TEAM TENT DISCUSSION GROUP

YEAR 3 SEMESTER ONE

ELE3113: POWER SYSTEMS THEORY
UGANDA’S POWER SECTOR AND THE PER UNIT SYSTEM

SOLUTIONS
Question 1
a) Discuss how Uganda’s power sector is structured and the current structuring that
is taking place or anticipated to take place.
❖ The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD) is the head of Uganda’s electricity
supply industry to whom Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA) is directly answerable.
❖ The ministry provides policy in the development and exploitation of energy mineral
resources and works with the electricity industry to create an enabling environment to
attract investment in the development.
❖ ERA is the legal supervisor of Uganda’s electricity supply industry, mandated to issue
licenses with the attendant license terms and conditions for electricity generation,
transmission, distribution, sale, import and export of electricity.
❖ The current electricity generation is diversified across mainly four different sources i.e.
hydro, thermal, cogeneration and grid connected solar which is managed by Uganda
Electricity Generation Company Limited (UEGCL).
❖ Electricity transmission is managed by Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited
(UETCL) which holds a license for operation of high voltage transmission grid i.e. 66 kV,
132 kV and 220 kV. It also holds the system operator license, the import and export of
electricity license and the bulk supply license.
❖ Electricity distribution is managed mainly by Uganda Electricity Distribution Company
Limited (UEDCL), though UEDCL leased its assets to Umeme Limited for a period of 20
years up to 2025.
❖ Electricity distribution deals with medium and low voltage grids i.e. 33 kV, 11 kV, 415 V
and 240 V.
❖ Other distribution companies include Kyegegwa Rural energy Cooperative Society
(KREECS), Kilemebe investment limited which work in different parts of the country but
UEDCL actively operates in rural areas (up-country).
❖ Access to electricity has grown from 12 % -15% to 51% according to Uganda Bureau of
Statistics (UBoS).
b) As an engineering student, would you agree with the government on its position to
merge the main stream key government parastatal in the power sector? Discuss.
Positive impacts:
➢ Merging entities eliminates duplication of roles and resources leading to increased
operational efficiency.
 ➢ A consolidated structure may streamline decision making processes making it easier to
implement strategic initiatives and reforms.
➢ Combing administrative functions and reducing over-head costs could lead to financial
saving for the government.
➢ A single lined entity may have clearer lines of accountability, making it easier to monitor
performance and address issues.
➢ Better coordination among different aspects of the power sector such as generation,
transmission and distribution can be enhanced through a unified structure.
Negative impacts:
➢ Merging entities may lead to loss of specialized skills and expertise in specific areas of the
power sector.
➢ Employees and stakeholders may resist changes associated with mergers, potentially
causing disruptions.
➢ The government may face regulatory challenges including anti-trust and competition
concerns.
➢ Consolidation can result in concentration of risk within a single entity, which may pose
challenges during crises.
➢ The decision to merge parastatals can be influenced by political factors, which may not
always align with technical or economic considerations.
In conclusion, engineering professionals should critically analyze the specific case, access the
potential benefits and draw backs, and consider the long-term implications for the reliability
of the power sector.
Question 2
a) Discuss any four advantages of the per unit system.
▪ It makes calculations less confusing.
▪ It utilizes standardized methods of circuit analysis.
▪ Impedances of machines specified by the manufacturer are in terms of per unit hence a
need to use it.
▪ Eases the representation of transformers in circuit analysis hence simplifies calculations.
▪ It provides more meaningful information.
▪ The per unit impedance referred to either side of a three -phase transformer is the same
regardless of the connection whether they are ∆-∆, Y-Y or ∆-Y.
b) In power systems calculations, it is necessary to convert the old per unit impedance
to the new per unit impedance. Derive the expression calculating the new per unit
impedance.

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑍𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑍𝑝.𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑍𝑜𝑙𝑑,𝑝.𝑢

𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑍𝑜𝑙𝑑,𝑝.𝑢
𝑍𝑝.𝑢,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (1)
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑛𝑒𝑤
2 2
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑞𝑛 (1)
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒,𝑜𝑙𝑑
 𝟐
𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆,𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆,𝒏𝒆𝒘
𝒁𝒑.𝒖,𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝒁𝒑.𝒖,𝒐𝒍𝒅 [ ] [ ] 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎.
𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆,𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆,𝒐𝒍𝒅
c) The figure below shows a Y connected load with identical impedance of 𝟐𝟎 < 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝛀
and voltage at the receiving end is 4.4 kV 3-phase. The load connects to the source
through conductors with line impedance
𝟏. 𝟒 < 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝛀. Find the;

i) 3-phase sending end voltage using per unit.

