V
+ = S (1) 0 t
dt RC RC
Figure 12  Current response.
dV
=-
(V - VS )
dt RC Complete response = natural response + forced response.
dV 1 \ V = Vn + Vf
=- ⋅ dt
V - Vs RC
where Vn = V0 ⋅ e - t t .
By integrating both sides and introducing the initial
conditions, V f = Vs (1 - e - t t ) ,
t where Vn is the transient response and Vf is the steady state
⎡ t ⎤
lnt[V - VS ]VV0( t ) = ⎢ - ⎥ response.
⎣ RC ⎦ 0
-t Transient Response
lnt [V (t ) - Vs ] - lnt[V0 - Vs ] = +0
RC The transient response is the circuit’s temporary response
⎡ v (t ) - v s ⎤ -t that will die out with time.
ln t ⎢ ⎥=  (2)
⎣ v0 - vs ⎦ RC Steady State Response
V (t ) - Vs The steady state response is the behaviour of the circuit a
= e - t / RC
V0 - Vs long time after an external excitation is applied.
We know t = RC \ complete response may be written as
V(t) - Vs = (V0 - Vs) .e−t/t ⇒ V(t) = V(∞) + [V(0) - V(∞)]e −t/t Volts
V(t) = VS + (V0 - VS) . e−t/t where V(0) = V0 ; the initial capacitor voltage
for t > 0. V(∞) ⇒ final capacitor voltage or SS value
Thus, t is the time constant.

⎧ V0 ; t ≤ 0 NOTE
V (t ) = ⎨ - t / t ; t > 0.
⎩ VS + (V0 - Vs ) .e If the switch changes position at time t = t0 instead of
This is known as the complete response of the RC circuit. t = 0, there is a time delay in response.
V(t)
Therefore, the abovementioned equation becomes
VS
V (t ) = V (∞) + [V (t0 ) - V (∞)] ⋅ e - ( t - t0 )/t Volts

V0 Step Response of an RL Circuit

t=0
R R i
Figure 11  Response of an RC circuit with initially charged
capacitor. + ≡ Vsu(t) +
Vs + L ν (t ) + L ν(t)
dV (t ) –
i (t ) = C ⋅ –
dt
Vs - t /t
i (t ) = ⋅ e ; t > 0. An RL circuit with a step input voltage. Let the response be the
R sum of the transient response and the steady state response.
with initial values zero.
i = itr + iss(1)
3.62  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

We know that itr is always a decaying exponential. Example 9

L The switch in figure has been in position A for a long time.
i.e., itr = A⋅ e - t /t , t =
R At t = 0, the switch moves to B. Determine V(t) for t > 0, and
The steady state is the value of current along time after the calculate its value at t = 2 s.
switch is closed. At that time, the inductor becomes a short 3 kΩ t = 0 B 4 kΩ
A
circuit and the voltage across it is zero. The entire source
voltage VS appears across R.
+ + 30 V
Thus, the steady state response is 24 V + 5 kΩ v 0.5 mF
–
V
iss = s A.
R
V (A) VC(2) = 24.5 V (B) VC(2) = 5.5 V
   i = A ⋅ e - t /t + s  (2)
R (C) VC(2) = -14.5 V (D) VC(2) = 18.4 V
We know i(0−) = i(0+) = I0 Solution
Thus, at t = 0, Equation (2) becomes For t < 0, the switch is at position A.
Vs at t = 0−, capacitor acts like open circuit.
i( 0) = A +
= I0 24 V
R v(0−) = 5 kW × = 15 V.
V 8 kW
A = Ι0 - s We know v(0+) = v(0−) = 15 V.
R (capacitor voltages cannot change instantaneously.)
Substituting A in Equation (2), we get For t > 0, the switch is at position B
⎛ V ⎞ V B 4 kΩ
i (t ) = ⎜ Ι 0 - s ⎟ ⋅ e - t / t + s
⎝ R⎠ R
This is the compute response of the RL circuit.
V(0 ) +
+ + 30 V
i (t ) = i(∞) + [i(0) - i(∞)] ⋅ e - t /t A. 0.5 mF

NOTE
If the switching takes place at time t = t0 instead of t = 0, t = RC = 4 × 103 × 0.5 × 10−3 = 2 s.
At t → ∞,
i(t) = i(∞) + [i(t0) - i(∞)] . e - ( t - t0 ) /t capacitor acts like an open circuit to DC at steady state.
i(t )
Thus, V(∞) = 30 V
V(t )
VC(t) = V(∞) + [V(0+) - VC(∞)] .e−t/t V
VS
VS = 30 + (15 - 30) e−t/2 s.
R = 30 - 15e−0.5t s.
at t=2s
15
0 t 0 t VC(2) = 30 - 15e−1 = 30 - = 24.5 V
e
Figure 13  Step response of an RL circuit with no initial inductor
current. Example 10
The switch has been closed for a long time and is opened
NOTE at t = 0
With sources, elements behaviour at i t=0
5Ω
t= 0+ and t → ∞
(i) At t = 0+ ⇒ L is the open circuit and C is the short + + 10 V
20u(t) V + 15 Ω ν 4F
circuit. –
(ii) At t → ∞ ⇒ f = 0
⇒ XL = jwL = 0 W is the short circuit and
The value of VC(t) for t > 0 would be
1
XC = = ∞ W is the open circuit. (A) VC(t) = 15 - 5 .e−t/15 V.
jw c (B) VC(t) = 5 - 15 . e−t/15 V
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.63

(C) VC(t) = 15 + 5 . e−0.25t V Example 11

(D) VC(t) = 15 + 10 . e−t/15 V In the following circuit, the switch is closed at t = 0. What is
Solution the initial value of the current through the capacitor?
For t < 0: 2Ω
At t = 0−, switch is closed. Further, C is the open circuit.
1Ω 1Ω
⎧0 ; t <0 12 V t=0
u(t) = ⎨
⎩1 ; t > 0.
L C
At t < 0:
–
5Ω i(0 ) (A) 0.8 A (B) 1.6 A (C) 2.4 A (D) 3.2 A
Solution
15 Ω –
+ + 10 V For t < 0:
Vc (0 ) At t = 0−, the switch is opened.
–
L is short circuit and C is the open circuit.
The following is the equivalent circuit.
Circuit is in steady state. 2Ω
From the abovementioned circuit,
10 1Ω 1Ω
i(0−) = = 2 A. + V1
5 12 V
– i(0–) Vc(0–)
VC(0−) = 10 V = VC(0+)
for t > 0: switch opened.
At t = 0+ i(0−) =
12
= 4 A = iL (0 + )
+
i(0 )
3
5Ω
VC(0−) = 1 × 4 = 4 V = VC(0+)

At t = 0+, the equivalent circuit is shown in the following figure:

+
20 V + 15 Ω
V 4F 2Ω
–

1Ω 1Ω
+
12 V
⎧ – 4A +
–4V
⎪t = Req ⋅ c
⎪
⎪ 5 × 15 5 × 15 15
⎨ Req = = = W 2Ω 0.5 Ω
⎪ 5 + 15 20 4
⎪ 15 i
⎪t = × 4 = 5 s
⎩ 4 +
12 V ic
C is the short circuit. – 4A +
– 4V

20
i(0+) = = 4 A.
5 12 - 4
i= = 3.2 A
at t → ∞ ; C is the open circuit. 2.5

15 i + iC = 4 ⇒ iC = 0.8 A
VC(∞) = V15 W = 20 × = 15 V
15 + 5 Direction for questions 12, 13, and 14:
We know that the total response VC(t) is 4Ω
+ iL
VC(t) = VC(∞) + [VC(0+) - VC(∞)]. e - t t ½F V
– C
+
= 15 + [10 - 15]. e−t/15 3 u(t ) A VR 2 Ω
+ 20 V 0.6 H
–
VC(t) = 15 - 5 e−t/15 V
3.64  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

Example 12 Solution
The values of iL(0+), VC(0+), and VR(0+) would be. As t → ∞, the circuit reaches steady state.
(A) iL(0+) = 0 A; VC(0+) = 20 V; and VR(0+) = 4 V In steady state,
(B) iL(0+) = 5 A; VC(0+) = -15 V; and VR(0+) = 4 V \ L is the short circuit and C is the open circuit.
(C) iL(0+) = 3 A; VC(0+) = -20 V; and VR(0+) = 4 V The circuit becomes.
(D) iL(0+) = 0 A; VC(0+) = -20 V; and VR(0+) = +4 V 4Ω

