ECE666: Power Systems Operation: Winter 2024

Assignment-1
Last Date of Submission: Friday, February 16, 2024, 4:30 PM

Note:
a. All submissions should be in the Drop-Box, on LEARN.
b. We follow the Honour System, expecting that you will solve the assignment
independently without consulting others or referring to any past year solutions.

1. The cost function of a generator connected at bus-1 is:

𝐶𝐶1 (𝑃𝑃1 ) = 0.01𝑃𝑃12 + 5.2𝑃𝑃1 + 50 �$�ℎ𝑟𝑟�
When the system marginal cost is 6.3 $/MWh, which includes the effect of losses, the
dispatch of generator at bus-1 is P1 = 50 MW.
i. Find the Incremental Loss Factor at bus-1.
ii. If losses were neglected, and the system marginal cost remained the same, what
would be the dispatch of generator-1?

2. The optimal solution of an ELD for a system with two thermal generators results in both units
being dispatched equally, to supply the 300 MW demand. The cost functions of the units are:
𝐶𝐶1 (𝑃𝑃1 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃1 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑐𝑐 ($⁄ℎ)
𝐶𝐶2 (𝑃𝑃2 ) = 0.03𝑃𝑃2 2 + 3𝑃𝑃2 + 100 ($⁄ℎ)
Because of this dispatch, generator 1 operates at 75% of its nominal capacity, with a heat rate
of 5700 BTU/kWh. The price of the fuel is 1.81712 $/MBTU. For the current dispatch,
determine:
a. The system marginal cost.
b. If the incremental cost of generator 1 at full load is 14 $/MWh, find the coefficients of the
cost function C1(P1).
c. Find total operating cost of the system when serving a 300 MW load.

3. A two-bus system is connected by a transmission line; Generator-1 is at Bus-1, and Generator-

2 at Bus-2. There is a load connected at Bus-2. The cost characteristics of the generators are:
C1 (PG1 ) = 0.015 PG21 + 18 PG1 + 20
C 2 (PG 2 ) = 0.03PG22 + 33PG 2 + 40
The general form of the transmission loss function is:
PLoss = α1PG21 + α 2 PG1PG 2 + α 3 PG22
Given that, when 120 MW power is transmitted from Generator-1 to the load, a total loss
of 16.425 MW is incurred. Determine the optimal dispatch of the two generators, and the
total load served, if the marginal cost is 36 $/MWh.

4. Consider three generators whose cost characteristics and capacity limits are given below.
Unit Cost Characteristics Limits, MW
1 𝐶𝐶1 (𝑃𝑃1 ) = 25 + 3.5𝑃𝑃1 100 ≤ P1 ≤ 650
2 𝐶𝐶2 (𝑃𝑃2 ) = 48 + 6.2𝑃𝑃2 60 ≤P2 ≤ 400
3 (𝑃𝑃 )
𝐶𝐶3 3 = 33 + 4.35𝑃𝑃3 100 ≤ P2 ≤ 500

The system demand is 1000 MW. The system loss function is expressed as,
 𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 0.00015𝑃𝑃12 + 0.00008𝑃𝑃22 + 0.0001𝑃𝑃32
Find the following:
a) The optimal generation schedule that minimizes the total generation cost while satisfying
all generation limits, and ignoring transmission losses. Find the system marginal cost.
b) The optimal generation schedule that minimizes the total system losses while satisfying
all generation limits. Find the system marginal loss.
c) Examine the solutions obtained in (a) and (b) and comment what would be the
appropriate objective for the economic operation of this particular system.

5. Consider two electric utilities whose composite CO2 emission characteristics, Ei(Pi), and the
total generating capacity limits are provided below.

Utility Emission Characteristics Limits

1 E1 ( P1 ) = 25 + 3.5P1 + 0.0275P12 kg / hr 50 MW ≤ P1 ≤ 650 MW

2 E 2 ( P2 ) = 48 + 6.2 P2 + 0.065 P22 kg / hr , 30 MW ≤ P2 ≤ 400 MW

Utility-1 has a system demand of 575 MW and Utility-2 demand is 325 MW. Find the optimal
generation schedule that minimizes the total system emissions while satisfying all generation
limits. Hence, find the value of system λ and explain its significance. Also find the total
reduction in system emissions because of joint dispatch, as compared to the system emissions
when the two utilities operate independently.

6. A system comprising two generating units, has the following incremental cost functions:
dC1 dC 2
= 0.008PG1 + 8 ; and = 0.012 PG 2 + 9
dPG1 dPG 2
The system is operating on economic dispatch with PG1 = PG2 = 500 MW. It is known that the
incremental loss factor of Generator-2 is 0.2. Find the Penalty Factor of Generator-1.