𝑉𝐿𝑁 𝑉𝐿𝐿 4400
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝐿 = = = = 127.017 < −300 𝐴
𝑍 √3𝑍 √3(20 < 300 )
Recall that for a Y-connected load, phase current is the same as line current

3 − 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = √3𝐼𝑃 [𝑍𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸 + 𝑍𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷 ]

3 − 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = √3(127.017 < −300 )(20 < 300 + 1.4 < 750 )
𝑉𝐿𝐿,𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 4.623 < 2.70 𝑘𝑉
4.623
3 − 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒(𝑝. 𝑢) = = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝒑. 𝒖
4.4
ii) Apparent power consumption in MVA

𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑆 = √3𝐼𝐿∗ 𝑉𝐿𝐿 = √3(4.623 < 2.70 )(127.017 < −300 )∗
𝑆 = 1.017 < 32. 70 𝑀𝑉𝐴
|𝑆| = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝑴𝑽𝑨
iii) Reactive power consumption in MVAR
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑄 = |𝑆| sin 𝜑 = 1.017 sin 32.70 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑽𝑨𝑹
d) In the system shown below, the generator is ideal 𝑿𝑺 = 𝟎 and the magnitude of the
load bus voltage, 𝑽𝑳 is to be held at 110 kV. Working on a system base of 100 MVA
and a base voltage of 115 kV in the load circuit:
i) Draw the single-phase equivalent per unit reactance diagram.
ii) Determine the necessary generator terminal voltage VG (kV)
 1152
𝒊) 𝒁𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟑: 𝑉𝐵3 = 115 𝑘𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝐵3 = = 132.25 Ω
100
100
𝑋𝑇2 = 𝑗0.06 ( ) = 𝑗𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒑. 𝒖
150
500 5002
𝒁𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟐: 𝑉𝐵2 = 115 ( ) = 500 𝑘𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝐵2 = = 2500 Ω
115 100
𝑗60
𝑋𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒑. 𝒖
2500
600 2 100
𝑋𝑇1 = 𝑗0.05 ( ) ( ) = 𝒋𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒑. 𝒖
500 200
Per unit Reactance diagram

25
𝒊𝒊) 𝒁𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝟏: 𝑉𝐵1 = (500) = 20.8333 𝑘𝑉
600
110
𝑉𝐿 = < 00 = 0.9565 < 00 𝑝. 𝑢
115
120
𝑆𝐿 = < 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.85) = 1.2 < 31.790 𝑝. 𝑢
100
𝑆𝐿 ∗ 1.2 < −31.790
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼 = ( ) = = 1.2546 < −31.790 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑉𝐿 0.9565 < 00
𝑉𝐺 = 𝑉𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 𝐼
𝑉𝐺 = 0.9565 + 𝑗0.1(1.2546 < −31.790 ) = 1.028 < 60 𝑝. 𝑢
We are only interested in the magnitude of the per unit generator voltage value
𝑉𝐺 (𝑘𝑉) = 1.028 × 20.8333 = 21.4166 ≈ 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝑽
Question 3
a) In the single line diagram of a power network shown below, each of the three phase
generators is rated 200 MVA, 13.8 kV and each has reactances of 0.85 p.u.
Transformer T1 is rated at 500 MVA, 13.5 kV/ 220kV and has a reactance of 𝟖%.
The transmission line has a reactance of 𝟕. 𝟖 𝛀. Transformer T2 is rated at 400 MVA,
220 kV/33 kV and has a reactance of 𝟏𝟏%. The load is 250 MVA at a power factor
of 0.85 lag and has its voltage maintained at 33 kV. Using a common base of 500
MVA, 220 kV on the line.

