Bee Lab

2021-22
ES–EE291 : BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LABORATORY
NAME – RIYAZUL ISLAM

STREAM – INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ROLL NO – 11200221014
SEMESTER –1ST YEAR
ACADEMIC YEAR – 2021-2022
SUBJECT – BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY
INSTITUTE – GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND LEATHER TECHNOLOGY
CONTENT
Date Content Page No.
26.10.2021 Experiment 01
APPARATUS (from SIMULINK LIBRARY)
S. No. Block Name Description

Series RLC Branch (mask)(link)
1 Implements a series branch of RLC
elements.
Use the 'Branch type' parameter to add
or remove elements from the branch.
Voltage Measurements (mask)(link)

2 Ideal voltage measurement. The
Output signal parameter is disabled
when the block is not used in a phasor
simulation. The phasor simulation is
activated by a Powergui block placed
in the model.
Converts the Simulink input signal

3 into an equivalent voltage source. The
generated voltage is driven by the
input signal of the block.
You can initialize your circuit with a
specific AC or DC voltage. If you
want to start the simulation in steady-
state, the block input must be
connected to a signal starting as a
sinusoidal or DC waveform
corresponding to the initial values.
Step
4 Output a step.
PSB option menu block (mask)(link)

5 Set simulation type, simulation
parameters, and preferences
Simulation Type : Continuous
Scope
6 Displays input signals with respect to
simulation time
Mux
7 Multiplex scalar or vector signals.
Experiment –I (Part-A)
PROBLEM
Determination of steady state and transient response of R-C Circuit to
a step change in voltage.
THEORY
Consider a series RC circuit shown in below Figure. Capacitor (C) is uncharged
initially and at t= 0, it starts getting charged
through resistor (R) when switch (K) is thrown
on position 'a'
To determine the exact nature of response we

note that at every instant the KVL must be
satisfied.
VR + VC = V0
iR + VC = V0
The current in the capacitor is the same as in R. Hence, the current i is related to
the voltage VC across the Capacitor by the relation,
𝑑𝑉𝐶
i=C
𝑑𝑡
Substituting this value of i, we get,
𝑑𝑉𝐶
C R + VC = V0
𝑑𝑡
This is the differential equation that gives the response of the circuit .To
determine the response we first separate the variables. Thus rearranging the
terms we get,
𝑑𝑉
RC𝑉 −𝑉𝐶 = dt
0 𝐶
After Integrating each side and rearranging, we get
−RC ln( V0 –VC ) = t + constant
In order to evaluate constant we apply initial condition at t=0, we must have VC =0
Constant = −RC ln( V0 )

So as a result the value of voltage as a function of time for RC comes
VC(t) = V0 ( 1 – e-t/RC)
VC(t) = V0 ( 1 – e-t/τ)
Here τ = RC is the time constant of the circuit.
Also the Current Response of the circuit is given by
i(t) = i0 e-t/τ where i0 =V0 /R.

At t= RC capacitor gets charged to 63.2%of final voltage. Therefore RC is called time
constant and nominated by τ .It is defined as time at which response reaches 63.2% of its
final value. And the current drop to 0.368 times to the initial value i0 .
Discharging of Capacitor:
The voltage for which capacitor will get decay, can now be expressed as a function of time
as –
VC(t) = V0e-t/τ
If time t =RC=Г it is discharge time constant with no change in resistance. It may appear to
be same as charging constant. However if resistance is varied for discharging path the time
constant of discharging path is decided by resistance value in discharging path along with
value of capacitor (C).
MATLAB SIMULATION DIAGRAM
 VALUE:
BLOCK: CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE
Source Type DC
Peak Amplitude(in V) 0
BLOCK: STEP
Step Time 1
Initial Value 0
Final Value 100
Sample Time 0
FOR SERIES RC CIRCUIT:
Resistance (in Ω) 200
Capacitance (in F) 10e-3

CURVE
RESULT
Current in the circuit i0 = 0.5
Equation of the current response i(t) =0.5e0.2t
Equation of the voltage response V(t) =100(1-e0.2t)
Voltage across Resistance = VR =0
Voltage across Capacitance = VC =0.9998

Experiment –I (Part-B)
PROBLEM
Determination of steady state and transient response of R-L Circuit to
a step change in voltage.
THEORY
Consider a series RL circuit shown in Figure below. Inductor (L) is unenergized initially. At
t= 0, when switch(K) is thrown on position 'a', it starts
getting energized through resistor(R).
To determine the exact nature of response we note that

at every instant the KVL must be satisfied.
VR + VL = V0
𝑑𝑖
iR + L = V0
𝑑𝑡
To find the response i(t) we shall solve the differential equation by by first separating the
variables and then by integration.
𝐿 𝑑i 𝑉0
i+ =
𝑅 𝑑𝑡 𝑅
𝑑𝑖
iR + L = V0
𝑑𝑡
After Integrating each side and rearranging, we get
−(L/R) ln( i0 –iL ) = t + constant

In order to evaluate constant we apply initial condition at t=0, we must have VC =0
Constant = −(L/R) ln( i0)

So as a result the value of current as a function of time for RC comes
iL(t) = i0 ( 1 – e-Rt/L) where i0 =V0 /R.

