ECE666: Power Systems Operation: Winter 2021

Assignment-1
Last Date of Submission: Monday, 22nd February 2021, 4:30 PM Eastern Time

Note:
a. All submissions should be in the Drop-Box, on LEARN.
b. We shall follow the Honour System, expecting that you will solve the assignment without
consultation with others or referring to any past years’ solutions.

1. An ELD is carried out for a system of two generators, with the following generating limits,
50 ≤ P1 ≤ 400 MW, and 25 ≤ P2 ≤ 250 MW.
The optimal solution is known to be:
P1* = 75 MW, P2* = 250 MW, λ = 13.5 $/MWh, γ2 = 3.5 $/MWh
What are the incremental costs of the two generators?

2. The cost function of a generator connected at bus-1 is:

𝐶𝐶1 (𝑃𝑃1 ) = 0.01𝑃𝑃12 + 5.2𝑃𝑃1 + 50 �$�ℎ𝑟𝑟�
When the system marginal cost is 6 $/MWh, which includes the effect of losses, the
dispatch of generator at bus-1 is P1 = 50 MW.
i. Find the Incremental Loss Factor at bus-1.
ii. If losses were neglected, what would be the dispatch of generator-1?

3. An ELD is carried out for a system with two thermal generators. In the optimal solution, both
the units are dispatched equally to supply the demand of 300 MW. The cost functions of the
units are:
𝐶𝐶1 (𝑃𝑃1 ) = 𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃1 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑐𝑐 ($⁄ℎ)

𝐶𝐶2 (𝑃𝑃2 ) = 0.03𝑃𝑃2 2 + 3𝑃𝑃2 + 100 ($⁄ℎ)

Because of this dispatch, generator 1 operates at 75% of its nominal capacity, with a heat
rate of 5700 BTU/kWh. The price of the fuel is 1.81712 $/MBTU. For the current dispatch,
determine:
a. The system marginal cost.
b. If the incremental cost of generator 1 at full load is 14 $/MW, find the coefficients of the
cost function C1(P1).
c. Find total operating cost of the system when serving a 300 MW load.

4. Find the optimal generator dispatch, generator incremental costs, and the system
marginal cost, when three generators are supplying a total demand of 925 MW. The
cost functions of the generators (in $/h) and their generation limits (in MW) are
given as follows:
𝐶𝐶1 (𝑃𝑃1 ) = 0.0025𝑃𝑃12 + 3.2𝑃𝑃1 + 800 $/ℎ 50𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≤ 𝑃𝑃1 ≤ 600𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐶𝐶2 (𝑃𝑃2 ) = 0.003𝑃𝑃22 + 5.1𝑃𝑃2 + 1600 $/ℎ 100𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≤ 𝑃𝑃2 ≤ 400𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝐶𝐶3 (𝑃𝑃3 ) = 0.002𝑃𝑃32 + 4.2𝑃𝑃3 + 800 $/ℎ 50𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≤ 𝑃𝑃3 ≤ 300𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

5. Jack and Jill are two system dispatch colleagues in the same electric utility- the Ideal
Waterloo Power Company, which has lossless lines and three generating units. At a certain
hour, Jack claims that the system is on economic dispatch. In the next few minutes Jill
 observes the set of data representing incremental changes in generator MW outputs and
total production cost rates, as given below:

∆Ct ($/hr) ∆Pg1 ∆Pg2 ∆Pg3

0 1 1 -2
30 1 1 1
-20 -3 1 1

After seeing the third reading Jill says, “Jack you are wrong.” Is Jill correct in saying that Jack
is wrong? How does she arrive at that conclusion from the information given?

6. Consider two electric utilities whose composite CO2 emission characteristics, Ei(Pi), and the
total generating capacity limits are provided below.

Utility Emission Characteristics Limits

1 E1 ( P1 ) = 25 + 3.5P1 + 0.0275P12 kg / hr 50 MW ≤ P1 ≤ 650 MW

2 E 2 ( P2 ) = 48 + 6.2 P2 + 0.065 P22 kg / hr , 30 MW ≤ P2 ≤ 400 MW

Utility-1 has a system demand of 575 MW and Utility-2 demand is 325 MW. Find the optimal
generation schedule that minimizes the total system emissions while satisfying all generation
limits. Hence, find the value of system λ and explain its significance. Also find the total
reduction in system emissions because of joint dispatch, as compared to the system
emissions when the two utilities operate independently.