Solution +
+ –VC(∞ )
For t < 0, 3.u(t) = 0; at t = 0− 3A VR 2Ω IL(∞)
– + 20 V
When the circuit is in steady state, L is the short circuit and
C is the open circuit.
4Ω
3
–
iL (∞) = 2 × = 1 A.
+ V C(0 ) 6
–
V R(0 ) 2Ω
– + 20 V
–
i L(0 ) VC(∞) = -20 V.
VR(∞) = 2 × 2 = 4 V.
From this figure: \ VR(∞) = 4 V, VC(∞) = -20 V and iL(∞) = 1 A.
iL(0−) = 0; VR (0−) = 0; and VC (0−) = −20 V
For t > 0: Example 14
The circuit shown is at t = 0+. diL (0 + ) dVC (0 + )
The values of and would be
Therefore, L is the open circuit dt dt
and C is the short circuit. (A) 0 A/s, 2 V/s (B)  0 A/s, 0.5 V/s
A 4Ω B (C) 2 A/s, 2 V/s (D)  -2 A/s, -2 V/s
+ – + +
½ F – V C(0 ) Solution
+ +
3A
+
V R(0 ) 2Ω VL 0.6 H For t > 0:
– + 20 V –
At t = 0+,
diL (0 + ) di (0 + ) VL (0 + )
The inductor current and capacitor voltages cannot change VL(0+) = L. ⇒ L =
dt dt L
instantaneously.
diL (0 + )
iL(0+) = 0; iL(0−) = 0; and VC(0+) = VC(0−) = -20 V However, VL(0+) = 0 V ⇒ = 0 A/s
dt
By applying KCL at node A, dVc dV (0 + ) iC (0 + )
iC = C . ⇒ C =
VR (0 + ) V0 (0 + ) dt dt C
3= +
2 4 dVC (0 + ) iC (0 + )
By applying KVL to the middle loop, =
dt C
VR (0 + ) - V0 (0 + ) - Vc (0 + ) - 20 = 0 By applying KCL at node B,
VC (0+) = −20 V V0 (0 + )
= iC (0 + ) + iL (0 + )
\ VR(0+) = V0(0+). 4
3 VR(0+) = 12 4
iC (0 + ) = = 1 A.
4
⇒ VR(0+) = 4 V +
dVC (0 ) 1
\ VR(0+) = 4 V, VC(0+) = -20 V. IL(0+) = 0 A = = 2 V/sec.
dt 1/2

Example 13 Equivalent Circuits for R, L, and

The steady state values of the IL., VC, and VR would be C in S Domain
(A) VR(∞) = 4 V, VC(∞) = -20 V, IL(∞) = 0 A. Laplace transform
(B) VR(∞) = 4 V, VC(∞) = -20 V, IL(∞) = 1 A.
(C) VR(∞) = -4 V, VC(∞) = 20 V, IL(∞) = 4 A. i(t) ↔ I(s)
(D) None of the above V(t) ↔ V(s)
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.65

R↔R d 2 i R di i
+ ⋅ + = 0. (2)
L ↔ sL W dt 2 L dt LC
1 By applying Laplace transform to Equation (2)
C ↔ W
sC R 1
1. Resistor (R): ⇒ s2 + ⋅s+ = 0.
L LC
R iR IR(S) R ⇒ Characteristic equation of the differential equation.
⇔     + –
1 + V R– 2 1
V(S)
2 s 2 + 2 x w n s + w2n = 0 (3)
1.  Time domain    2. Frequency domain.
Second-order characteristic equation:
2. Inductor (L): From Equation (3)
+ i L(s) 1 R
i L(S)
wn = and 2 xwn =
+ sL LC L
– +
V L(t) L i L(0 ) ⇒ SL VL(S)
↑
iL (0− ) ⇒ VL(S) R
– i (t)
L
– s ± Li(0–) xwn =
2L
–
1 L
t= =2
3. Capacitor (C): xw n R

VC (0 - ) R C
x= ⋅
s 2 L
+ The roots of the characteristic equation are
+ iC(s) iC(s)
iC(t)
+ 1/sc ⇒
VC(t)C – ⇒ VC(s) -R ⎛ R⎞ 1
2
– VC(0 ) + V (0 − ) –
s= ± ⎜ ⎟ -
– C 1/sc ↑ CV0(0 )
– s 2L ⎝ 2L ⎠ LC

R 1
Let a= =
1. Time domain 2L t
2. s domain voltage source s = -a ± a 2 - w 2 n
3. s domain current source.
1. If a > wn or x > 1, we have over damped oscillations.
High Order Circuits 2. x = 1 or a = wn, we have critically damped oscillator.
When two or more energy storage elements are present, the 3. 0 < x < 1 or a < wn, we have under damped oscillators.
network equations will result in second-order differential
equations.
Parallel RLC Circuit
i R(t) i L(t) i c(t)
Series RLC Circuits
+
R L i S(t) ↑ R L C V c(t)
–

Vs ± i C
iS(t) = iR(t) + iL(t) + iC(t)
Let us assume that the voltage across the capacitor is VC(t).
By applying KVL VC (t ) 1
t
dV (t )
\ + ∫ VC (t ) dt + C . C = is (t )
di 1
t R L 0 dt
Ri + L ⋅ +
dt C ∫ i.dt = Vs . (1) By simplifying the abovementioned equation, it becomes
-∞
To eliminate the integral, differentiate with respect to t. d 2VC (t ) 1 dvc (t ) 1
+ ⋅ + ⋅VC (t ) = 0
di d 2i i dt RC dt LC
R⋅ + L⋅ 2 + = 0
dt dt C In S domain,
3.66  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

1 1 Example 16
s 2VC ( s) + ⋅ sVc (0) + ⋅Vc ( s) = 02
RC LC The circuit is

1 1
s2 + .s+ = 0.
RC LC
1A ↑ 2Ω 1H 1/4 F
1 L 1
x= ; wn = .
2R C LC

Example 15 (A) critically damped (B) undamped

(C) under damped (D) over damped
The circuit shown in figure has initial current iL(0−) =
1 A. Through the inductor and an initial voltage VC(0−) = Solution
-1 V across the capacitor for input V(t) = u(t) , the Laplace For RLC parallel circuit
transform of the current i(t) for t ≥ 0 is
1 L
x=
1Ω 1H 2R C
+ 1 4 1
i(t) =× ;x= .
+ 2×2 1 2
V(t) 1F
– \ x < 1 is under damped system
–
Example 17
The value of Initial current is
s s+2
(A) (B) +
s2 + s + 1 s2 + s + 1
0.02 S
V(s)
s -1 s- 1
(C) (D) ±
1 mV
s2 +s + 1 s + s +1
2
–

Solution (A) 0.5 A (B) 0.05 A (C) 0.01 A (D) 0.2 mA.
By applying KVL, the loop equation is Solution

di(t ) 1 +
V(t) = Ri(t) + L + ∫ i(t )dt .
dt C sL ⇒ L = 0.02 H
V(s)
– LI 0
However, V(t) = u(t), iL(0−) = 1 A and VC(0−) = -1 V. +
Take LPF both sides, –

1 V (0 - ) 1 LI0 = 1 × 10−3
L ⎡⎣ sI ( s) - Ι(0 - ) ⎤⎦ + RI ( s) + ⋅ I (S ) + C =
sC s s 1 × 10 -3
I0 = = 0.05 A
0.02
Substituting R = 1 W, and L = 1 H
C=1F I0 = 50 mA

1 1 1 Example 18
sI (s) -1 + I (s) + I (s) - =
s s s In the following circuit, 20 V source has been applied for a
2 long time. The switch is opened at t = 1 ms.
I ( s) ⎡ s + 1 + 1⎤ = 1 +
⎣ s ⎦ s t = 1 ms.
1 kΩ
I (s)[s2 + s + 1] = s + 2
0.5 µ F +
5 kΩ 25 k Ω
s +2 20 u (–t ) +
V
– c
I (s) = 2
s + s +1
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.67

