ll INVERSION

CJ NEGATIVE ADVERBS • He didn't know/had no idea what was going to happen.

: .• rarely • seldom • little
• hardly/barely/scarcely (ever) ... .
• hardly/barely/scarcely... when/before ...
• never (before/again)
• Little did he know what was going to happen.
• I had only just entered the room when I was asked to wai,t outside.
• Hardly had I entered the room when I was asked to wait outside.

(!J ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS
• at no-+ point, time
• on no -+ account, occasion
• in no -+ way, town, place ...
• The outcome of the match was never in doubt.
• At no time was the outcome of the match in doubt.
• The customer would on no account pay the added cost.
• On no account would the customer pay the added cost.
\

• in/under no circumstances • Whatev~erhappens, don't tell them.

• in ·(very) few (cases) by no means Under no circumstances should you tell them.

CLAUSES OF RESULT • The runner was so exhausted that he couldn't breathe.

• so/such ... (that)
• to such a degree/an extent/lengths/
a pitch/a point/extremes ... that
• So exhausted was the runner that he couldn't breathe.
• He was so afraid of confined spaces that he never took the lift.
• Such/To such a degree was his fear of confined 'spaces that
he never took the lift.

NOT ONLY... • He set fire not only to the car, but also to the house.
BUT ALSO... / • Not only did he set fire to the car, but also to the house.
BUT... AS WELL Not only did he set fire to the car, but to the house as well.

NO SOONER... ~ I'd no sooner contacted the agency than I received your offer.
THAN ei>No sooner had I contacted the agency than I received your offer.
• Immediately after his election, he was assassinated.
No sooner had he been elected than he was assassinated.

·:t INVERTED CONDITIONALS o If you (should) come first, leave the keys on the table.
• Should you come first, leave the keys on the table.
1st If you (should) ... • Should you ...
2nd • If it were... Were it... • If the boat were mine, I wouldn't hire it out.
-.. Were the boat mine, I wouldn't hire it out.
3rd e If they had... ~ Had they...
o If they had known, they would have told us.
• Had they known, they would have told us.

OTHER EXPRESSIONS I wasn't afraid of his threats any more.

=> No longer was I afraid of his threats.
in vain, nowhere, not often,
not a word/soul, no longer, • The chemist's will not be open either today or tomorrow.
in none o , no for, no since, • Neither today nor tomorrow-wiU-the-chemist1s-be-013en.
not even once, neither ... nor,
neither/nor/so/as (with aux. verbs) e Both he and his brother play the piano well.
~ He plays the piano well, as does/and so does his brother.
 GRAMMAR A.NA \'S·IS
~ • HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR
• BUT FOR • WITHOUT
CHANGES IN PARTS OF SPEECH
• The only reason the concert wasn't a success was the rain.
• Had it not been for the rain, the concert would have been a success.
• But for/Without the rain, the concert would have been a success.
• If he hadn't advised her, she wouldn't have accepted the job.
• Had it not been for his advice, she would not have accepted the job.

I ] ONLY••• (inversion in main clause)

only then, only by chance/luck, only
in this way/with difficulty, only
yesterday/on (rare) occasions
ONLY (inversion in main clause)
only when, only if,
only after, only by
• I heard only by chance that his father had passed away.
• Only by chance did I hear that his father had passed away.
• He gave in only after we had (had) a long argument.
• Only after we had (had) a long argument did he give in.
• The only way to learn is by practice.
• Only by practice/practising can/will you learn.

G ONLY WHEN •• ~ (THAT) •••
NOT UNTIL••• (THAT) •••
I didn't realise how violent the film was until I saw it.
• It was only when /not until I saw the (i/m that I realised
how violent it was. (emphatic, no inversion)
~ Only when /Not until I saw the film did I realise
how violent it was. (emphatic, inversion in main clause)

ONLY IF/NOT UNLESS o You can see the doctor only if you have an appointment.
(inversion in main clause) Only if you have an appointment can you see the doctor.
Not unless you have an appointment can you see the doctor.

INVERSION based on • There are not many newspapers which covered the accident in detail.
• PASSIVE e OPPOSITES In few newspapers was the accident covered in detail. (passive)
You will only fail your exam if you don't study hard.
u. Only if you study hard will you pass your exam. (opposites)

' In (very) few cities do they (have) ...

' Only if we (ask) can/will we find out. ,;
.' Only with patience will you achieve your goals. ·"i
' Seldom do you (see) ...