7. Consider a power utility comprising a hydro and a thermal generating unit that supplies the
system demand of 600 MW, which is assumed to remain constant over a week (168 hours).
The thermal unit cost characteristic and capacity limit is as follows:
𝐶𝐶𝑆𝑆 (𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 ) = 11𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 + 100 $/ℎ𝑟𝑟; 30𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝑆𝑆 ≤ 400𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

The total hydro energy available over the week is 58,000 MWh. The hydro unit water
discharge rate and capacity limit is as follows:
𝑞𝑞𝐻𝐻 = 376 + 20𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/ℎ𝑟𝑟; 0 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝐻𝐻 ≤ 650 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀

i. Find the optimal dispatch and number of hours the thermal unit should operate if the
operator is seeking to minimize the total cost over the week.
ii. Find total volume of water discharged from reservoir over the week.
iii. If the total water discharge volume is reduced by 5%, how would it impact the dispatch
and operating hours of the thermal unit?

8. A system comprising two generating units, has the following incremental cost functions:
dC1 dC 2
= 0.008PG1 + 8 ; and = 0.012 PG 2 + 9
dPG1 dPG 2
The system is operating on economic dispatch with PG1 = PG2 = 500 MW. It is known that the
incremental loss factor of Generator-2 is 0.2. Find the Penalty Factor of Generator-1.
9. Consider two generators whose cost characteristic and generation limits are given:
C1 (P1 ) = 0.00253P12 + 3.19 P1 + 850 $ / hr; 100MW ≤ P1 ≤ 850MW
C2 (P2 ) = 0.00325P22 + 5.11P2 + 1687 $ / hr 100MW ≤ P2 ≤ 600MW
The total system loss can be expressed as follows:
PLoss ( P1 , P2 ) = 11× 10 −5 P12 + 6 × 10 −5 P22 , MW
Given that the system demand is 1200 MW, find the optimal generation schedule that
minimizes the total generation cost while meeting the total system demand and losses.
(Note: Solve the coordination equations. A fair degree of accuracy of +0.5 MW is desirable.)

10. Two thermal generators supply power to a load. Their respective incremental generation
costs are given as follows:
dC1 ( P1 ) dC 2 ( P2 )
= 0.00643P1 + 3.37 $ / MWh = 0.00364 P2 + 7.19 $ / MWh
dP1 dP2
The transmission loss is given by,
PLoss ( P1 , P2 ) = 0.00011P12 + 0.00006 P22 + 0.0045 P1 P2 MW
The two generators are dispatched optimally, to minimize the total system cost, and the
system marginal cost thus obtained, is 30 $/MWh. Find the optimal dispatch of the two
generators.

11. A power utility comprising a hydro and a thermal generating unit supplies the system
demand of 200 MW, which remains constant over a week (168 hours). The thermal unit
cost characteristic and capacity limit is as follows:
CTH ( PTH ) = 0.04 PTH
2
+ 11PTH + 100 $/h 30MW ≤ PTH ≤ 200MW
The total hydro energy available over the week is 28,000 MWh. The hydro unit’s water
discharge rate and capacity limit is as follows:
qH (PH ) = 300 + 25 ⋅ PH + 0.0075PH
2 acre - ft/h 0 MW ≤ PH ≤ 250 MW
Find the number of hours the thermal unit should operate if the operator is seeking to
minimize the operating cost over the week.
a. Find the total volume of water discharged from the reservoir over the week.
b. If the total water available for drawdown was reduced by 5%, how many extra hours
should the thermal unit operate?

12. The system load is supplied by a hydro and a steam generator with characteristics below:
Steam system: C ( PS ) = 0.0027 PS2 + 9 PS + 200 $/h; 30 MW ≤ PS ≤ 400 MW

Hydro plant: q H (PH ) = 300 + 25 ⋅ PH + 0.0075PH2 acre - ft/h 0 MW ≤ PH ≤ 600 MW

The system load profile is given below:
Hour 1 – Hour 4: 725 MW
Hour 5 – Hour 8: 615 MW
The hydro reservoir is limited to a total drawdown capacity of 75,000 acre-ft over the 8-
hour period. Inflow to the reservoir is to be neglected.
a. A hydro-thermal generation schedule is to be drawn up so as to minimize the total
cost. Formulate the appropriate Lagrangian function and develop the KKT conditions
for the optimum.
b. Use an iterative approach, and present three iterations of the outer loop to solve the
KKT equations. (Use starting guess of λ1=λ2=40 $/MWh, γ = 0.35 $/acre-ft).