At t = 3 ms, the value of VC(t) is Let V(t) = Vm.cos(wt + f) volts

(A) 1.314 V (B) 1.128 V For t > 0: switch is closed.
(C) 16.13 V (D) None of the above. By applying KVL,
Solution di
Ri + L = Vm.cos(wt + f)
For t < 0: dt
At t = 0−, switch was closed. di R V
+ i = m .cos(wt + f)(1)
Capacitor behaves like an open circuit. dt L L
1 kΩ Vc(0–) d
Let = D.
dt
5 kΩ Vc(0–) 25 k Ω ⎛ R⎞ V
20 V +   ⎜ D + ⎟ i = m ⋅ cos(w t + f ) (2)
⎝ L⎠ L
The complete solution = complement function +
VC (0 - ) - 20 VC (0 - ) VC (0 - ) particular solution.
+ + =0
1 kW 5 kW 25 kW i.e., C.S. = C.F. + P.I.
25 (VC (0−) - 20) + 5 VC(0−) + VC (0−) =0 The complementary function of Eq. (2) is
31 VC (0−) = 25 × 20 R
- t
25 × 20 itr(t) = A. e L A.
⇒ VC(0−) = = 16.13V
31 Next, we are to obtain the particular solution of
Req = (1 kW || 5 kW || 25 kW) current i(t): ⇒ iss(t)
Transform the abovementioned network into phasor
1 1 1 1 domain.
= + +
Req 1 kW 5 kW 25 kW R
25 + 5 + 1
=
25 kW +
Vm 〈 φ ~ I jωLΩ
25
Req = kW = 806 W –
31
t = Req × C = 806 × 0.5 × 10−6
Network is phasor domain
t = 0.4 ms.
By applying KVL to abovementioned circuit,
VC(t) = V0.e−t/t = 16.13 × e−2,500t Volts
Vm ∠f - R.I - jwLI = 0.
VC(1 ms) = 16.13 × e -2500 ×1 ×10 V
-3

Vm ∠f
= 16.13e−2.5 = 1.324 V for 0 < t < 1 ms I=
R + jw L
VC(t) = 1.324 × e - ( t -1m )/ 25 × 0.5 ×10
-3
V
Vm wL
VC(3 m) = 1.324 × e -80 × 2 ×10
-3 ⇒I= ⋅ ∠f - tan -1
R2 + (w L) 2 R
= 1.128 V I in time domain iss(t).
Vm ⎛ wL⎞
AC Transients iss(t) = ⋅ cos ⎜ w t + f - tan -1
⎝ ⎟ A.
R ⎠
R2 + (w L) 2
Transient Response with Sinusoidal i(t) = itr(t) + iss(t)
Excitation
= Transient + Steady state response
1. Series R-L Circuit: R
- t Vm ⎛ wL⎞
t=0 = A. e L + ⋅ cos ⎜ w t + f - tan -1 ⎟
R R2 + (w L) 2 ⎝ R ⎠
A

+ at t = 0− ⇒ i(0−) = 0 = i(0+).
i(t)
V(t) ~ L
Vm ⎛ wL⎞
– A+ ⋅ cos ⎜ w t + f - tan -1 ⎟ =0
R 2 + (w L) 2 ⎝ R ⎠
3.68  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

-Vm ⎛ wL⎞ Example 19

A= ⋅ cos ⎜ w t + f - tan -1 ⎟ A. t = t0
5Ω
R + (w L)
2 2 ⎝ R ⎠
S
⇒ As A << 1, the transient effects are less for AC at t = 0. +
V(t) ~ 0.05 H
2. Transient-free condition: –
A = 0.
If V(t) = 5 cos (100pt + p/4) volts, the value of t0, which
⎛ wL⎞
⇒ cos ⎜ f - tan -1 ⎟ =0 results in a transient-free response.
⎝ R ⎠
Solution
wL p
f - tan -1 = We know for RL series circuits transient-free condition.
R 2
Given input cosinusoidal
p pL wL p
f= + tan -1 , at t =0. \ wt0 + f = tan−1 +
2 R R 2
Case 1: From the given data,
If the switch is closed at t = t0. Then, the condition for tran- w = 100p and f = p/4
sient-free response is ⎛ 100p × 0.05 ⎞ p
100pt + p/4 = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟⎠ +
p wL ⎝ 5 2
wt0 + f = + tan -1
2 R 100pt = 117.34
NOTE t = 0.3735 s

If the excitation is V(t) = Vm. sin(wt + f), then the condition Sinusoidal Steady State
for transient-free response is wt0 + f = tan− 1 wt at t = t0
Analysis
\ i(t) = iss(t) A sinusoidal forcing function produces both a transient
response and steady state response.
Table 1.1 Summary: The transient response dies out with time so that only steady
Transient-free state response remains. When the transient response has become
S.
Excitation Circuit Condition negligibly small when compared to steady state response, we
No.
(at t = t0) say that the circuit is operating at sinusoidal steady state.
(i) V (t) = Vm sin(wt Series RL or
wt0+f = tan−1 ω L
+ f)
Sinusoids:
R
= tan−1 wt.
Let us consider a general expression for the sinusoidal.
Series RC wt0 + f = tan−1 ω RC V(t) = Vm . sin (wt + f)
= tan−1 wt. where Vm is the amplitude; w is the angular frequency; wt +
f is the argument of the sinusoidal; and f is the phase.
(ii) V(t) = Vm cos(wt Series RL or wt0 + f = tan−1 wt
+ f) Series RC A sinusoid can be expressed in either sine or cosine form.
+π This is achieved by using the following trigonometric
2
where t = L for RL identities:
R
t = RC for RC. sin (A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B.
cos (A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B.
(iii) i(t) = Im sin(wt + f) Parallel RL or wt0 + f = tan−1 wt
Parallel RC where t = RC for RC
NOTE
circuits.
t= sin (wt ± 180°) = - sin wt
cos (wt ± 180°) = -cos wt
L
for RL circuits. sin (wt ± 90°) = ± cos wt
R
cos (wt ± 90°) = ± sin wt.
(iv) i(t) = Im cos(wt + f) Parallel RL or t=
Parallel RC L
for RL circuits,
R
RC for RC circuits
Example 20
wt0 + f = tan−1 wt Given the sinusoidal signal
V(t) = 10 sin(4pt + p/6). Calculate its power and period.
+π
2 (A) 100 Wt, 2 s (B) 50 Wt, 0. 5 s
(C) 10 Wt, 0. 5 s (D) 0 Wt, 2 s
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.69

Solution Phasor relationships for circuit elements:

For sinusoidal signals, 1. Resistor:
Vm2 i
power = (∵Vm = maximum voltage)
2R + +

but R is not given.

R ≡≡ V R
Therefore, let R = 1 W. ν

Vm 2 (10) 2 – –
P= = = 50 Watts.
2 2
 (i) time domain (ii)  frequency domain
w = 2p f = 4p
If the current through a resistor R is
2p 1 i = Imcos (wt + f).
T= = ⇒ 0. 5 s
4p 2
The voltage across it is given by
Example 21 V = iR = RIm cos (wt + f)
Calculate the phase angle betweenV1 = -10 cos (wt + 40°) The phasor form of this voltage is
and V2 = 8 Sin (wt - 20°).
V = RIm ∠f
(A) 30° (B) 60° (C) -60° (D) 20°
Solution Im
In order to compare V1 and V2, we must express them in V
same form.
V1 = -10 cos (wt + 40°) I

= +10 sin (wt + 40° - 90°). φ

0
= 10 sin (wt - 50°). Re

V2 = 12 sin (wt - 20°) Figure 14  Phasor diagram for the resistor.

V2 leads V1 by 30°. 2. Inductor (L):

i I
Phasor: A phasor is a complex number that represents the +
+
amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
≡ V j ωL
Z = x + jy ⇒ rectangular form ν L

Z = r ∠ f ⇒ polar form – –
Z = r. ejf ⇒ exponential form
time domain frequency domain
Euler’s identity: T - D F-D
e ± jf = cos f ± j sin f di
V = L ⋅ V = jwL. I
dt
Table 1.2  Sinusoidal phasor transformation:
The voltage across the inductor is
S. No Time domain Phasor domain
(i) Vm cos (wt + f) Vm ∠f di
V = L⋅ = -wL.Im sin (wt + f)
(ii) Vm sin (wt + f) Vm ∠f - 90° dt
(iii) Im cos (wt + f) Im ∠f V = wL.Im cos (wt + f + 90°),
(iv) Im sin (wt + f) Im ∠f - 90° which transforms to the phasor.
(v) dv jwv
dt
⇔ V = wL.Im.ej(f + 90°) = wL.Im.∠f + 90°
(vi) ∫ vdt ⇔ V However, Im. ∠ f = I and ej90° = j.
jω
V = jwL.I.
\        
3.70  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

V
Im w = 40 rad/s.
L = 1/2 H and V = 5 ∠60° V.
I V 5∠60°
ω I= =
90 ° jw L j × 40 × 0.5
φ 1
Re = ∠60° - 90° = 0.25 ∠ - 30°.
4
Figure 15  Phasor diagram for the inductor i(t) = 0.25.cos(40t − 30°) A
  I lags V or V leads I.