iL(t) = i0 ( 1 – e-t/τ)
Here τ = L/R is the time constant of the circuit .
because of self-induced emf and its opposition, the current in coil do not reach to its
maximum value instantaneously, i.e., the current in the circuit reaches to .632 times
maximum value of its steady state current.
Decay of RL Circuit-
When at t=0 V0 = 0
iL(t) = iO e-t/τ
It is clear that the current is exponentially decaying. At point 'P' on the graph, the current
value is 0.368 times its maximum value. The characteristics of decay are determined by
values R and L which are two parameters of network. For physical interpretation of the
result, we must consider energy in network.
 VALUES:
Source Type DC
BLOCK: STEP
Step Time 1
Initial Value 0
Final Value 100
Sample Time 0
FOR SERIES RL CIRCUIT:
Resistance(R) 150
Inductance(L) 347.28e-03
CURVE
RESULT
Current in the circuit i0 =0.3125
Equation of the current response i(t) = 0.3125e-552.63t
Equation of the voltage response V(t) =100e-552.63t
Voltage across Resistance (VR) = 99.998
Voltage across Capacitance (VC) =0.00019

Experiment –I (Part-C)
PROBLEM
Determination of steady state and transient response of R-L-C Circuit
to a step change in voltage.
THEORY
Let us consider the R-L-C circuit as shown below:
Applying KVL, we obtain
𝑑𝑖 1
V0(t) = i(t)R + L + ∫ 𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Taking Laplace transform on both sides of the above

equation,
 VALUES:
Source Type DC
BLOCK: STEP
Step Time 1
Initial Value 0
Final Value 100
Sample Time 0
FOR RLC SERIES CIRCUIT
Resistance(R) 180
Impedance(L) 287.46e-3
Capacitance(C) 17.5e-3
CURVE
RESULT:-
Current in the circuit i0 = 0.3225
Equation of the current response i(t) = 0.432e0.45ℇt
Equation of the voltage response V(t) = 100(1-e0.45ℇt)
Voltage across Resistance (VR) = 2.82
Voltage across Capacitance (VC) = 65.1233

EXPERIMENT-2
 PROBLEM: Determination of steady state response of R-C circuit and calculation of
impedance and power factor.
 THEORY: FOR R-C, R-L and R-L-C circuit-
The pulse width relative to a circuit's time constant determines how it is affected by an RLC
circuit. After switching has occurred, the currents and voltages have reached their final
value, which is also called steady-state response.
Peak Value of Current= I0 and Peak Value of the Voltage= V0

1 𝑇 1 𝑇
So, RMS (effective) value of Current = Ieff =√𝑇 ∫0 𝑖 2 𝑑𝑡 =√2𝜋 ∫0 𝑖 2 𝑑𝑡
The quantity under the square root is the average or the mean of the squared function i 2
𝐼0
RMS Value of Current after solving comes to = Ieff =
√2
𝑉0
RMS Value of Voltage after solving comes to = Veff =
√2
Active Power (Real Power): The power which is actually consumed or utilized in an AC
Circuit is given by- Pav = VeffIeffcosθ.
Apparent Power: The product of root mean square (RMS) value of voltage and current is
given by- Pa = Veff Ieff.
Power factor (PF) is the ratio of Real power to apparent power: -
PF= cosθ
Where angle θ is the Phase Angle. If the current i lags the voltage V, the PF is called
lagging PF and is assigned a positive Sign. On the other hand, if the current I leads the
voltage V, the PF is called Leading PF and is assigned a negative sign. The magnitude of
power factor varies from 0 to 1.
FOR RC CIRCUIT
 MATLAB SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
 VALUES:
Source Type AC
Phase(in deg) 0
Frequency(in Hz) 60
BLOCK: AC CURRENT SOURCE
Phase(in deg) -30
Frequency(in Hz) 300
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: POWER
Frequency(Hz) 60
Voltage Initial Input [1,0]
Current Initial Input [1,0]
BLOCK: PARALLEL RL BRANCH
Resistance 37.7
Inductance 10e-03
FOR SERIES RC CIRCUIT
Resistance 1.27
Capacitance 2.62e-6
 CURVE:
OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RC POWER FACTOR

.
OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RC IMPEDANCE
STEADY STATE RESPONSE FOR RL

GRAPH FOR IMPEDANCE
 RESULTS:
Impedance in the Circuit = 120.00006 Ω
RMS Voltage = 70.72 V Average Power = 41.608 W
RMS Current = 0.589A Power Factor = 0.999
Apparent Power = 41.65W Power Angle = -0.252°

FOR RL CIRCUIT
 VALUES:
Source Type AC
Phase(in deg) 0
Frequency(in Hz) 60
Phase(in deg) -30
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: POWER
Frequency(Hz) 60
Resistance 37.7
Inductance 10e-03
Resistance 1.27
Inductance 107.42e-03
 CURVE:
OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RL IMPEDANCE

OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RL POWER FACTOR
STEADY STATE RESPONSE FOR RL

GRAPH FOR IMPEDANCE
 RESULTS:
Impedance in the Circuit= 120.133Ω
RMS Voltage = 70.72 V Average Power = 41.54W
RMS Current = 0.5885 A Apparent Power = 41.61W
Power Factor = 0.9984 Power Angle = 2.690°

FOR RLC CIRCUIT
 VALUES:
Source Type AC
Phase(in deg) 0
Frequency(in Hz) 60
Phase(in deg) -30
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: POWER
Frequency(Hz) 60
Resistance 37.7
Inductance 10e-03
Resistance 1.27
Capacitance 2.62e-6
Inductance 107.42e-03
 CURVE:
OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RLC POWER FACTOR

OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RLC IMPEDANCE
OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RLC IMPEDANCE
STEADY STATE RESPONSE FOR RLC

GRAPH FOR IMPEDANCE
 RESULTS:
Impedance in the Circuit = 120.109 Ω
RMS Voltage = 70.72 V Average Power = 41.5884W
RMS Current = 0.5887A Apparent Power = 41.63W
Apparent Power = 41.63W Power Angle = 2.4453°