ORAL PRACTICE

1. Whatever you do, don't leave me alone. Under...
2. The robbers did not realise that armed police
were waiting for them. Little...
3. Immediately after Paul heard from Angela, her
sister dropped in. No sooner...
4. She was so anxious about the exam that
she couldn't sleep. such...
5. I would have given him the job if he hadn't
been so rude. Had it not...
6. Had it not been for her support, he wouldn't
have passed the exams. Without. ..
7. Had it not been for his hard work, he wouldn't
have succeeded. But for...
8. I forgot about the appointment until
I received the call. Not until...
9. The public is allowed in very rarely. Only on...
10. The only way you won't lose your job is by
accepting his conditions. only by...

•
 ll
·m KEY WORD TRANSFORM~TION (based on Inversion)

r~~·~ ~-~:~';;;~:~:;:~~:~=~~;~i,:;~;;:~:::~~ ~~~~ ,,

4
· ,· • -~~)~$,
. ~

Under ..................................................................................................................... smoke in this building. ,

2. The moment !'walked in there was a power cut. (sooner)
· No .......................................................................................................................... there was a power cut.
Patients rarely make a full recovery from this disease. (cases)
In very .........................................................................................~ .......... a full recovery from this disease.
It was my first time at a rock concert. (been)
Never ..................... .............................................. ;...................................................... ~ ...... a rock concert.
I had no idea that we were supposed to keep a record of all our expenses. (know)
Little ................................................................ we were supposed to keep a record of all our expenses.
6. We finished on time because Karen gave us a hand. (given)
·~ Had Karen not ................................................................................................................. finished on time.
7. They did not decide to move to a bigger house until after the birth of their second child. (been)
Only when their second child ............................................................:......................... to a bigger house.
a·: He didn't refer to the incident at all. (point)
At ............................................................................................................................................ the incident.
9. The two sides never looked likely to reach an agreement. (time)
At ................................................................................................................. likely to reach an agreement.
\ 10. The reason they didn't give him the job was because he couldn't use a computer. (inability)
Had it not ...................................................................... a computer, they would have given him the job.

Youn STARS
You •re ·1n a (o) ............................
restless moo d th'1s wee k an d mus t make sure you REST
control your ( 1) ............................... . You might well feel in the circumstances PATIENT
that a partner is being (2) ..................................... , though most probably OBSTRUCT
they feel that you should be paying them more (3) ................................ . ATTEND
So try your best to avoid a row in the next few days and you will
definitely see an (4) .................................... in your close personal IMPROVE
(5) ................................ . It would appear that some aspects of your work RELATE
this week are (6) ....... ............................. challenging, and when you make PROFESSION
your(?) ............................... concerning whether it would be wise right now DECIDE
to take our career in a different (8) ............................... , it won't be easy.- - - - - DIRECT
People close to home might give you selfish (9) ............................... , which ADVISE
will be far more (10) .................................... to them than to you. BENEFIT
 I

I
' '

I '

USE OF ENGLIS·H ----,- _ _ _ _1

I
m· GUIDED CLOZE TEST • FILL IN . PAST PAPERS
(adapted}
~ -

.I ST 0I;'P1.N G A cl UM B 0 J ET
In the early days of aviation, pilots had more important things (O) ............~'?. ........... worry about than braking. Their
main problem was getting into the air. (1) ................................. by using ·all available horsepower
(2) ................ : ..... :..... they able to work up enough speed to take off. When they landed again, their machines
had so little weight and momentum that they rolled to a halt on the grass only a few metres (3) ......................... .
touching down. . ·
Those days, (4) ........................ , are long gone. As aircraft weights have risen, (5) ........................ have landing
speeds, which has meant that undercarriage brakes (6) ........................ had to become more effective. Today,
airliners travelling at speeds of up to 250 kilometres per hour are (7) ............................. brought down to taxiing
I
I
speed in a (8) ..................................-...... of seconds. A jumbo coming in to land can weigh more than 200 tons,
I
<I
I
so its wheels are (9) ................................. with a complete set of disc brakes. (10) ...................... it simply allowed
to roll to a halt, it would need a runway twice the normal length.
Airliners, therefore, have a second braking system which, (11) ........................ a passenger, you cannot fail to
hear during landing. Hardly have the tyres made (12) ............................ with the ground (13) ........................... the
engines start roaring again. This is the system known as reverse thrust (14) ........................... applied, the effect
of which is to slow down the aircraft well before it (15) ............................. the end of the runway.

