Makerere University

College of Engineering, Design, Art and Technology

School of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

ELE3113: POWER SYSTEMS THEORY

CAT 1 Questions and Solutions (2023/2024)

Question 1 (20 Marks)

The private distribution network shown in Figure Q1.1 consists of an equivalent source G1, two
transformers T1 and T2 in parallel, a cable L1, a step-down transformer T3 and an equivalent
load ZL. The parameters of L1 and ZL and the name plate ratings of G1, T1, T2, and T3 are:-
G1: 4MVA at 690V, reactance Xd = j1.0 p.u.
T1: 4MVA, 690V/11kV, X = j0.15 p.u.
T2: 2MVA, 690V/11kV, X = j0.15 p.u.
T3: 1MVA, 11kV/400V, X = j0.10 p.u.
L1: Z = (0.12 + j0.10)Ω/km, length = 5.0km.
ZL: 800 kVA at 400V, cos ϕ = 0.9 (lagging).

Figure Q1.1

Assume the source G1 is operating at a terminal voltage of 690V, the base voltage on
L1 is 11kV and the base power is 1.0MVA.
a) If ZL is an impedance load, and T1 & T2 are operating in parallel calculate:
i) Develop the impedance diagram showing all the respective impedances (5 marks)
Base values:
𝑆𝐵 = 1.0 𝑀𝑉𝐴, 𝑉𝑏2 = 11𝑘𝑉, 𝑉𝑏1 = 690 𝑉, 𝑉𝑏3 = 400 𝑉, 𝑍𝑏2 = 121Ω 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝑏3 = 0.16 Ω
Impedances:
1
𝑋𝐺 = 𝑗1.0 ( ) = 𝑗0.25 𝑝𝑢
4
1
𝑋𝑇1 = 𝑗0.15 ( ) = 𝑗0.0375 𝑝𝑢
4
 1
𝑋𝑇2 = 𝑗0.15 ( ) = 𝑗0.075 𝑝𝑢
2
0.12 + j0.10
𝑍𝐿1 = 5 ( ) = 0.00496 + 𝑗0.00413 𝑝𝑢
121
𝑋𝑇3 = 𝑗0.10 𝑝𝑢

1 4002
𝑍𝐿 = ( ) ∠25.840 = 1.25∠25.840 𝑝𝑢
0.16 800 × 103

Impedance diagram:

ii) Determine the voltage at the load bus 4 in kV. (7 marks)

0.0375 × 0.075
𝑋𝑇1 ||𝑋𝑇2 = 𝑗 = 𝑗0.025 𝑝𝑢
0.0375 + 0.075
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒);

𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑗0.025 + 0.00496 + 𝑗0.00413 + 𝑗0.10 + 1.25∠25.840 = 1.316∠30.810 𝑝𝑢

Applying voltage division at the load side:

𝑍𝐿 (1.25∠25.840 )
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑠 4, 𝑉𝐿 = × 𝑉𝑇 = × 1.0 = 0.95∠ − 50 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1.316∠30.810
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑠 4, 𝑉𝐿 = 0.95(400) = 380 𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖 𝒌𝑽 (𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆) 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟗 𝒌𝑽 (𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆)

iii) Determine the real and reactive power received by the load. (4 marks)

𝑉𝐿2 0.952
|𝑆𝐿 | = =( ) × 1𝑀𝑉𝐴 = 722 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑍𝐿 1.25

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = |𝑆𝐿 |cos ϕ = 722(0.9) = 𝟔𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑾

𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = |𝑆𝐿 |sin ϕ = 722sin(cos −1 0.9) = 𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑽𝑨𝒓

b) If transformer T1 has been disconnected from the network (i.e. only T2 supplies the
load), calculate voltage in kV at the load (bus 4). (4 marks)

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤, 𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑗0.075 + 0.00496 + 𝑗0.00413 + 𝑗0.10 + 1.25∠25.840 = 1.342∠32.650 𝑝𝑢

Applying voltage division at the load side:

𝑍𝐿 (1.25∠25.840 )
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑠 4, 𝑉𝐿 = × 𝑉𝑇 = × 1.0 = 0.931∠ − 6.80 𝑝𝑢
𝑍𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 1.342∠32.650
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑠 4, 𝑉𝐿 = 0.931(400) = 372.4 𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑽 (𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆) 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑽 (𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆)
Question 2 (25 Marks)
a) Overhead lines and cables can be modelled by lumped circuit models, the models
i) Draw and label the arrangement of a short length model. (3 marks)

ii) Derive an expression for the receiving end voltage (3 marks)

𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿) + 𝑉𝑅
𝑽𝑹 = 𝑽𝑺 − 𝑰𝑹 − 𝒋𝝎𝑳𝑰
iii) Illustrate phasor diagrams based on the above expression in ii) when the power factor
is lagging, leading and unity. (9 marks)

Load with a lagging power factor Load with a leading power factor

Load with a unity power factor.

a) An 8000 V, 60 Hz, single-phase, transmission line consists of two hard-drawn aluminum

conductors with a radius of 2 cm spaced 1.2 m apart. If the transmission line is 30 km
long and the temperature of the conductors is 20 ℃ and that the resistivity of the line at
20℃ will be 2.83 × 10−8 Ω𝑚. (10 marks)
i) What is the series resistance per kilometer of this line?

2.83 × 10−8
𝑟= (1000) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝛀⁄𝒌𝒎
𝜋(0.02)2
ii) What is the series inductance per kilometer of this line?
 𝜇 1 𝐷
𝐿= [ + ln ( )] × 1000 [𝐻 ⁄𝑘𝑚]
𝜋 4 𝑟
4𝜋 × 10−7 1 1.2
𝐿= [ + ln ( )] (1000) = 1.738 𝑚 𝐻⁄𝑘𝑚
𝜋 4 0.02
iii) What is the shunt capacitance per kilometer of this line?
𝜋𝜀
𝐶= × 1000 [𝐹 ⁄𝑘𝑚]
𝐷
𝑙𝑛 ( 𝑟 )

𝜋(8.854 × 10−12 )
𝐶= × 1000 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟗𝟒 𝒏𝑭⁄𝒌𝒎
1.2
𝑙𝑛 ( )
0.02
iv) What is the total series reactance of this line?

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑥𝑠𝑒 = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 𝑗2𝜋(60)(1.738 × 10−3 ) = 𝑗0.655 Ω⁄𝑘𝑚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑋𝑠𝑒 = 𝑥𝑠𝑒 𝑑 = ( 𝑗0.655)(30) = 𝒋𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟓𝟔 𝛀
v) What is the total shunt admittance of this line?

𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑦𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝐶 = 𝑗2𝜋(60)(6.794 × 10−9 ) = 𝑗2.561 × 10−6 𝑆/𝑘𝑚

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒, 𝑌𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 = 𝑦𝑐 𝑑 = (𝑗2.561 × 10−6 )(30) = 𝒋𝟕. 𝟔𝟖𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑺

END
Compiled by, B. David