EXPERIMENT-3
 PROBLEM: Determination of resonance frequency and quality factor of series R-L-C
Circuit.
 THEORY: Consider a RLC circuit in which resistor, inductor and capacitor are
connected in series across a voltage supply. This series RLC circuit has a distinguishing
property of resonating at a specific frequency called resonant frequency.
The condition that exists in AC circuits under steady state when the input current is in
phase with the input voltage is called Resonance. The condition
of resonance can be obtained by connecting an inductor and a capacitor in series with
resistance across an AC voltage source of variable frequency. At resonance, the impedance
of the circuit is (minimum or maximum).
The general expression for the total impedance of this series RLC circuit is :
Z = R + j (XL −Xc)
If the reactance term (XL −Xc) is zero, the impedance Z of the circuit is R alone and the
condition of resonance is satisfied. If this condition is met the voltage across the capacitor
are 180 degree out of phase with each other. So, the AC Circuit is purely resistive
Thus the resonance in a series RLC circuits requires that:
XL – Xc = 0
So, XL = XC
Or, 𝜔0 𝐿 = 1/𝜔0 𝐶
And so, resonant frequency is:

1
𝜔0 = and,
√𝐿𝐶
1
𝑓0 =
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
When resonance occurs, the impedance of the circuit assumes a minimum value given as:
2𝜋(𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝐶 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒)

𝑄=
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
Where Q = Quality factor of the circuit
Now if, I0 is the peak value of the current at resonance and T0 is the time period at the
resonant frequency, we get:
2𝜋[(1/2)𝐿(𝐼0 )2
𝑄=
(𝐼0 )2 𝑅𝑇0
Replacing I0 by its RMS value Irms (Irms = √2I0) and T0 = 1/f0 = 2π/𝜔0
2𝜋[(1/2)𝐿(√2𝐼0 )2 𝜔0 𝐿
𝑄= =
(√2𝐼0 )2 𝑅2𝜋/𝜔0 𝑅
Since at resonance 𝜔0 𝐿 = 1/𝜔0 𝐶, the above equation can be modified as:

1 1 √𝐿𝐶 1 𝐿
𝑄= ⇒ 𝑄= = = √
𝜔0 𝑅𝐶 𝜔0 𝑅𝐶 𝐶𝑅 𝑅 𝐶
 VALUES:
BLOCK: AC VOLTAGE SOURCE
Peak Amplitude(V) 100

Phase(in deg) 0
Frequency(Hz) 60
BLOCK: RMS
Fundamental Frequency(Hz) 60
Initial RMS Value 120
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: CONSTANT
Constant Value 0.0001
FOR SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
Resistance 4
Capacitance 17.5e-6
Inductance 0.135
 CURVE:
 RESULTS:
Resonance Frequency of the Circuit = 260.91Hz
Quality Factor of the Circuit = 0.08746

 THEORY: In a parallel resonant RLC circuit the AC source is connected across a
parallel combination of an inductor and a capacitor. In general both the inductor and the
capacitor have some losses. In a circuit these
losses are accounted for by inserting equivalent
series resistances R1 and R2, respectively. By
varying the frequency of the source, resonant
condition may reach when the reactive (or
wattless) component of line current I reduces
to zero.
The Phasor Diagram of the circuit is under resonance condition. The branch current IL
through the inductor lags the supply voltage V by an angle θ1. The branch current IC through
the capacitor leads the voltage V by an angle θ2. Under resonance condition, the reactive
components of these two currents are equal in magnitude (but opposite in phase). This is
𝐼1 sin 𝜃1 = 𝐼2 sin 𝜃2
So,
1 (𝑅1 )2 −𝐿/𝐶
So, 𝑓0 = √
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶 (𝑅2 )2 −𝐿/𝐶
Quality Factor: The Branch Current I1 and I2 are much larger than the line current I. This
shows that in a parallel circuit, the current taken from the AC source is greatly magnified.
The amount by which the line current is magnified in a parallel resonant circuit is called its
Q-factor.
𝐼2 𝑠𝑖𝑛90 = 𝐼1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑜𝑟, 𝐼2 = 𝐼1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼2 𝐼1 sin 𝜃1 𝜔0 𝐿

𝑄= = = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 =
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 𝐼1 cos 𝜃1 𝑅
 VALUES:

Phase(in deg) 0
Frequency(in Hz) 60
Sample Time 0
FOR RL BLOCK
Inductance 13.5e-3
Resistance 200
FOR RC BLOCK
Capacitance 17.5e-6
Resistance 200
FOR RESISTANCE
Resistance 200
BLOCK: RMS
Fundamental Frequency 60
BLOCK: CONSTANT
Constant Value 0.0001
 CURVE:
 RESULTS:
Resonance Frequency of the Circuit = 1827Hz
Quality Factor of the Circuit = 0.01869

EXPERIMENT-4
PART-A
 PROBLEM: Open circuit test and short circuit test of a single phase transformer.
 THEORY: For Open Circuit Test:

This test determines the no-load current and the parameters of the exciting circuit of the
transformer. Generally the low voltage (LV) side
is supplied rated voltage and frequency through
an autotransformer (also called a VARIAC). The
high voltage (HV) side is left open. The ratio of
the voltmeter readings, V2/V1, gives the
transformation ratio of the transformer. The
reading of ammeter A (IA), gives the no load
current I0, and its reading is a check on the magnetic quality of the ferromagnetic core and
its joints. The primary current on no load is usually less than 5 per cent of the full-load
current. Hence, the I2R loss on no load is less than 1/400 of the primary I2R loss of full
load and is therefore negligible compared with the core loss. Hence, the wattmeter reading
(W0) can be assumed to give the core loss of the transformer.
𝑊0
𝑃1 = 𝑊0 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼0 𝐼𝑊 =
𝑉1
𝑉1 𝑉1
𝐼𝑚 = √𝐼02 − 𝐼𝑊
2
𝑅0 = 𝑋0 =
𝐼𝑊 𝐼𝑊
For Short Circuit test:

This test determines the equivalent resistance and leakage reactance of the transformer.
Generally, the (LV) side of the transformer is
short-circuited through a suitable ammeter A2.
A low voltage is applied to the primary (HV)
side. This voltage is adjusted with the help of
a VARIAC so as to circulate full load current in
the primary and secondary circuits.
The reading of ammeter A1 (ISC) gives the full load current in the primary winding. On the
other hand, the core loss is negligibly small, since the applied voltage (and hence the flux) is
less than about one-twentieth of the rated voltage. Hence, the wattmeter reading (WSC)
gives the copper loss (PC). Equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance as referred to
the primary side can be calculated as:
𝑊𝑆𝐶 𝑉𝑆𝐶 2 2
𝑅𝑒𝑙 = 2 𝑍𝑒𝑙 = 𝑋𝑒𝑙 = √𝑍𝑒𝑙 − 𝑅𝑒𝑙
𝐼𝑆𝐶 𝐼𝑆𝐶
OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT
 VALUES:
Peak Amplitude (In V) 80000 V

Phase (in deg) 0 DEG
Frequency( in Hz ) 50
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: LINEAR TRANSFORMER
Nominal Power and frequency [Pn(VA) fn(Hz)] [1e6 50]
Winding 1 Parameters [V1(Vrms) R1(ohm) L1(H)] [20000 0.01 0.001]
Winding 2 Parameters [V2(Vrms) R2(ohm) L2(H)] [50000 0.01 0.001]
Magnetization resistance and inductance [718 0.5]

[Rm(ohm) Lm(H)]:
Measurements All voltages and currents
BLOCK: POWERGUI
Simulation type Discrete

Sample Time 50e-6
 CURVE:
OPEN CIRCUIT GRAPH

SHORT CIRCUIT GRAPH
 RESULTS:
FOR OPEN CIRCUIT:
No-Load-Current = I0 = 100A
Loss Component of No-Load-Current = IW =100*0.5 =50A
Magnetizing Component of No-Load-Current = IM = 100*0.866 = 86.6A
Resistive Voltage = 400V
Reactance Voltage = 230.786V
FOR SHORT CIRCUIT:
Equivalent Resistance = 716.556Ω
Leakage Reactance = 45.513Ω
Full Load Current = 0.3537A
Power Consumed (copper loss) = 16.324*104 W

PART-B
 PROBLEM: Load test of the transformer and determination of efficiency and
regulation.
 THEORY: Transformer should be considered as ideal. Before connecting the load,
there exists a flux ф in the core due to
the no load current I0 flowing in the
primary. On connecting the load a current
I2 flows through the secondary. The
magnitude and phase of I2 with respect
to the secondary voltage V2 depends upon
the nature of the load. The current I2
set up a flux ф’ in the core, which opposes the main flux ф.
This momentarily weakness, the main flux and the primary back emf E1 get reduced. As a
result, the difference V1– E1 increases and more current is drawn from the supply. This
again increase the back emf E1 , so as to balance the applied voltage V1 In this process, the
primary current increase by I1’. This current is known as primary balancing current or load
component of primary current. Under such a condition, the secondary ampere- turns must
be counterbalanced by the primary ampere-turns. That is
N1I1’ = N2I2’
Hence, we have,
I1’= (N2/N1) I2’= KI2’
The total primary current I1i s the phasor sum of the no-load current I0 and the primary
balancing current I1’. That is I1 = I0 + I1’
VOLTAGE REGULATION: With the increase in the load on a transformer, there is a

change in its secondary terminal voltage. The voltage falls if the load power-factor is
lagging. It increases if the load power factor is leading. The voltage regulation of a
transformer is the change in its secondary terminal voltage from no load to full load (The
primary voltage being assumed constant).
V2(0) = Secondary terminal voltage at no load.
V2 = Secondary terminal voltage at full load.

Then the voltage drop V2(0)–V2 is called Inherent regulation. This change in voltage is with
respect to either the no load voltage or the full load voltage and it can be expressed as per
unit (Pu) basis. Thus,
𝑉2(0) −𝑉2
i) Per unit regulation down = pu
𝑉2(0)
𝑉2(0) −𝑉2
ii) % regulation down = %
𝑉2(0)
𝑉2(0) −𝑉2
i) Per unit regulation up = pu
𝑉2
𝑉2(0) −𝑉2
ii) % regulation down = %
𝑉2
EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃0

𝜂= = =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑃0 + 𝑃1

 VALUES:
Peak Amplitude (in V) 200 V

Phase (in deg) 0 deg
Frequency (in Hz) 1
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: RL LOAD
Nominal voltage Vn (Vrms): 200

Nominal frequency fn (Hz): 1
Active power P (W): 5
Inductive reactive power QL (positive var): 10
Capacitive reactive power Qc (negative var): 0
Measurement Branch voltage and current
BLOCK: PRACTICAL TRANSFORMER
Fundamental Frequency (in Hz) 50
BLOCK: MULTIMETERS
Output Side Parameters Excitation Parameters Primary side parameters

