12-Jan-2024

Power Systems
Course Code: EE 308
(2-1-0-3)

Tutorial – 1

Electrical Engineering, IIT Indore

Factors associated with Power Generation and Its distribution

Average Load
Load Factor =
Maximum Peak Load

Sum of Individual maximum demands

Distribution Factor =
Maximum Load in the system

Actual Energy Produced Average Demand

Plant Capacity Factor = =
Installed Capacity Installed Capacity

Actual Energy Produced (kWh)

Plant Use Factor =
Plant capacity kW × Time in hours the plant has been in operation
 Tariffs

Cost of electric power = a + b × kW + (c × kWh)

where,

a is the fixed charge for the utility

b depends on maximum demand
c depends on units consumed/ produced

• Tariff structures should be such that it will influence to improve the load factor
• Tariff structure should consider power factor of the load of the customer
 Problem-1
A generating station has a maximum demand of 25 MW, a load factor of 60%, a plant capacity factor
of 50%, and a plant use factor of 72%. Find

(a) the daily energy produced

(b) the reserve capacity of the plant
(c) the maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant, while running as per schedule,
were fully loaded

Ans: (a) 360 MWh, (b) 5 MW, (c) 500 MWh/day

Problem-1: Solution
 Problem-2
There are three consumers of electricity having different load requirements at different times.
• Consumer 1 has a maximum demand of 5 kW at 6 pm, a demand of 3 kW at 7 pm and a daily load
factor of 20%.
• Consumer 2 has a maximum demand of 5 kW at 11 am, a demand of 2 kW at 7 pm and an average
load of 1.2 kW.
• Consumer 3 has a maximum demand of 3 kW at 7 pm and an average load of 1 kW.
Determine
(a) the diversity factor
(b) the load factor and average load of each consumer
(c) the average load and load factor of the combined load

Ans: (a) 1.625

(b) Consumer 1: LF = 20%, Avg. Load = 1 kW; Consumer 2: LF = 24%, Avg.
Load = 1.2 kW; Consumer 3: LF = 33.3%, Avg. Load = 1 kW
(c) Average Load: 3.2 kW, LF = 40%
Problem-2: Solution
 Problem-3
A region has a maximum demand of 500 MW at a load factor of 50%. The load duration curve can be
assumed to be a triangle. The utility has to meet this load by setting up a generating system, which is
partly hydro and partly thermal. The cost are as under:
Hydro plant: Rs. 600 per kW per annum and operating expenses at 3p per kWh.
Thermal plant: Rs. 300 per kW per annum and operating expenses at 13p per kWh.
Determine the capacity of the hydro plant, the energy generated annually by each, and overall
generation cost per kWh.

Ans:
capacity of the hydro plant = 330 MW
the energy generated annually by hydro = 1935 X 106 kWh, the energy generated
annually by thermal = 255 X 106 kWh
overall generation cost = 15.53 p/ kWh
Problem-3: Solution
 Problem - 4

G1 : 200 MVA, 20 kV, xd = 15%

G2 : 300 MVA, 18 kV, xd = 20%
G3 : 300 MVA, 20 kV, xd = 20%
T1 : 300 MVA, 220 Y/22 kV, x = 10%
T2 : 3 single-phase units each rated 100 MVA, 130 Y/25 kV, x = 10%
T3 : 300 MVA, 220/22 kV, x = 10%

Draw the reactance diagram choosing generator 3 circuit as the base circuit

Ans: Xg1 = 0.225 pu; Xg2 = 0.1312 pu; Xg3 = 0.20 pu; Xt1 = 0.121 pu;
Xt2 = 0.1266 pu; Xt3 = 0.121 pu; XTL1 = 0.5625 pu; XTL2 = 0.5625 pu; XTL3 = 0.375 pu;
Problem-4: Solution
Problem-4: Solution
 Problem - 5
The single line diagram of a three phase power system is shown in fig. Select a common
base of 100MVA and 13.8KV on the generator side. Draw per unit impedance diagram.

G: 90MVA, 13.8KV, X=18%; T1: 50MVA, 13.8/220KV, X=10%; T2: 50MVA, 220/11KV, X=10%; T3: 50MVA,
13.8/132KV, X=10%; T4: 50MVA, 132/11KV, X=10%; M: 80MVA, 10.45KV, X=20%; LOAD: 57MVA, 0.8 p.f
lagging at 10.45 KV; Line 1 = j 50Ω; Line 2 = j 70Ω

Ans: Xg1 = 0.2 pu; Xt1 = 0.2 pu; Xt2 = 0.2 pu; Xt3 = 0.2 pu; Xt4 = 0.2 p; XTL1 = 0.103 pu; XTL2 = 0.4017 pu; Xm = 0.225
pu; Zload = 1.266+j0.95 pu
Problem-5: Hints