3. Capacitor (C): Example 23

i If voltage V = 4 sin (50t + 30°) is applied to a 100 mF
+ + capacitor. The steady state current through the capacitor is
(A) i(t) = 20 sin(50 t + 60°) mA
1
ν C ≡ V (B) i(t) = 20 cos(50 t + 30°) mA
jωc
(C) i(t) = 20 cos(50 t - 30°) mA
– – (D) i(t) = 20 cos(50t - 60°) mA
dv Solution
i=c i = jwcv Given V = 4 sin (50t + 30°)
dt
For the capacitor C, assume the voltage across it is dV I
i = C. ⇔V= ; V = 4 ∠ -60°
V = Vm cos (wt + f). dt jwC
dV I = jwV.C ⇒ j × 50 × 100 × 10−6 × 4 ∠-60°.
i = C. ⇔ I = jwCV
dt I = 20cos(50 t - 60° + 90°) mA
T - D
F - D
I i(t) = 20 cos (50 t + 30°) mA
\V=

jw c
Im Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
I
of RLC Circuits
V ω
1.
RL Series Circuit:
90°
R VL
φ + –
Re VR
+ +
Figure 16  Phasor diagram for the capacitor (I leads V or V lags I  ) I VL L V
V ~
– – θ
NOTE VR I
Summary of V–I relationships
V = VR + VL = I.R + jwLI
Elements T–D F–D
R n = Ri V = R.I V = VR2 + VL2
L n = L.di/dt V = jwLI
⎡VL ⎤
C I = C dv/dt I = I/jwC q = tan−1 ⎢ ⎥
⎣VR ⎦
where VR = IR
Example 22 V
Power factor = cos q = R
Voltage V = 5 cos (40 t + 60°) is applied to a 0.5 H inductor. V
The steady state current through the inductor is VL = IXL ∠ 90°Lag.
(A) i(t) = 4 sin (40t + 60°) A 2. Series RC Circuit:
(B) i(t) = 2 cos (40t + 30°) A
I R
(C) i(t) = 0.25 cos (40t - 30°) A + –
(D) i(t) = 0.25 cos (wt + 60°) A VR
+ +
Solution V ~ VC C
–
For the inductor, V = jwL I –
from the given data.
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.71

 V = VR + VC VR
cos f = ; Lead
VR = IR; VC = IZC = IXC ∠-90°. V
(iii) If VL = VC
VR I
ω In this case,
φ VL
90°
V

VC 90°
VR I
Phasor diagram 90°

V= VR2 + VC2
VC
V
p.f. = cos f = R Lead VR
V cos f = = 1 ⇒ unity power factor
V
3. Series RLC Circuit:
R L 4. Parallel RLC Circuit:
+ – + –
VR VL IR IL IC
+
+ +
VC C
V ~ –
– I ↑ R L C V

V = VR + VL + VC
–
1
= IR + jwL.I + .I
jw c I = IR + IL + IC
= I.R + I. XL∠90° + I. XC ∠-90°. V V
I= + + jw c ⋅V
(i) VL > VC: R jw L
VL V V V
⇒I= + ∠ - 90° + ∠90°.
(V L – V C) R XL XC

V
(i) IL > IC
IC
φ I
VR

VC φ IR V
I
From the abovementioned phasor diagram IL – IC

|V| = VR2 + (VL - VC )2 IL

From the abovementioned phasor diagram
⎡VL - VC ⎤
f= Tan -1 ⎢ V ⎥ ⇒ Impedance or admittance |I| =I R2 + ( I L - I C ) 2
angle. ⎣ R ⎦
I
p.f. = cos f = R ; Lag
VR I
Power factor = p.f. = cos f = ; Lag
V (ii) IL < IC
(ii) If VL < VC: IC
VL IC – IL

I
90° V
φ
IR 90°
φ VR I
V
(VC – VL) IL

VC
|I| = I R2 + ( I L - I C ) 2
3.72  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

⎡I - I ⎤ If the power dissipated in the 5 W resistor is 15 W, then the

f = tan -1 ⎢ L C ⎥ ⇒ impedance (or) admittance power factor of the circuit is
angle ⎣ IR ⎦ (A) p.f. = 0.68 (B) p.f. = 0.854
(C) p.f. = 0.52 (D) None of the above.
IR
cos f = p.f. = Lead Solution
I For RL series circuit
(iii) I L = I C VR
p.f. = cos f =
|I| = IR. V
P = VI = I R
2
IC
I2 × 5 = 15 ⇒ I2 = 3
I = 1.732 A
IR IR = I
ν ≡ V ω \ VR = 15 × 1.732 ≈ 26
|V| = 50 ∠ 0°.
IL 26
cos f = = 0.52 ⇒ power factor
50
ΙR Impedance angle f = 58.66°
Cos f = = 1 ⇒ unity power factor.
Ι
Example 26
Example 24
In the following circuit, it is known that
Consider the following circuit.
V2(t) = 0.757 cos (2t + 66.7°) V,
I I1 IR
V3(t) = 0.606 cos (2t - 69.8°) V, then i1t = ?
IL 6
10 Ω i1(t)
+
100∠0° ~ L C R 1H V2 5H
V3
–
+
2F 1/4 F
V ~ ↑ 3i1
–
If |I1| = 10 A and |I| = 12 A, then the values of IL and IR
would be
(A) IL = -14. 94 A, IR = 8 A (B) IL= 2 A, IR = 4 A (A) 0.194 cos (2t + 35.73°) A.
(C) IL = 14. 94 A, IR = 8 A (D) None of the above (B) 0.318 cos (2t + 177°) A.
(C) 0.196 cos (2t - 35.6°) A.
Solution
(D) 0.318 (2t - 177°) A.
Ι = Ι 2R + (Ι L - ΙC ) 2 Solution
By applying KCL at node V3.
Ι1 = Ι 2R + ΙC2
V3 V3 - V2
100 = Ι 2R + 36 I1 = ( j / 2) +
1 j ×2×5
Ι 2R = 64 ⇒ Ι R = 8 A I1 = j 0. 1 V2 + j 0. 4 × V3
12 = 82 + ( Ι L - 6 ) 2 = 0. 1 × ∠90° × 0. 757 ∠ 66. 7° + 0. 4 ∠90° × 0. 606 ∠ - 69. 8°

(IL - 6)2 = 80 = 0. 0757 ∠ 156. 7° + 0. 2424 ∠ 20. 2°

I1 = 0. 1945 ∠ 35. 736°A
IL = 6 + 8.944 = 14.94 A

Example 25 Locus Diagrams

5Ω L = 2H The locus diagram or circle diagram is the graphical repre-
sentation of the electrical circuit. The frequency response
+ of a circuit has been exhibited by drawing separately the
10 Ω angle and magnitude of a network function against variable
50 coω t V ~
– parameter. For example, w, L, R, and C.
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.73

Example 27 Locus diagram of I:

i(t ) R2 i 2 (t ) I

i1 (t )
V m ωC R2 = 0
+
V(t ) R1 C R2
− I I2
I R2 = ∞
I1 Vm ∠0°
Consider V(t) = Vm cos wt volts, if frequency ‘w’ of the Vm
source is varying from 0 to ∞. Draw the locus of the current R1
phasor I2 _______.
Solution
Example 28
Transform the given network into phasor domain.
I I2 R1
I R2 I2
I1
i 1 (t) +
Vm ∠ 0°V
+ R2 j ωL
Vm ∠0°V R1 1/jω −
−

If R1 is varied from ‘0’ to ‘∞’, draw the locus diagram of I.

I = I1 + I2 Solution
Vm ∠0° V ∠0° I = I1 + I2
I1 = ; I2 = m
R1 R2 + 1 jw c Vm ∠0° Vm
I= +
If w  = 0, I2 = 0 [  capacitor open circuit]
∴ R2 R1 + jw L

Vm ∠0° If R1 = 0,
w  = ∞, I2 =
R2 Vm Vm ∠ - 90°
I = +
R2 wL
Locus of I2:
I If R1 = ∞,
Vm ∠0°
I = +0
R2
ω=0 Vm ∠0°
\I =
I2 R2
ω=∞
Vm∠0°
Vm Vm
R2 0 R2 Vm∠0°
I1 R2 = ∞
Case 2: In the abovementioned circuit, instead of ‘w’. If R2
is varying from 0 to ∞. I I2
If R2 = 0, I2 = jwCVm = wCVm < 90° Vm I
wL
R2 = ∞; I2 = 0,
I R2 = 0
V ∠0°
I1 = m Locus diagram of I
R1

Exercises
Practice Problems 1 1. In the following circuit, the switch S is closed at t = 0.
Direction for questions 1 to 32:  Select the correct alterna- di
The rate of change of current (0+ ) is given by
tive from the given choices. dt
3.74  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