Uw2:Practical Iexc: Practical Uw1: Practical
Transformer Transformer Transformer
Iw1: Practical Imag: Practical Usrc: Input voltage
Transformer Transformer source
Iw2:Practical Flux: Practical Iw1 : Practical
Transformer Transformer Transformer
Flux: Practical
Transformer
 CURVE:
EXPERIMENT-5
 PROBLEM: Demonstration of three phase transformer connections, voltage and
current relationships and phase shifts between the primary and secondary side.
 THEORY: The three – phase system is used to generate, transmit and distribute
electrical power. Three identical single- phase transformers are connected on a single core
to form a three- phase system. Based on
various types of industrial needs, the step-up
and step-down transformers are employed for
generating, transmission and distributing the
electric power. The current flowing through
each phase is called phase current (IPH), and
the current flowing through each line
conductor is called line current (IL).
The voltage across each phase is called phase voltage (EPh), and the voltage across two line
conductors is called line voltage (El). In delta combination of Three-phase transformer,
the phase voltages are:
The line voltages are:
Hence, in delta connection line voltage is equal to phase voltage.
As we know, IR = IL, therefore,
Hence, in delta connection line current is root three times of phase current.
The rating of the transformer bank is reduced to 58% of that of the actual bank. This
is known as the open delta or V-V delta. Thus, in open winding transformer, two
transformers are used instead of three for the 3-phase operation.
Let Vab, Vbc and Vca be the voltage applied to the primary winding of the transformer. The
voltage induced in the secondary transformer or on winding 1 is Vab. The voltage induced on
the low voltage winding 2 is Vbc. There is no winding between points ‘a’ and ‘c’. The voltage
may be found by applying KVL around a closed path made up of point a, b, and c. Thus,
Where Vp is the magnitude of the line on the primary side.
On substituting the value of Vab and Vbc in equation, we get
The Vca is equal in magnitude from the secondary terminal voltage and 120º apart in time
from both of them. The balanced three phase line voltage produced balanced 3- phase
voltage on the secondary side.If the three transformers are connected in delta-delta
configuration and are supplying rated load and if the connection becomes V-V transformer,
the current in each phase winding is increased by √3 times. The full line current flows in
each of the two phase windings of the transformer. Thus the each transformer in the V-V
system is overloaded by 73.2%.It should be noticed that the load should be reduced by √3
times in case of an open delta connected transformer. Otherwise, serious overheating and
breakdown of the two transformers may take place.
PHASE SHIFT: The phase shift is the angular displacement between the maximum positive
value of the alternating quantities having the same frequency. The secondary voltage
waveforms are in phase with the primary waveforms when the primary and secondary
windings are connected the same way. This condition is called “no phase shift.” But when the
primary and secondary windings are connected differently, the secondary voltage
waveforms will differ from the corresponding primary voltage waveforms by 30 electrical
degrees. This is called a 30∞ phase shift.
 VALUES:
Peak Amplitude (in V) 440

Phase (in deg) 0
Frequency (in Hz) 60
Sample time 0

Phase (in deg) 120
Sample time 0

Phase (in deg) -120
Sample time 0
BLOCK: RESISTANCE LOAD
Resistance 100
 CURVE:
OUPUT GRAPH FOR INPUT

 RESULTS:
Line Voltage = VL = 83.285V
Phase Voltage = Eph = 83.285V
Line Current = iL = √3 iph = √3* 12A = 20.784 A
Phase Current = iph = 12A Phase Shift = 36.87°

EXPERIMENT-6
 PROBLEM: Measurement of power in a 3 phase unbalanced circuit by a 2 phase
wattmeter.
 THEORY: Power consumed by 3 phase balanced or unbalanced load (star connected)
can be measured by using 2-wattmeters properly connected in the circuit. The current
coil of the wattmeter is connected in series with the load in any two lines. Whereas the
pressure coils are connected between these two lines and the third line. Under running
conditions the power consumed by the three phase system is the sum of the two
individual wattmeters. Mathematically, the total power consumed is,
Where,
Power consumed by wattmeter1=
Power consumed by wattmeter 2=
When the load power factor is less than 0.5 then wattmeter 2 will show the correct
reflection and first wattmeter will show the reverse deflection. In the first wattmeter
the current coil or voltage coil connection is reversed. So the wattmeter pointer direction
is corrected. The net power is obtained by adding the two wattmeter readings.
Power angle is given by:
Then the power factor of the load can be calculated as:

 VALUES:
BLOCK: AC VOLATGE SOURCE

Phase (in deg) 0
Frequency(in Hz) 50
Sample Time 0

Phase (in deg) 120
Frequency(in Hz) 50
Sample Time 0

Phase (in deg) 120
Frequency(in Hz) 50
Sample Time 0
 CURVE:
GRAPH OUTPUT OF POWER
GRAPH OUTPUT OF PHASE VOLTAGE

GRAPH OUTPUT OF PHASE CURRENT
GRAPH OUTPUT OF PHASE CURRENT
GRAPH OUTPUT OF LINE CURRENT

 RESULTS:
Line Voltage: 𝑉𝑎𝑏 = 100√3 𝑉

√3
𝑉𝑏𝑐 = −100 120 𝑉
√3
𝑉𝑐𝑎 = 100 120 𝑉
1
Line Phase Voltage: 𝑉𝑎𝑛 = −100 30 𝑉
1
𝑉𝑏𝑛 = −100 150 𝑉
1
𝑉𝑐𝑛 = 100 90 𝑉
Power Consumed by Wattmeter: 𝑊1 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑎 cos(30 + 𝜃) = 317𝑊

𝑊2 = 𝑉𝑎𝑏 𝑎 cos(30 + 𝜃) = 1183𝑊
𝑊1 + 𝑊2 = 317 + 1183 𝑊 = 1500𝑊

EXPERIMENT-8
 PROBLEM: Determination of Torque speed Characteristics and observation of
direction reversal by change of phase sequence of connection of Induction Motor.
 THEORY:
1. There is no induced torque at synchronous speed.

