1) is the short-term determination of the optimal output of a number of electricity

generation facilities, to meet the system load, at the lowest possible cost, subject to
transmission and operational constraints:
a- Optimal power flow.
b- Minimum – loss.
c- Incremental fuel cost.
d- Economic dispatch.

2) To compute economic load division between units, it is necessary to express the

operating costs in terms of:
a- Output.
b- Input.
c- Both a & b.
d- Non a & b.

3) For a fossil-fuel plants, the input will be in terms of:

a- kJ per hour.
b- m /s.
c- Btu/h.
d- MW.

4) Is the ratio of fuel input in Btu to energy output in KWh (Btu/kwh):

a- Fuel efficiency.
b- Incremental fuel cost.
c- Heat rate.
d- None of them.
5) The reciprocal of heat–rate is called:
a- Fuel–efficiency.
b- Fuel cost.
c- Incremental fuel cost.
d- Both a & b.

6) Is the additional cost in dollars per hour to increase the output by 1 MW:
a- Incremental fuel cost.
b- Economic dispatch.
c- Fuel cost.
d- None of them.

7) The savings effected by economic distribution of load rather than some arbitrary
distribution can be found by ……………… the expression for incremental fuel cost:
a- Differential.
b- Integrating.
e- Both a & b.
c- None of them.

8) Is a measure of the sensitivity of the transmission-system losses to changes; in 𝑃𝑔𝑖 alone:

a- Economic dispatch.
b- Minimum fuel cost.
c- Penalty factor.
d- Both b & c.

9) The classical solution of the economic dispatch problem is provided by the method of:
a- Penalty factor.
b- Economic dispatch.
c- Lagrange multipliers.
d- B-coefficients.
10) The minimum operation cost is obtained when the product of the incremental fuel cost
and the penalty factor of all units is:
a- Higher.
b- Lower.
c- Same.
d- None.

 Problem 1:

The Incremental fuel costs In dollars per megawatthour for a plant consisting of two
units are given by;
𝜆1 = 0.01𝑃𝑔1 + 2.0 $/𝑀𝑊ℎ
𝜆2 = 0.012𝑃𝑔2 + 1.6 $/𝑀𝑊ℎ
The limits on the plants are 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20 MW, 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 125 MW. Obtain the optimal schedule
if the load varies from 50 – 250 MW.

 Problem 2:

A two bus system is shown in Fig. below If 100 MW is transmitted from plant 1 to the
load, a loss of 10 MW is incurred. System incremental cost is 30 $/MWh. Find 𝑃𝑔1 , 𝑃𝑔2
and power received by load if:
𝑑𝑓1
= 0.02𝑃𝑔1 + 16.0 $/𝑀𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑃𝑔1
𝑑𝑓2
= 0.04𝑃𝑔2 + 20.0 $/𝑀𝑊ℎ
𝑑𝑃𝑔2

Done By:
Mustafa Azzan