S R 6. A square pulse of 3 V amplitude is applied to C-R

circuit shown in the figure. The capacitor is initially
uncharged. The output voltage V0 at time t = 2 s is
IS RS L
0.1 µF
i(t )
Vi
+
R L
(A) 0 (B) S S 3V
Vi 1 kΩ V0
L
( R + RS ) I S
(C) (D) ∞ −
L o t
2 sec
2. In the given figure, A1, A2, and A3 are ideal ammeters. If A2
and A3 read 3 A and 4 A, respectively, then A1 should read (A) 3 V (B) -3 V (C) 0 (D) -4 V

A2
7. The driving point impedance of the following network
A1 L 0.2 s
is given by Z(s) = 2 . The component values
A3 are s + 0.1 s + 2
R

~
Z(s)
Sinusoidal Voltage source L R
C

(A) 1 A (B) 5 A
(C) 7 A (D) None of these
3. (A) L = 5 H, R = 0.5 W, C = 0.1 F
t=0 (B) L = 0.1 H, R = 0.5 W, C = 5 F
(C) L = 5 H, R = 2 W, C = 0.1 F
+
10 V 1 µF i (D) L = 0.1 H, R = 2 W, C = 5 F
− 1 kΩ
8.
1

The current in the circuit when the switch is closed at 2

40 Ω
t=0 + +
(A) 10 e-100t (B) 0.01 e-1,000t 50 V − 10 V − i(t ) 20 mH
(C) 0.1 e -1,000t (D) 10 e-0.1t
4. An input voltage V(t) = 10 2 cos(t + 10°) + 10 5
cos(2t + 10°) V is applied to a series combination of The switch has been in position 1 for a long time, it is
resistance R = 1 W and an inductance L = 1 H. The moved to position 2 at t = 0. The expression for i(t) for
resulting steady state current i(t) in ampere is t > 0 is
(A) 10 cos(t + 55°) + 10 cos(2t + 10° + tan-12) (A) 0.25 e-2,000t (B) 0.25 + e-2,000t
(C) 0.5 e -2,000t (D) 0.5 + e-2,000t
3
(B) 10 cos(t + 55° ) + 10 cos(2t + 55°)
2 9.
(C) 10 cos(t - 35°) + 10 cos(2t + 10° - tan-1 2) t = 0°
3
(D) 10 cos(t - 35°) + 10 cos(2t - 35°) i +
2 + VR 400 Ω
5. A2 mH inductor with some initial current can be rep- VC 40 µf −
−
resented as shown in the figure, where S is the Laplace
transform variable. The value of initial current is
I(s) At t = 0-, just before the switch is closed, VC = 100 V.
The current i(t) for t > 0 is
0.002s
(A) 100 e-62.5t (B) 50 e-160t
− (C) 0.25 e -62.5t (D) 50 e-62.5t
1 mV
+ 10. A series RL circuit with R = 5 W and L = 2 mH has an
applied voltage V = 150 sin5,000t, the resulting current
(A) 0.5 A (B) 2.0 A (C) 1.0 A (D) 0 A i is
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.75

(A) 13.4 sin5,000t The value of R is _____.

(B) 10 cos(5,000t - 36.4°) 1
(A) kW (B) 250 W
(C) 13.4 cos(5,000t - 63.4°) 4
(D) 13.4 sin(5,000t - 63.4°) (C) 350 W (D) 100 W
1 1. Driving point impedance of the network shown in the 15. For the circuit shown in the following figure, if the
figure is switch is closed at t = 0, then i(t) for t ≥ 0 will be
1H 16 Ω 8Ω
1H 16 V
+
–
1F 1F t=0 2H

32 V +–
+1 s4 + 3s 2
+1 s2
(A) 3 (B)
s + 2s s ( s + 2)
2 (A) 4 + 2e−4t (B) 4 - 2e−4t
(C) 4 + 2e 4t (D) 4 - 24t
s 4 + 3s3 + 2 s 2 + 1 s2 + 1
(C) (D) 16. The network shown in the figure consists of only two
s + 2s
3 s +1
elements. The response for unit step excitation is i(t) =
12. Initially, the circuit shown in the given figure was e−5t, then the elements are
relaxed. If the switch is closed at t = 0, the values of
di (0 + ) d 2 i (0 + )
i(0+), , will, respectively, be _____. i( t )
dt dt 2 v(t )
N
10Ω 2H

S
+
20
– 5µF (A) R = 1 W, L = 5 H in series
1
(B) R = 1 W, C = F in series
5
(A) 0, 10, and 100 (B) 0, 10, and 50 (C) R = 1 W, L = 5 H in parallel
(C) 0, 10, and -100 (D) 0, 10, and -50 1
1 3. Transient response of the following circuit _____. (D) R = 1 W, C = F in parallel
5
i(t ) 17. The capacitor in the circuit is initially charged to 15 V
+
L C with S1 and S2 open. S1 is closed at t = 0, while S2 is
R
U(t ) closed at t = 4 s. The waveform of the capacitor current
– is
2Ω
(A) rises exponentially
(B) decays exponentially +

(C) is oscillatory and the oscillations dies down with 15 V

–
1Ω
time
S2
(D) will have sustained oscillations

14. In the following circuit: (A) I

5A
iL(0−) = 0, Vc (0−) = 0.
Switch S is closed at t = 0 i(0+) = 20 mA and Vab = 0 for
t≥0

4 t
RΩ
(B) I
I(t ) L Vab 5A
+ –
+
5V a b
– 100 Ω
C = 10 µF
4 → t
3.76  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks
I
(C) ‘b’. Now, i(0 - ) = 2 A and Vc (0 - ) = 2 V are the initial
5A
conditions. Find the circuit current.
a 2Ω

b
4 →t 5V +
+
− 1F
(D) I 4V −
5A

-3 t
e-3t
(A) (B) -3 e 2
4 t
-3 t
(C) 3 e 2 (D) 3e-2t
18. The phase angle of the current I with respect to the
2 2. Obtain the driving point impedance of the network
voltage V2 in the circuit shown in the figure is
given in the diagram.
I 2F 2F
V1 = 100∠45°
∼
+j 5 Ω
↑
5Ω + 0.5F 0.5H V2
V2 = 100∠–45° V1 −
∼
↓

-45° (C)
(A) 0° (B) +45° (D)
+90° s3 + s 2 + 1 s4 + s2 + s
(A) (B)
19. In the circuit of figure, the switch S has been opened for ( s + 1) s 1 + 2s2
a long time. It is closed at t = 0. The values of VL(0+)
and IL(0+) are _____. s 4 + s3 + 2 s 2 + 1 s4 + s2 + 1
(C) (D)
20 Ω
( s + 1) s 1 + 2s2 2s ( )
23. For the given circuit switch S is at position ‘A’ when
+ t < 0. At t = 0, the switch is thrown to position B. What
200V – will the value of current ‘i’ in the circuit at the instant
t=0 t = 4 s?
3µF 4Ω S 6Ω
2mH 20 Ω
IL A B i
3Ω
10 1H
+ 5i
(A) 200 V, -5 A (B) 0 V, 5 A −
(C) 100 V, 5 A (D) 100 V, -5 A
2 0. Obtain the value of current i(t) in the given circuit at
steady state. (A) 0.1 mA (B) 0.01 mA
(C) 10 mA (D) 200 mA
1mH
24. In the given network, the switch K is closed for a long
time and circuit is in steady state. Now, at t = 0, the
I
switch is opened. Find Vc(0+) and i(0+) in the circuit.
1Ω
2µF
V 1 5mH 25mF
e−2t cos 200 t
2 i (t)
10Ω
10V +K−
1 1
(A) cos( 200t + 45) (B) 2mH
2 2
(C) 0 (D) ∞
21. For the network shown, the switch is at position ‘a’ ini- (A) 1 A, 0 V (B) 0 A, 5 V
tially. At steady state, the switch is thrown to position (C) 0, a (D) 0, 0
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.77

25. In the following circuit, the 25 V source has been (A) i(t) = 15 exp (-2 × 103 t) A
applied for a long time and the switch is opened at t =1 (B) i(t) = 5 exp (-2 × 103 t) A
ms. (C) i(t) = 10 exp (-2 × 103 t) A
t =1ms (D) i(t) = -5 exp (-2 × 103 t) A
1kΩ
29. In the following circuit, the switch is closed at t = 0.
What is the initial value of the current through the
+ capacitor?
0.5µf Vc
25u(–t) ± 5kΩ 25kΩ 2Ω
–

1Ω t=0 1Ω
12V
At t = 5 ms, the value of Vc is
C
(A) 1.23 V (B) 20.16 V L
(C) 1.69 V (D) -1.23 V
26. In the following circuit, capacitor is initially uncharged.
(A) 0.8 A (B) 2.4 A (C) 1.6 A (D) 3.2 A
dVc d 2Vc
At t = 0+, the value of and 30.
dt dt 2
t=0
10Ω
S
2Ω 2Ω
–t
e .u(t)V 1 + 2V ±
20Ω F Vc
± 20 – 1 F
1H 4