2. The torque-speed curve is linear between no load and full load. In this range, the rotor
reactance is much smaller than the rotor resistance, so the rotor current, magnetic field,
and induced torque varies linearly with slip.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that the motor cannot exceed. This torque is called
the pull out torque or breakdown torque and is 2 to 3 times the rated full torque of the
motor.
4. The starting torque is about 150 percent of the full-load torque. The motor can start
carrying any load that it normally handles at full power.
5. The motor torque is proportional to the square of the applied voltage.
6. If the motor turns backward, the induced torque will stop the rotor quickly and will try
to rotate it in the opposite direction. Since switching any two of the stator phases will
reverse the direction of magnetic field rotation, this fact can be used to stop motors
quickly. This technique is known as plugging.
SLIP: 𝑆 = (𝑁𝑆 − 𝑁)/𝑁𝑠 (where 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑆 (1 − 𝑠)

𝑁𝑆 = 120𝑓/𝑝 [f=frequency, p = number of poles]
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁 = 120𝑓/𝑝 [f' => f for rotor I, f' = sf]
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 (1 − 𝑠) = 𝑠 [s = Electrical equivalent of mechanical power developed
at rotor]
Rotor input power = 3𝐼22 𝑅2 /𝑆
Rotor copper losses = 3𝐼22 𝑅2
Mechanical power developed at rotor = 3𝐼22 𝑅2 (1 − 𝑠)/𝑆
ROTOR EFFECIENCY: Output power / Input power = [3𝐼22 𝑅2 (1 − 𝑠)/𝑆]/ [3𝐼22 𝑅2 /(1 − 𝑠)]
TORQUE EQUATION: 𝑇𝜔𝑟 = 3𝐼22 𝑅2 /(1 − 𝑠)]
𝜔𝑟 = 𝜔𝑠 (1 − 𝑠)
𝑇𝜔𝑟 = 3𝐼22 𝑅2 /(1 − 𝑠)/𝑆]/𝜔
= 3𝐼22 𝑅2 /(1 − 𝑠)/𝑆]/𝜔(1 − 𝑠)
𝑅
= (3𝐼22 /𝜔𝑠 )/( 𝑠2 )
𝑅
𝐼2 = 𝑉1 /{(𝑅1 + 𝑠2 )2 + 𝑋 2 }1/2
𝑆 = (𝜔𝑠 − 𝜔𝑟 )/𝜔𝑠
𝑅 𝑅
𝑇 = 3𝑉12 ( 𝑠2) /𝜔𝑠{(𝑅1 + 𝑠2 )2 + 𝑋 2 }1/2
TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERESTICS:
First quadrant: T +ve motoring section, forwarding motors

Second quadrant: T -ve (generator) regenerative section
Third quadrant: reverse motoring
Fourth quadrant: T +v
e speed (–ve) plugging section
𝑑𝑇
= 0(𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒)
𝑑𝑠
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑇 = ±𝑅2 (𝑅12 + 𝑋2 )2 [𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛]
2 2 1/2
𝑅2 2
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑇 = ±3𝑉1 {𝑅2 (𝑅1 + 𝑋2 ) }/𝜔𝑠 {(𝑅1 + ) + 𝑋}
𝑠
1
2 2
= 3𝑉1 /𝜔𝑠 2{𝑅1 + 𝑅2 (𝑅1 + 𝑋2 )2 }
𝑇𝑠𝑡 (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒)𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠 = 1 𝜔𝑠 = 0

𝑇𝑠𝑡 = 3𝑉12 𝑅 2 /𝜔𝑠 {(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 )2 + 𝑋 2 }

 VALUES:
BLOCK: AC VOLTAGE SOURCE 1
Source Type AC
Initial Amplitude (V) 0
Initial Phase 0
Initial Frequency 0
BLOCK: AC VOLTAGE SOURCE 2
Source Type AC
Initial Amplitude (V) 0
Initial Phase 0
Initial Frequency 0
BLOCK: STEP
Step Time 1
Initial Value 0
Final Value 0
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Rotor Type Squirrel cage

Mechanical Input Torque(Tm)
Reference Frame Stationary
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: FOURIER
Harmonic n 1
Initial Input [0,0]
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: LOOK UP TABLE
Vector of Input Values [0 0.25 0.75 1] / 1980

Table Data [0 1 -1 0]
Look Up Method Interpolation - Extrapolation
 CURVE:
 RESULTS:
1. There is no induced torque at synchronous speed.

2. The torque-speed curve is linear between no load and full load.
3. There is a maximum possible torque that the motor cannot exceed.
4. The starting torque is about 150 percent of the full-load torque. The motor can start
carrying any load that it normally handles at full power.
5. The motor torque is proportional to the square of the applied voltage.
6. If the motor turns backward, the induced torque will stop the rotor quickly and will try
to rotate it in the opposite direction.
S = 0.06, Ns=1000rpm , N = 940 rpm
EXPERIMENT-9
 PROBLEM: Determination of operating Characteristics of Synchronous Generator.
 THEORY: Synchronous generator is a generator where the excitation field is

provided by a permanent magnet instead of a coil. The term synchronous refers here to
the fact that the rotor and magnetic field rotate with the name speed, because the
magnetic field is generated through a shaft mounted permanent magnet mechanism and
current is induced into the stationary armature.
Synchronous Generator converts mechanical power to AC electric power. The source of
mechanical power (the prime mover) may be a diesel engine, a steam turbine, a water
turbine, or any similar device.
A synchronous machine is an AC machine whose satisfactory operation depends upon the
maintenance of the following relationship:
120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 =
𝑃
Where Ns is the synchronous speed in r.p.m, f is the supply frequency and P is the number of
poles of the machine. If a synchronous machine working as a motor fails to mainain this
average speed (Ns), the machine will not develop sufficient torque to maintain its rotation
and will stop. Then the motor is said to be pulled out of step.
CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