0. to I for I than 6. have I would I had 11. like I as I because

1. Even I Only I Not 7. being I about I to 12. touch I contact I communication
2. were I should I could 8. few I matter I lack 13. than I that I when
3. when I by I after 9. placed I equipped I found 14. be I being I is
4. despite I however I although 10. Although I Were I ff 15. gets I reaches I arrives
5. so I aJJd I also

PAPER 3

Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage PAST PAPERS

(adapted)
with one suitable word.

THE CONCE f rMIE

Astronomy was one of the earliest of the sciences. Primitive man saw the sun rising (O) ..............~L........... ~
different times, but always on the (1) .................... :........... horizon. He saw it set, but always on the opposite ;~
horizon, and so he recognised the rising in the east and the setting in the west. Given (2).............................. j

fixed point of reference - a pillar, a tree or a pole - he noticed that the shadows that moved (3) ... .......................... . ~
, I
it were longer in the morning and evening, and at their shortest when the sun was highest in the sky at noon. ~
~
He acquired a sense of timekeeping (4) .................................. ,.................. the shortest shadow conveniently
divided his working day (5) ................................... morning and afternoon, (6) .................................. the heat of ~~
the noonday sun to emphasise this division. Th.ousands of years ago, (7) ...................................... astronomy
was in (8) ............ : ................... infancy, it was realised that the movements of the stars followed a consistent
pattern, in (9) ............................ ........ groups of stars appeared to change their positions as the night .\11

progressed, just (10) ...................... :............... the sun did during the day. In the Northern Hemisphere the
observer (11) ...................................... notice that (12) ..................... star (the Pole Star) would always be seen
(13) ................................ the same point on the horizon at sunrise and sunset, (14) ............................ ~ ........................ .
the other stars revolved about the fixed star from east to west. So, (15) ................................... the "shadow clock"
-. ., .of the daytime he added the "star clock" of the night.

•
--~----.,J
 00 EXPRESSIONS

PHRASES - EXPRESSIONS

Do .
refers to the performance
of a service or activity

•:• perform/put into practice

a job, work, a test, a play, one's duty
•:• achieve sth good/useful/right
•!• commit sth bad/wrong
•!• practise a sport/hobby

do (sb) a good turn: do something nice for sb else do the donkey work: do most of the heavy work
• She's so helpful; she always likes to do a good • Although he does all the donkey work, she
turn for people. · takes the credit.
do the honours: act as host/hostess; perform do wonders/miracles: have a very good effect on
a social duty/ceremony : • You work too hard; a long holiday would
• Excuse me a moment, the phone's ringing. do miracles for you. '
Paul, will you do the honours and pour do one's best: try as hard as possible
everyone a drink? She always does her best to please everyone.
do the sights: go sightseeing do the best one can: try as hard as one can
We did all the sights when we were in Lisbon. •You should do the best you can if you want
do justice to: do or show something in the best light to succeed.
• The photograph does not do full justice to the
colours of the painting.
do the trick: work, succeed in doing something
• If you've got a headache, these pills will do the trick.

KEY WORD TRANSIFOR A"ll" 0 He's doing the donkey work.

1. Why do I have to do all the hard work? (donkey)

Why ...................................................................................................................................................... work?
2. The photograph does not show all her good points. (do)
The photograph .......................................................................................... .. .. .......... ,.. .............. ... .... ..... .. her.
3. The medicine produced excellent results on my grandmother. (miracles)
The medicine ........................................................................................................................... grandmother.
4. Sue is always ready to help you out. (good)
Sue is ...................................................................................................................................................... turn.
5. When we went to London, we visited all the interesting places. (sights)
We ......................................................................................................................... when we went to London.
6. I'll try as hard as I can not to be late. (best)
I'll ............................................................................................................................................................. late.
7. These tools will accomplish the task in half the time. (trick)
These tools ...u~· ······ u~ ··~ ·· .. ·················· ·-·~~····· .. ......._._._._._._._,_, ._._._.. _, ;..._._._._._. .................................. in half the time.
8. I'll do everything I possibly can to help you. (power)
l'U ................................................................................................................................................. to help you.
_[

OCABULAR\' ANA \'Sl-S

-(BE) AT EXPRESSIONS

A DISASTROUS WEEKEND
Last weekend I was at rather a low ebb, so I decided to call a few of my friends to
see if any of them were at a loose end, in which case we could have gone out
somewhere. Luckily, my father's car was at my disposal so there wa~ no problem
with transportation. First I phoned my best friend Henry, but he refused to come out
because he was at loggerheads with our other friends for some reason or other.
When I phoned them they said the same thing and wouldn't have been at ease if
we'd all gone out together. I was at my wits' end. Then I called Olga but she
_ didn't want to go out because she was making a new dress. In the end, I spent the evening watching TV.