(A) 0 V/s, 8 V/s2 (B) -2 V/s, 8 V/s2 The time constant of the circuit after the switch is
(C) 2 V/s, -8 V/s (D) None of these opened would be
(A) 2 s (B) 0.5 s
2 7. In the following circuit, the current ix is
(C) 1 s (D) None of these
0.5ix
4Ω 31. The power factor seen by the voltage source is
+–
jx 4Ω VA 1Ω
I
± 10∠30°V + −
–j 2Ω 1Ω
j 3Ω
5cos2tV +− 3/4V1 1/3F

(A) 3.94 ∠46.28° A (B) 4.62 ∠97.38° A

(A) 0.8 (lagging) (B) 0.8 (leading)
(C) 7.42 ∠92.49° A (D) 6.78 ∠49.27° A
(C) 36.9 (lagging) (D) -36.9 (leading)
28. In the following circuit, the initial charge on the capac-
3 2. An input voltage
itor is 2.5 mC, with the voltage polarity as indicated.
The switch is closed at time t = 0. The current i(t) at a V(t) = 10 2 cos (t + 10°) + 10 5 . cos ( 2t + 10°)V is
time t after the switch is closed is
applied to a series combination of resistance R = 1 W
and an inductance L = 1 H. The resulting steady state
i(t ) t=0
current i(t) is
(A) 10cos (t + 55°) + 10 cos(2t + 10° + tan−12) A
10Ω
3
10 cos (t + 55°) + 10
(B) ⋅ cos ( 2t + 55°) A
100V ± 2
Vc 50µF
(C) 10 cos (t - 35°) + 10.cos (2t + 10° - tan−12) A

3
10 cos(t - 35°) + 10
(D) cos( 2t - 35°) A
2
3.78  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

Practice Problems 2 (A) 0 (B) 5 ∠ 30°

Direction for questions 1 to 24:  Select the correct alterna- (C) 12.5 ∠ 30° (D) 17 ∠ 30°
tive from the given choices. 7. In the circuit shown, VC is 0 volt at t = 0 V at t = 0 s. For
1. The condition on R, L, and C such that the step response t > 0, the capacitor current iC(t), where ‘t’ is in seconds,
y(t) in the figure has no oscillations is is given by
20 kΩ iC
L R
+
+
u(t ) y(t )
− 10 V +
− 20 kΩ VC 4 µf
C −

1 L L
(A) R ≥ R≥
(B) (A) 0.50 exp (- 25t) mA
2 C C
(B) 0.25 exp (- 25t) mA
L 1 (C) 0.50 exp (-12.5t) mA
(C) R ≥ 2 R=
(D)
C LC (D) 0.25 exp (-6.25t) mA
8. A series RL circuit, with R = 10 W and L = 1 H, has a
2. A series circuit consists of two elements has the fol-
100 V source applied at t = 0. The current for t > 0 is
lowing current and applied voltage i = 4 cos(2,000t +
(A) 10 e-10t (B) 10 (1 - e-10t)
11.32°) A
(C) 100 e-100t (D) 100 (1 - e-100t)
u = 200sin(2,000t + 50°) V. The circuit elements are
(A) resistance and capacitance 9. The current in the circuit when the switch is closed at t
(B) capacitance and inductance = 0 is
(C) inductance and resistance t =0
(D) both resistance
3. Transient current of an RLC circuit is oscillatory when +
10 V 1 kΩ
1 µF
− i(t )
R=0
(A) R = 2 L C (B)

(C) R > 2 L C (D)

R< 2 L C
(A) 10 e-100t (B) 0.01 e- 1,000t
4. The transient response occurs (C) 0.1 e-1,000t (D) 10 e0.1t
(A) only in resistive circuits 1 0.
(B) only in inductive circuits 1Ω 1H
(C) only in capacitive circuits
(D) both in (B) and (C)
v(t )= δ(t )
5. 1F
i(t )
I dc
C R
The circuit shown in the figure is initially relaxed. The
Laplace transform of the current i(t) is
The initial voltage across the capacitor when the switch
S is opened at t = 0 s +1 s +1
I (A) (B)
(A) zero (B) C ⋅ dc s2 + 2s + 1 s + s +1
2
s
1 s s
(C) I dc (D) Cs Idc (C) (D)
Cs s2 + s +1 s + 2s + 1
2

6. In the following AC network, the phasor voltage VAB 11. The time constant of the network shown in the figure is
(in volt) is
R
A

5Ω 5Ω +
– 3R C
10V
5∠30°A j3Ω
− j 3Ω
3
(A) 4RC (B) RC (C) 3RC (D)
RC
B 4
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.79

12. The time constant of the network shown in the figure is 17. The switch in the circuit shown in the figure closes at t
_____. = 0. Find current ic for all times.
R C 1k Ω 1k Ω

+ +
2R 2C 20 V −
V 0.01 µF
–
t=0
2 3 3k Ω
(A) RC (B) RC (C) 2RC (D)
RC
3 2
(A) 5 × 10−3 × e -10 A (B) 15 × 10−2 × e -10 A
5t 5t

13. The network shown in the figure draws a current of ‘I’

(C) 15 × 10−3 × e -10 A (D) 10 × 10−3 × e -10 A
5t 5t
I + j15 – j10
18. For the given circuit, the current passing through induc-
V(t ) = Vm sinωt tor ‘L’ at the instant t = 0+ is
t

If the supply frequency is doubled, then the current

S R
drawn by the circuit is _____.
I I 2I V ±
(A) (B) 2I (C) (D)
2 5 5 L
14. In the circuit shown in the figure, the switch is thrown
from position 1 to 2 at t = 0, after being at position 1 for
d 2i ( 0+ ) V
a long time. The value of is _____. (A) (B) infinity
dt 2 R
V
1 10 (C) (D) 0
R + jwL
2
20 V +
– 19. Determine the current i for t ≥ 0, if Vc(0) = 1 V for the
1H circuit shown
0.1F
(A) 200 -100
(B) -200 (C) (D) 100
i(t )
Direction for questions 15 and 16: +
10V 5Ω
The circuit shown in the figure is initially under a −
steady state condition.

0.9e -5t
+ (A) (B) 1.8 e-2t (C) 5e-2t (D) 3.6
20 V 1 2
– R 1 = 10 Ω
2 ⎛ V0 ( s ) ⎞
20. Find the transfer function of the given system ⎜ ⎟
R 2 = 10 Ω 4H ⎝ V1 ( s ) ⎠

100 Ω
↑ ↑
I(t )
The switch is moved from position 1 to position 2 at ↑ Vi(S) 10F V0(s)
2A 20F
t = 0.
↓ ↓
15. The current through inductor immediately after switch-
ing is _____.
1 1 10 s
(A) 2 A (B) A (C) 1 A (D) 5 A (A) (B)
2 2000 s + 1 2000 s + 1
16. The expression for current i(t) is _____. 100 1
2 -5t (C) (D)
(A) e−5t (B) 2e−5t (C) e (D) 5e−2t 1000 s + 1 1000 s + 1
5
3.80  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

21. Obtain the transfer function of the following system. 5s3 + 2 s

10 Ω
(D) 4
s + 7 s3 + 6 s 2 + 4 s + 2
↑ ↑
5Ω 23. Find the voltage Vab across the impedance of (2+5j)W
0.4s
Vin Vo in the network. The supply voltage
0.2s e(t) = 10 sin (2pt + 45)
↓ ↓
2Ω 5j Ω
0.4 s s ( 2 + 0.4 s ) →
(A) (B)
0.2 s + 1s 0.4 s 2 + 8s + 100
e (t ) +
s ( 2 + .08s ) 2 + .04 s − − 2j Ω 3j Ω
(C) 2 (D)
0.08s + 8s + 50 s + 8s + 50
2

22. Find the driving point admittance of the following

network. (A) 20 ∠ 44° (B) 24 ∠-40°
(C) 4.48 ∠ -108° (D) 2.25 ∠63.43°
2Ω 1F
24. Find the current i(t) through the circuit given

Z 1H 2H 2Ω
→
2F + 1H
10 −
0.5F
3s3 + 2 s
(A) 4
2 s + 6 s3 + 7 s 2 + 4 s + 2 10 t
(A) 10e−t cos t (B) e cos 2t
3s 2 + 2 2
(B) 4
2 s + 5s 2 + 4 s + 2
10 t
( 3s 2 + 2 ) s (C) 10e−t sin t (D) e sin 2 t
(C) 4 2
2 s + 7 s3 + 6 s 2 + 4 s