The rotor and stator are the rotating and the stationary part of the synchronous
generator respectively. They are the power generating components of the synchronous
generator. The rotor has the field pole and the stator consists of the armature conductor.
The relative motion between the rotor and the stator induces the voltage between the
conductors.
EMF EQUATION:
𝑒 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
𝑁𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑣 = 𝜋𝑑𝑁𝑟
𝐵 = 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠/ 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ∅𝑃/𝑛𝑑𝑙
Average value of induced emf in a conductor:
𝑃
𝐸=∅ ∗ 1 ∗ 𝜋𝑑𝑁𝑟 = ∅𝑃𝑁𝑠 = ∅ ∗ 2𝑓
𝜋𝑑𝑙
𝑅𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 ∗ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 = 𝑇
𝐸𝑐 = 2𝑓∅ ∗ 1.11 ∗ 2𝑇 = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇
𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦: 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝐾𝑝 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐾𝑑

𝐸𝑐 = 2𝑓∅ ∗ 1.11 ∗ 2𝑇 ∗ 𝐾𝑝 ∗ 𝐾𝑑 = 4.44𝑓∅𝑇𝐾𝑝 𝐾𝑑
 VALUES:
BLOCK: STEP
Step Time 0.5

Initial Value 505e6
Final value 1000e6
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: THREE PHASE PROGRAMMABLE VOLTAGE SOURCE
Amplitude 315e3
Phase 0
Frequency 60
Generator Type Swing
BLOCK: FOURIER
Harmonic(n) 1
Initial Input[Mag,Phase] [0,0]
Sample Time 0
BLOCK: SIMPLIFIED SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Connection Type 3 Wire Y

Mechanical Input Mechanical Power(Pm)
 CURVE:
 RESULTS:
In a synchronous machine the real electrical power exchanged with the ‘bus’ bars is
controlled by the mechanical shaft power irrespective of excitation. The excitation, on the
other hand, governs only the power factor of the machine without affecting the real power
flow. For example, in a generator, if it is desired to feed more real power into the bus-bars,
the throttle must be opened admitting more steam into the turbine (coupled to generator)
thereby feeding more mechanical power into shaft. As a consequence the power angle δ
increases and so does the electrical power output. However, if it is desired to adjust the
machine power factor, its excitation should be varied.
EXPERIMENT-10
 PROBLEM: Demonstration of operation of a) DC – DC Converter b) DC – AC
Converter c ) DC – AC Converter for Speed Control of an Induction Motor
 THEORY:
BUCK CONVERTER:
In a Buck converter, the average output voltage (Va) is less than the input voltage (Vs) –
hence the name “buck” a very popular regulator. The circuit diagram of a buck regulator
using a power is shown in the figure below, which is
like a step down chopper.
The waveforms for the voltages and currents are

show in figure for a continuous current flow in the
inductor L. Depending on the switching frequency,
filter inductance, and capacitance, the indicator
current could be discontinuous
The capacitor voltage is expressed as:

1
𝑉𝑐 = ∫ 𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑉𝑐 (𝑡 = 0)
𝐶
and the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of the capacitor is:
∆𝑉𝑐 = 𝑣𝑐 − 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡 = 0)
𝑇/2
= 1/𝐶 ∫0 ∆𝐼/4𝑑𝑡
= ∆𝐼𝑇/8𝐶 = ∆𝐼/8𝑓𝐶
Substituting the value,
𝑉𝑎 (𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑎 )
∆𝑉𝑐 = = 𝑉𝑠 𝑘(1 − 𝑘)/8𝐿𝐶𝑓 2
8𝑓𝐶𝐿2𝑉𝑠
BOOST CONVERTER:
In a boost converter, the output voltage is greater than the input voltage- hence the name
“boost”. A boost regulator using a power
MOSFET is shown in figure below, and this
is similar to a step-up chopper. When the
transistor is on, the capacitor supplies the
load current for t = t1. The average
capacitor current is Ic = Ia and the peak-
to-peak ripple voltage of the capacitor is:
∆𝑉𝑐 = 𝑣𝑐 − 𝑣𝑐 (𝑡 = 0)
𝑡 𝑡
= 1/𝐶 ∫0 1 𝐼𝑐 𝑑𝑡 = 1/𝐶 ∫0 1 𝐼𝑎 𝑑𝑡
= 𝐼𝑎 𝑡1 /𝐶
(𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑠 )
𝑡1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡1 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
𝑉𝑎 𝑓
𝐼𝑎 (𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑠 )
∆𝑉𝑐 = 𝑜𝑟, ∆𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑘/𝑓𝐶
𝑉𝑐 𝑓𝐶
BUCK BOOST CONVERTER:
A buck boost regulator provides an output voltage which may be less than or greater than
the input voltage-hence the name “buck-
boost” is suited. The output voltage polarity
is opposite to that of the input voltage. This
regulator is also known as an ‘inverting’ or
‘fly- back’ regulator. The circuit
arrangement of a buck-boost regulator is
shown in figure aside.
When the transistor Q1 is on, the filter

capacitor supplies the load current for t =t1.
The average discharger current of the capacitor is Ic = Ia and the peak-to-peak ripple
voltage of the capacitor is:
𝑡1 𝑡1
∆𝑉𝑐 = 1/𝐶 ∫ 𝐼𝑐 𝑑𝑡 = 1/𝐶 ∫ 𝐼𝑎 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑡1 /𝐶
0 0
(𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑠 )
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡1 =
𝑉𝑎 𝑓
(𝑉
∆𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑉𝑎 𝑎 − 𝑉𝑠 )𝑓𝐶 𝑜𝑟, ∆𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑘𝑓𝐶
INVERTER:
An inverter converts direct current into alternating current. The inverter circuit
consists of two choppers. When only transistor Q1 is turned on for a time T0/2, the
instantaneous voltage across the load is Vs/2. If transistor Q2 only is turned on for a time
T0/2, -Vs/2 appears across the load. The logic circuit should be designed such that Q1 and
Q2 are not turned on at the same time. Figure 2 shows the waveform for the output voltage
and transistor currents with a resistive load. This inverter requires a three-wired DC
source, and when a transistor is off, its reverse voltage is Vs instead of Vs/2.
The rms output voltage can be found from:
𝑡0
2 ∫02 𝑉𝑠 2
𝑉0 = ( ) /2
𝑇0 4𝑑𝑡
The instantaneous output voltage can be expressed in Fourier series as:

∑∞
𝑛 1,3,5 … … 2𝑉𝑠
𝑉0 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝜋𝑡
𝑛𝜋
(0 for n = 2, 4, 6, 8……)
Where w =2nf0 is the frequency of output voltage in rad/s. For n = 1 the rms value of
2𝑉
fundamental component is as: 𝑉1 = 𝑠 = 0.45𝑉𝑠
√2𝜋
BUCK CONVERTER
BOOST CONVERTER
BUCK BOOST CONVERTER
INVERTER
INDUCTION MOTOR
 VALUES:
BLOCK: MOSFET
FET Resistance Ron(ohms) 0.8

Internal Diode Inductance 1e-8
Internal Diode Resistance 0.01
Internal Diode Forward Voltage Vf 1.5
Internal Current Ic 0
Snubber Resistance Rs(ohms) 1e5
Snubber Capacitance Cs(F) inf
BLOCK: DIODE
Resistance Ron(ohms) 0.001

Inductance Ion(H) 0
Forward voltage(Vf) 0.8
Internal Current(Ic) 0
Snubber resistance(Rs) 500
Snubber Capacitance(Cs) 250e-9
BLOCK: PULSE GENERATOR
Amplitude 1
Period 1/40000
Pulse Width 25
Phase Delay 0
BLOCK: ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
Rotor Type Squirrel cage

Squirrel Cage Preset Model 01: 5HP 460V 60Hz 1750rpm
Mechanical Input Torque Tm
Reference Frame Rotor
BLOCK: DC VOLTAGE SOURCE
Amplitude 50
BLOCK: PID CONTROLLER
Source Internal
Proportional(P) 0.01
Integral(I) 0.1
Derivative(D) 0
Filter coefficient(N) 100
 CURVE:
BUCK CONVERTER
BUCK BOOST CONVERTER
INVERTER
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR
 RESULTS:
The waveforms for the voltages and currents are show in figure for a continuous current
flow in the inductor L. Depending on the switching frequency, filter inductance, and
capacitance, the indicator current could be discontinuous.
The average discharger current of the capacitor is Ic = Ia and the peak-to-peak ripple
voltage of the capacitor is
𝐼𝑎 (𝑉𝑎 − 𝑉𝑠 )
∆𝑉𝑐 = 𝑜𝑟, ∆𝑉𝑐 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑘/𝑓𝐶
𝑉𝑐 𝑓𝐶
This inverter requires a three-wired dc source, and when a transistor is off, its reverse
voltage is Vs instead of Vs/2.

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2021-22

ES–EE291 : BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

NAME – RIYAZUL ISLAM

Date Content Page No.

S. No. Block Name Description

Voltage Measurements (mask)(link)

Converts the Simulink input signal

PSB option menu block (mask)(link)

To determine the exact nature of response we

Constant = −RC ln( V0 )

i(t) = i0 e-t/τ where i0 =V0 /R.

FOR SERIES RC CIRCUIT:

Resistance (in Ω) 200

Capacitance (in F) 10e-3

Equation of the current response i(t) =0.5e0.2t

Equation of the voltage response V(t) =100(1-e0.2t)

Voltage across Resistance = VR =0

Voltage across Capacitance = VC =0.9998

To determine the exact nature of response we note that

−(L/R) ln( i0 –iL ) = t + constant

Constant = −(L/R) ln( i0)

iL(t) = i0 ( 1 – e-Rt/L) where i0 =V0 /R.

Equation of the current response i(t) = 0.3125e-552.63t

Equation of the voltage response V(t) =100e-552.63t

Voltage across Resistance (VR) = 99.998

Voltage across Capacitance (VC) =0.00019

Taking Laplace transform on both sides of the above

FOR RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

Current in the circuit i0 = 0.3225

Equation of the current response i(t) = 0.432e0.45ℇt

Equation of the voltage response V(t) = 100(1-e0.45ℇt)

Voltage across Resistance (VR) = 2.82

Voltage across Capacitance (VC) = 65.1233

Peak Value of Current= I0 and Peak Value of the Voltage= V0

BLOCK: CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE

BLOCK: PARALLEL RL BRANCH

FOR SERIES RC CIRCUIT

OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RC POWER FACTOR

OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RC IMPEDANCE

STEADY STATE RESPONSE FOR RL

Impedance in the Circuit = 120.00006 Ω

RMS Voltage = 70.72 V Average Power = 41.608 W

RMS Current = 0.589A Power Factor = 0.999

Apparent Power = 41.65W Power Angle = -0.252°

 MATLAB SIMULATION DIAGRAM:

BLOCK: CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE

BLOCK: PARALLEL RL BRANCH

FOR SERIES RC CIRCUIT

OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RL IMPEDANCE

STEADY STATE RESPONSE FOR RL

Impedance in the Circuit= 120.133Ω

RMS Voltage = 70.72 V Average Power = 41.54W

RMS Current = 0.5885 A Apparent Power = 41.61W

Power Factor = 0.9984 Power Angle = 2.690°

BLOCK: CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE

BLOCK: PARALLEL RL BRANCH

FOR SERIES RC CIRCUIT

OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RLC POWER FACTOR

OUTPUT GRAPH FOR RLC IMPEDANCE

STEADY STATE RESPONSE FOR RLC

Impedance in the Circuit = 120.109 Ω

RMS Voltage = 70.72 V Average Power = 41.5884W

RMS Current = 0.5887A Apparent Power = 41.63W