Note: The 500 MVA base value works for the entire power system whereas the 220 kV base only
works for zone zone 2 (220 kV winding of T1, the transmission line and the 220 kV winding of T2)
This implies that other kV base values for other sections/zones are obtained using transformer
ratios which can be done by inspection.
i) Calculate the load current in per-unit.
2202
𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 2: 𝑉𝐵2 = 220 𝑘𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝐵2 = = 96.8 Ω
500
13.5 13.52
𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 1: 𝑉𝐵1 = 220 ( ) = 13.5 𝑘𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝐵2 = = 0.3645 Ω
220 500
33 332
𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 3: 𝑉𝐵3 = 220 ( ) = 33 𝑘𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝐵2 = = 2.178 Ω
220 500
500 13.8 2
𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒔 𝑮: 𝑋𝐺 = 𝑗0.85 ( )( ) = 𝑗2.2205 𝑝. 𝑢 @𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟
200 13.5
𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝑻𝟏 : 𝑋𝑇1 = 𝑗0.08 𝑝. 𝑢
𝑗7.8
𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆: 𝑋𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸 = = 𝑗0.0806 𝑝. 𝑢
96.8
500
𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓 𝑻𝟐 : 𝑋𝑇2 = 𝑗0.11 ( ) = 𝑗0.1375 𝑝. 𝑢
400
𝑉𝐿2 332
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅: 𝑍𝐿 = = = 4.356 < 31.790 Ω
𝑆𝐿∗ [250 < cos−1(0.85)]∗
(4.356 < 31.790 )
𝑍𝐿 = = 2 < 31.790 𝑝. 𝑢
2.178
(13.8⁄13.5)
𝐼𝐿 = = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟏𝟕 < −𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝟎 𝒑. 𝒖
2 < 31.790 + 𝑗(2.2205 × 0.5 + 0.08 + 0.0806 + 0.1375)
ii) Calculate the generator terminal voltage VT
𝑉𝑇 (𝑝𝑢) = (0.3417 < −55.380 )[(0.08 + 0.0806 + 0.1375)𝑗 + 2 < 31.790 ]
= (0.3417 < −55.380 )(2.1719 < 34.490 )
𝑉𝑇 (𝑝𝑢) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟏 < −𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝒑. 𝒖
𝑉𝑇 (𝑘𝑉) = 0.7421(13.5) = 10.01835 ≈ 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒌𝑽
iii) Calculate the internal voltage of each generator.
???????????????????????
b) The per phase impedance of a short transmission line is (𝟎. 𝟑 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟒) 𝛀. The sending
end line-line voltage is 3300 V, and the load at the receiving end is 300 kW per
phase at 0.8 power factor lagging. Calculate:
i) The receiving end voltage.
3300
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑉𝑆 = = 1905 𝑉
√3

𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝑅 1905 − |𝑉𝑅 | < 𝜃

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝐿 = =
𝑍𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸 0.3 + 𝑗0.4
𝑃𝑅 300000
𝑆𝑅 = < cos−1 (𝑝𝑓) = < cos −1(0.8) = 375000 < 36.870 𝑉𝐴
𝑝𝑓 0.8
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑒
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐼 ∗
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠, 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑉𝑅 𝐼𝐿∗

0
1905 − |𝑉𝑅 | < 𝜃 ∗ 1905 − |𝑉𝑅 | < −𝜃
375000 < 36.87 = |𝑉𝑅 | < 𝜃 [ ] = |𝑉𝑅 | < 𝜃 [ ]
0.3 + 𝑗0.4 0.3 − 𝑗0.4
(375000 < 36.870 )(0.3 − 𝑗0.4) = 1905|𝑉𝑅 | < 𝜃 − |𝑉𝑅 |
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙, |𝑉𝑅 | < 𝜃 = |𝑉𝑅 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑗|𝑉𝑅 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1.8 × 105 − 𝑗52500 = (1905|𝑉𝑅 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − |𝑉𝑅 |) + 𝑗(1905|𝑉𝑅 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦;
1905|𝑉𝑅 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − |𝑉𝑅 | = 1.8 × 105
1905|𝑉𝑅 |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 1.8 × 105 + |𝑉𝑅 | … … … … … … … … … … … .1)
1905|𝑉𝑅 |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = −52500 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 2)
𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑚 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠;
19052 |𝑉𝑅 |2 (cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 ) = (1.8 × 105 + |𝑉𝑅 |)2 + (−52500)2
𝑹𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕; cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
3.629 × 106 |𝑉𝑅 |2 = 3.24 × 1010 + 3.6 × 105 |𝑉𝑅 |2 + |𝑉𝑅 |4 + 2.756 × 109
|𝑉𝑅 |4 − 3.269 × 106 |𝑉𝑅 |2 + 3.516 × 1010 = 0
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑐𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 |𝑉𝑅 |2
|𝑉𝑅 |2 = 3.258 × 106 𝑜𝑟 10791
|𝑉𝑅 | = ±1805 𝑉 𝑜𝑟 ± 103.9 𝑉
𝐸𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, |𝑉𝑅 | = 1805 𝑉
−52500 −52500
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2), 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = =
1905|𝑉𝑅 | 1905(1805)
𝜃 = −0.8750
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠, 𝑉𝑅 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟓 < −𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑽

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠, 𝑉𝑅 = √3(1.805 < −0.8750 ) = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 < −𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑽
ii) The line current
𝑉𝑆 − 𝑉𝑅 1905 − 1805 < −0.8750
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝐼𝐿 = =
𝑍𝐿𝐼𝑁𝐸 0.3 + 𝑗0.4
𝐼𝐿 = 𝟐𝟎𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟒 < −𝟑𝟕. 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝑨

COMPILED BY DAVID