Previous Years' Questions

1 1
1. The circuit shown in figure, with R = W, L = H, (A) sin(103t - 45°)V (B) sin(103t + 45°)V
3 4 (C) sin(10 t - 53°)V
3 (D) sin(103t + 53°)V
and C = 3 F has input voltage V(t) = sin2t, the result-
3. For the R–L circuit shown in figure, the input voltage
ing current i(t) is [2004]
Vi(t) = u(t). The current i(t) is [2004]
i(t ) 1H

v(t ) R L C
i(t )
V1(t ) 2Ω

(A) 5sin(2t + 53.1°)A (B) 5sin(2t - 53.1°)A (A) i(t )

(C) 25sin(2t + 53.1°)A (D) 25sin(2t - 53.1°)A
0.5
2. For the circuit shown in figure, the time constant 0.31
RC = 1 ms. The input voltage is Vi(t) = 2 sin 103 t .
The output voltage V0(t) is equal to [2004]
2 t(sec)
R i(t )
(B)

1
V1(t ) C V0(t )
0.63

1/2 t(sec)
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.81

i(t )
(C) 10 3 10 3
(A) ∠90° A (B) ∠ - 90° A
2 2
0.5
(C) 5 ∠ 60° A (D) 5 ∠-60° A
0.31
7. A square pulse of 3 volts amplitude is applied to C
– R circuit shown in figure. The capacitor is initially
1/2 t(sec) uncharged. The output voltage V0 at time t = 2 s is
 [2005]
(D) i(t )
vi 0.1µF
3V
1
vi 1kΩ vc
0.63

2sec t
2 t(sec)
(A) 3 V (B) -3 V (C) 4 V (D) -4V
4. The circuit shown in figure, initial current iL(0−) = 1
8. A 2 mH inductor with some initial current can be rep-
A through the inductor and an initial voltage Vc(0−)
resented as shown in the following figure, where s is
= 1 V across the capacitor. For input V(t) = u(t), the
the Laplace Transform variable. The value of initial
Laplace transform of the current i(t) for t ≥ 0 is
current is [2006]
 [2004]
I(s)
1Ω 1H
+ SL
i(t ) +
V(t ) 1F
−
− −
3 mV
+

s s+2
(A) 2 (B)
s + s +1 s2 + s + 1 (A) 0.5 A (B) 2.0 A (C) 1.0 A (D) 0.0 A
s-2 s-2 9. In the following figure, assume that all the capacitors
(C) 2 (D) 2
s + s +1 s + s -1 are initially uncharged. If Vi(t) = 10 u(t) Volts, V0(t) is
5. The condition on R, L, and C such that the step given by [2006]
response y(t) in figure has no oscillations is [2005] 1K

L R

+ + +
u(t ) C y(t ) 4µF
− Vi(t ) 4K 1µF Vo(t )

1 L L − −
(A) R ≥ R≥
(B)
2 C C
(A) 8e−t/0.004t Volts (B) 8(1 - e−t/0.004t) Volts
L 1
R≥2
(C) R=
(D) (C) 8u(t) Volts (D) 8 Volts
C LC
10. In the circuit shown, VC is 0 Volts at t = 0 s. For t > 0,
6. For the circuit in figure, the instantaneous current i1(t) the capacitor current iC(t), where t in seconds is given
is [2005] by [2007]
20 kΩ ic
j 2Ω −j 2Ω

+
+
5∠0°A 10∠60°A 10 V 20 kΩ Vc 4 µF
i1 3Ω − −
3.82  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

(A) 0.50exp(−25t) mA (B) 0.25exp(−25t) mA ( R + Rs )ls

(C) 0.50exp(−12.5t) mA (D) 0.25exp(−6.25t) mA (C) (D) ∞
L
11. If the transfer function of the following network is
15. The circuit shown in the figure is used to charge the
V0 ( s) 1 capacitor C alternately from two current sources as
=  [2009]
Vi ( s) 2 + sCR indicated. The switches S1 and S2 are mechanically
R coupled and connected as follows:
+ + For 2nT ≤ t < (2n + 1) T (n = 0, 1, 2, …..) S1 to P1 and
S2 to P2
Vi C RL Vo
For (2n + 1) T ≤ t < (2n + 2) T (n = 0, 1, 2, …..) S1 to
− − Q1 and S2 to Q2
Q1 P1 Q2 P2
The value of the load resistance RL is +
(A)
R/4 (B)
R/2 (C)
R (D) 2R S1 S2
C
12. The switch in the circuit shown was on at position 0.5Ω
1F
Vc(t ) 1Ω
a for a long time, and is moved to position b at time 1Ω 1Ω
t = 0. The current i(t) for t > 0 is given by [2009] 1A − 1A

10 kΩ a b
Assume that the capacitor has zero initial charge.
i(t )
Given that u(t) is a unit step function, the voltage Vc(t)
0.2 µF across the capacitor is given be [2008]
100 V +
− 5 kΩ ∞
∑ ( -1)n tu(t - nT )
(A)
0.5 µF 0.3 µF n= 0
∞
u(t ) + 2∑ ( -1) n u(t - nT )
(B)
(A) 0.2e−125t u(t)mA (B) 20e−1,250t u(t)mA n =1
(C) 0.2e−1,250t u(t)mA (D) 20e−1,000t u(t)mA ∞

13. The time domain behaviour of an RL circuit is repre- tu(t ) + 2∑ ( -1) n (t - nT )u(t - nT )
(C)
n =1
sented by ∞
∑ ⎡⎣0.5 - e -(t - 2nT ) + 0.5e -(t - 2nT -T ) ⎤⎦
(D)
di
dt
(
+ Ri = V0 1 + Be - Rt / L sin t u(t ) .
L ) n= 0

V Direction for questions 16 and 17:

For an initial current of i(0) = 0 , the steady state
R The following series RLC circuit with zero initial con-
value of the current is given by [2009] ditions is excited by a unit impulse function d(t)
V0 2V0 1H 1Ω
i (t ) →
(A) (B) i(t ) →
R R
V 2V0 δ(t ) + 1F Vc(t )
−
i(t ) → 0 (1 + B) (D)
(C) i (t ) → (1 + B)
R R
14. In the following circuit, the switch S is closed at t = 0.
di + 16. For t > 0, the output voltage Vc(t) is[2008]
The rate of change of current (0 ) is given by
2 ⎛ - t
1 - 3 ⎞ 1
dt t 2 - t
 [2008] (A) ⎜ e 2 - e 2 ⎟ (B) te 2
3 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ 3
S R
1
2 - t ⎛ 3 ⎞ 1
2 - t ⎛ 3 ⎞
(C) e 2 cos ⎜ t ⎟ (D) e 2 sin ⎜ t⎟
Is
Rs i(t ) L 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠
17. For t > 0, the voltage across the resistor is[2008]
Rl
1 ⎛ -2t - t⎞
3 1
(A) 0 (B) s s
L (A) ⎜ e - e 2 ⎟
3 ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.83

S t =0
- t ⎡ ⎛ 3t ⎞ 1 ⎛ 3t ⎞ ⎤
1
(B)
e 2 ⎢cos ⎜ ⎟ - sin ⎜ ⎟⎥ C1 C2
⎢⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ i(t )

1
2 - t ⎛ 3t ⎞
(C) e 2 sin ⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ (A) Zero
(B) A step function
1
2 - t ⎛ 3t ⎞ (C) An exponentially decaying function
(D) e 2 cos ⎜ ⎟
3 ⎝ 2 ⎠ (D) An impulse function
V ( s)
18. The following circuit is driven by a sinusoidal input = 22. The transfer function 2 of the following circuit is
Vi = Vpcos(t/RC). The steady state output Vo is[2011]  V1 ( s) [2013]
R 100 µF
C

+ + + +
Vi ∼ Vo
10 kΩ
− R
C
−
V1(s) V2(s)
100 µF
(A) (Vp/3)cos(t/RC) (B) (Vp/3) sin(t/RC)
(C) (Vp/2)cos(t/RC) (D) (Vp/2) sin(t/RC) − −