7. Consider two generators whose cost characteristic are given below, ignore their limits.
$
𝐶𝐶1 (𝑃𝑃1 ) = 0.00253𝑃𝑃12 + 3.19𝑃𝑃1 + 850
ℎ𝑟𝑟
2
$
𝐶𝐶2 (𝑃𝑃2 ) = 0.00325𝑃𝑃2 + 5.11𝑃𝑃2 + 1687
ℎ𝑟𝑟

The total system loss can be expressed as follows:

𝑃𝑃𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (𝑃𝑃1 , 𝑃𝑃2 ) = 12 × 10−5 𝑃𝑃12 + 7 × 10−5 𝑃𝑃22 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

Given that the system demand is 900 MW, find the economic load dispatch:
a) To minimize the total system cost, ignoring losses
b) To minimize the total system cost, considering losses
c) To minimize the total system losses.
d) Discuss which of the above solutions is the most acceptable ones by the system operator,
and why.
8. Two thermal generators supply power to a load. Their respective incremental generation
costs are given as follows:
dC1 ( P1 ) dC 2 ( P2 )
= 0.00643P1 + 3.37 $ / MWh = 0.00364 P2 + 7.19 $ / MWh
dP1 dP2
The transmission loss is given by,
PLoss ( P1 , P2 ) = 0.00011P12 + 0.00006 P22 + 0.0045 P1 P2 MW
The two generators are dispatched optimally, to minimize the total system cost, and the
system marginal cost thus obtained, is 30 $/MWh. Find the optimal dispatch of the two
generators.

9. Consider a power utility comprising a hydro and a steam generation unit supplying a
system demand of 300 MW, assumed to remain constant over a week (168 hours). The
thermal unit cost characteristic and capacity limit is as follows:
$
𝐶𝐶(𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 ) = 0.027𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆2 + 9𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 + 81 30 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 ≤ 200𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
ℎ𝑟𝑟

The hydro unit water discharge rate and capacity limit is as follows:
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑞𝑞(𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 ) = 0.009𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻2 + 10𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 + 200 0 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 ≤ 350𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
ℎ𝑟𝑟
The total hydro energy available over the week is 35,000 MWh.
a. If the steam generator is dispatched to minimize the total operating cost, will it be
possible to meet the total energy demand over the week? If yes, find the number of
hours the steam generator should operate. If not, find the amount of energy that
remains unserved, over the week.
b. If we must meet the total energy demand, the steam generator dispatch has to be
deviated from its least-cost operating point. Determine for how many hours it should
operate, and what would be its dispatch?
c. Find the volume of water discharged from the reservoir over the week in the two cases
(a) and (b).
d. Now, if the reservoir drawdown capacity is 600,000 acre-ft over the week, for how long
should the steam generator operate? How much energy is generated (in MWh) by the
hydro unit during this period?

10. Consider a power utility comprising a hydro and a thermal generating unit. The thermal
unit has its cost characteristic and capacity limit as follows:
$
𝐶𝐶𝑠𝑠 (𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 ) = 686 + 9𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠 + 0.035𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠2 ℎ𝑟𝑟 30 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 ≤ 200 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
The hydro unit water discharge rate and capacity limit is as follows:
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑞𝑞𝐻𝐻 = 200 + 7.5𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 + 0.006𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻2 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − ℎ𝑟𝑟 0 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 ≤ 250 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
The hydro reservoir has a total water availability of 184,800 acre-ft for a 7-day scheduling
horizon, during which, the system demand remains constant at 200 MW.
a) Find the thermal and hydro generation schedule and the duration for which each unit
should be operated so that the total system cost is minimized.
b) Find the total energy generated by the hydro generator over the week.
c) How much extra reservoir drawdown is required over a week, if the thermal unit
decides to operate for 1 hour less than what is obtained in (i).
 d) If the maximum drawdown from the reservoir is restricted to 180,000 acre-ft over the
168- hour period, how long should the thermal unit operate now?

11. The system load is supplied by a hydro and a steam generator with characteristics below:
$
Steam system: 𝐶𝐶(𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 ) = 0.0027𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆2 + 9𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 + 200 ℎ𝑟𝑟
30 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 ≤ 400 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎−𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Hydro Plant: 𝑞𝑞(𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 ) = 0.0075𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻2 + 25𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 + 300 0 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 ≤ 600 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
ℎ𝑟𝑟
The system load profile is given below:
Hour 1 – Hour 4: 725 MW
Hour 5 – Hour 8: 615 MW
The hydro reservoir is limited to a total drawdown capacity of 75,000 acre-ft over the 8-
hour period. Inflow to the reservoir is to be neglected.
a. A hydro-thermal generation schedule is to be drawn up so as to minimize the total cost.
Formulate the appropriate Lagrangian function and develop the KKT conditions for the
optimum.
b. Use an iterative approach, and present three full iterations of the outer loop to solve the
KKT equations. (Use starting guess of λ1=λ2=40 $/MWh, γ = 0.35 $/acre-ft).