19. In the following circuit, the initial charge on the 0.5s + 1 3s + 6

capacitor is 2. 5 mC in which the voltage polarity as (A) (B)
s +1 s+2
indicated. The switch is closed at time t = 0. The cur-
rent i (t) at time t after the switch is closed is [2011] s+2 s +1
(C) (D)
i(t ) s +1 s+2
Direction for questions 23 and 24:
10Ω
Consider the following figure:
100 V +
– –
50µF
+
Is 1Ω
+ 5Ω
10 V 2Ω
i (t) = 15exp(-2 × 103t)A
(A) Vs
i (t) = 5exp(-2 × 103t)A
(B) − 2A
i (t) = 10exp(-2 × 103t)A
(C)
i (t) = -5exp(-2 × 103t)A
(D) 23. The current Is in A in the voltage source and voltage
20. In the following circuit, the current I is equal to Vs in Volts across the current source, respectively, are
 [2011]  [2013]
(A) 13, -20 (B) 8, -10
(C) -8, 20 (D) -13, 20
I j 4Ω −j 4Ω 24. The current in the 1 W resistor in A is [2013]
6Ω (A) 2 (B) 3.33 (C) 10 (D) 12
+
14∠0°V ∼ 25. A 230 V RMS source supplies power to two loads
– connected in parallel. The first load draws 10 kW at 0.
6Ω 6Ω
8 leading power factor and the second one draws 10
kVA at 0. 8 lagging power factor. The complex power
delivered by the source is  [2014]
(A) 1. 4 ∠0° A (B) 2. 0 ∠ 0° A (A) (18 + j 1. 5) kVA (B) (18 - j 1. 5) kVA
(C) 2. 8 ∠ 0° A (D) 3. 2 ∠ 0° A (C) (20 + j 1. 5) kVA (D) (20 - j 1. 5) kVA
26. In the following circuit, the value of capacitor C (in
21. In the following figure, C1 and C2 are ideal capacitors. mF) needed to have critically damped response i (t) is
C1 has been charged to 12 V before the ideal switch S ____________. [2014]
is closed at t = 0. The current i (t) for all t is [2012]
3.84  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

40 Ω 4H C (C)
i(t )
+ −
i(t ) Vo

0 t
27. In the following figure, the ideal switch has been open
for a long time. If it is closed at t = 0, then the magni- (D)
i(t )
tude of the current (in mA) through the 4 kΩ resistor
at t = 0+ is ____________. [2014]
5kΩ 4kΩ 1kΩ
i
0 t
10V + 10µF 1mH
− t=0
30. Consider the building block called ‘Network N’
28. In the figure shown, the capacitor is initially shown in the figure. Let C = 100 µF and R = 10 kΩ.
uncharged. Which one of the following expressions Network N
describes the current I (t) (in mA) for t > 0? [2014]
R1 + +
C
V1(s) R V2(s)
1kΩ I
R2 C
5V + 1µF
− 2kΩ − −

Two such blocks are connected in cascade, as shown

I (t) =
(A)
5
3
( 2
1 - e - t /t t = m sec
3
) in the figure.

(B)
5
2
( 2
I (t ) = 1 - e - t /t t = m sec
3
) + + +

(C)
5
3
( )
I (t ) = 1 - e - t /t , t = 3 m sec V1(s) Network N Network N V2(s)

− − −
I (t ) =
(D)
5
2
( )
1 - e - t /t , t = 3 m sec

29. A series RC circuit is connected to a DC voltage V3 ( s)

The transfer function of the cascaded network
source at time t = 0. The relationship between the V1 ( s)
source voltage Vs, resistance R, capacitance C, and is [2014]
current i (t) is
1
t s s2
(A) (B)
Vs = R i (t) + ∫ i(u )du 1+ s 1 + 3s + s 2
c0
Which one of the following represents the current i (t) ? ⎛ s ⎞ s
2

 [2014] (C)
⎜⎝ ⎟ (D)
1+ s⎠ 2+ s
(A) i(t )
31. The steady state output of the circuit shown in the fig-
ure is given by y (t) = A (w) sin(wt + F (w) ). If the
amplitude |A (w) | = 0. 25, then the frequency w is
[2014]
0 t
(B)
i(t )
R
C y(t )

+ C
− sin(ωt )

0 t C
 Chapter 3  •  Transient Analysis (AC and DC)  |  3.85

80 V 40 V Vc
1 2
(A) (B)
3RC 3RC
1 2
(C) (D) 100 V, 50 Hz
RC RC
32. In the circuit shown in the figure, the value of v0(t) 38. In the circuit shown, the average value of the voltage
(in Volts) for t → ∞ is _________.[2014] Vab (in volts) in steady state condition is _______.
ix [2015]
1 kΩ b 1µF a 1mH 2 kΩ
2H
+ + 5p sin(5000t) − + 5V
2ix Vab
10 u(t ) A − 5Ω Vo(t )
−
5Ω
39. In the circuit shown, the initial voltages across the
capacitors C1 and C2 are 1 V and 3 V, respectively. The
33. In the circuit shown, at resonance, the amplitude of switch is closed at time t = 0. The total energy dissi-
the sinusoidal voltage (in volts) across the capacitor pated (in Joules) in the resistor R until steady state is
is ______.[2015] reached, is _____.[2015]
4Ω 0.1mH t=0
R = 10Ω
+
10 cos ωt + +
(volts) 1µF
− C1 = 3F C2 = 1F
− −

34. In the circuit shown, the switch SW is thrown from 40. At very high frequencies, the peak output voltage V0
position A to position B at time t = 0. The energy (in volts) is _______.[2015]
(in µJ) taken from the 3 V source to charge the 0.1 µF 100 µF
capacitor from 0 V to 3 V is[2015]
120 Ω 1kΩ 1kΩ Vo
3V B SW A
100 µF
1.0sin(w t) V
t=0
0.1 µF 1kΩ 1kΩ
100 µF
(A) 0.3 (B) 0.45
(C) 0.9 (D) 3
41. An AC voltage source V = 10 sin (t) volts is applied
35. The damping ratio of a series RLC circuit can be to the following network assume that R1 = 3 kW R2 =
expressed as[2015] 6 kW and R3 = 9 kW, and that the diode is ideal.
R 2C 2L R3
(A) (B) e h
2L R 2C
R C 2 L R2 R2 R3
(C) (D)
2 L R C R3

36. In the circuit shown, switch SW is closed at t = 0. f R2 g

d c
Assuming zero initial conditions, the value of VC(t)
(in volts) at t = 1 sec is _____.[2015] R2 R1
R1 R2
t=0 3Ω R2

SW a b
10 V + R1
2Ω 5 F
Vc(t) AC
6
−
V =10 sin (t)

37. The voltage (VC) across the capacitor (in volts) in the RMS current Irms (in mA) through the diode is __________
network shown is ______.[2015] .[2016]
3.86  |  Part III  •  Unit 1  •  Networks

42. The switch has been in position 1 for a long time and Vi(t) = 2cos (200t) + 4sin (500t).
abruptly changes to position 2 at t = 0.
The output voltage v0(t) is [2016]
3Ω 1 2 4Ω 2Ω
0.25H 100 µF
: t=0
+
+ 10V 2Ω 5A + +
2Ω
− VC
0.1F 2Ω
− 0.4H 10
Vi (t) Vo (t)

If time t is in seconds, the capacitor voltage VC (in volts) 2Ω

for t > 0 is given by [2016]
– –
(A) 4(1 - exp (-t/0.5) (B) 10 - 6exp (-t/0.5)
(C) 4(1 - exp(-t/0.6) (D) 10 - 6exp(-t/0.6) (A) cos (200t) + 2sin (500t)
43. The switch S in the circuit shown has been closed for (B) 2cos (200t) + 4sin (500t)
a long time. it is opened at time t = 0 and remains open (C) sin (200t) + 2cos (500t)
after that. Assume that the diode has zero reverse cur- (D) 2sin (200t) + 4cos (500t)
rent and zero forward voltage drop 4 5. Assume that the circuit in the figure has reached the
1Ω t=0 steady state before time t = 0 when the 3 W resis-
tor suddenly burns out, resulting in an open circuit.
S The current i(t) (in ampere) at t = 0 is __________ .
+ +
10 V 1 mH 10 µF Vc [2016]
− −
2F 2Ω
1Ω
The steady state magnitude of the capacitor voltage Vc
i (t )
(in volts) is _______.[2016] 12 V ± 2Ω
44. In the RLC circuit shown in the figure, the input volt- 2F 2Ω
age is given by

Answer Keys
Exercises
Practice Problems 1
1. B 2. B 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. D
11. A 12. D 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. D 18. A 19. C 20. C
21. B 22. D 23. A 24. A 25. A 26. C 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. B
31. B 32. C

Practice Problems 2
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. B 10. C
11. B 12. C 13. C 14. B 15. A 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. A
21. C 22. A 23. B 24. C

Previous Years’ Questions

1. A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. A
11. C 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. B
21. D 22. D 23. D 24. C 25. B 26.  9. 99 to 10. 01 27.  1. 2 to 1. 3 28. A
29. A 30. B 31. B 32. 50 33.  24 to 26 34. C 35. C 36.  2.48 to 2.58
37. 100 38.  4.9 to 5.1 39.  1.4 to 1.6 40.  0.49 to 0.51 41. 0.7 42. D
43. 100volts 44. B 45.  1 amp