• at a low ebb: worse than usual; depressed

• at a loose end: having nothing to do
• at one's disposal: available for use
• at loggerheads: in disagreement
• at ease: completely relaxed
I • at one's wits' end: not knowing what "
~
I
I
to do or say because one is very worried
-~~h~~~~fi~~-gerhead~:_J

. __• at a loss: confused, uncertain at large: escaped and still free

at a standstill: not moving, stopped • at its/one's best: in the best state or form .
-}: . • at odd~ with: in disagreement at a dead end: a point at which one can
L. - . " ,
·l· · . • at the .forefront:-/eading position
r.........-::.. it---;: .. ~. ·- -- _...,_:... .f'-:2: .... .:! ""'-!·_... , ~-· ~~ ,. ""· .... _ . .,_ ~ -~ ..-"::" •..~-· -
make no further progress ·
.,,._:";:---•:--;i- ·.•-'i'·.:"'!!':- :.Jc."f'J -~-..;..- -~~ ""- - --'- ~.l '""'-· .11-~-~- ...
.

OPEN CLOZE TEST

I have my uncle's villa in the South of France at my (1) ....................................... , and I am presently at a
(2) .....................................end, so I decided to fly down and make use of it. That part of the world is at
(3) .................................. best in spring, but I was at a (4) .................................. as to know who to invite to come
along with me. My brother is at a (5) ............ ................... ebb at the moment following his divorce, and is at odds
(6) ........................................... most of the family, so I invited him. I didn't realise he was (7) ............................. .
loggerheads with my uncle too, until my uncle made it clear that neither of us was welcome to use the villa. Now
I'm at my wits-' (8) ................................. as to what to do. I think I'll stay at home.

(!] COLLOCATIONS (MATCH)

1. genuine CJ . a. love, friend, story, concern, likeness

2. authentic CJ b. signature, antique, article, painting, interest
3. real CJ c. signature, document, painting, story
~~./--: '
CJ
-.-i~~ ... ~t;.l,_M..' -
· " ~ d.
"""° .... "'.-.,..• .•
silk, l~ve, friend, gold, name, problem, possibility
I-'--'' '-.-°i'.::..,2··~,,..i.••.'ll-><l__,.,.,.~~""it_•. ·!"'"'~s-F~';~ __..,.,•~'!_-~}-~"';~~-;:,""'
"
· '2".':.~ .. .,"'!•- ~I ,':"•..i•.,,,.._;.}-::~:.';.~•;_'tt:, _,·

· · 111
 Imo• . ExPRtss1.0Ns
Boov PARTS I
€'J·VERBS • GAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORD)

• mouth the words: 1.' We ............................. the same problems every year.
pretend to sing Because the flats ............................. e'ast, they get a lot of sunlight
• thumb a lift: hitchhike in the morning.
• face up to sth: deal with Why won't you ........... ...... :..... ...... up to the fact that you're too old
o head for somewhere: go to do this kJnd of work?
o toe the line: obey 2. Her husband was asked to ................ ~ ............ a committee of inquiry.
• foot the bill: pay I jumped into a taxi and told the driver to ......................... for the airport.
nose into: interfere In the final minutes of the game, a player managed to ....................... .
• elbow one's way the ball into thet°net.
through the crowd: push
• shoulder the blame/ 3. The impudent child ........... .. ................ his nose at me!
responsibility: accept While I was waiting to see the doctor, I ..................... through a magazine.
• hand it to sb: praise We missed the last bus so we ............................. a lift into town .

. ~ . NOUNS

hands of the clock: pointers
• spine of a book: narrow part of the cover
• leg of a journey: stage of a trip
• foot of a mountain: the lowest part
• arm of a chair: part at the side of a chair
• at the head of the table: at the end of the table
• NOUNS & VERBS - FILL IN
in this neck of the woods: in this area/around here
• in the back of beyond: at a distant/isolated place
have a lot of cheek: have cool confidence/
impudence
• have the heart to: be willing to do
or say sth unkind or unpleasant
o with the heavy heart: very unwillingly
footing the bill

1. My boss expects everyone to .................................................................... the line in the office.

2. The first ........................................................................................ of the journey will take two days.
3. Dad always sits at the ....... ..... .................................................................. of the table.
4. We forgot to turn back the ... ........................................................................... of the clock.
5. Don't bend the book. You'll break its .............................................................................. .
6. You'll never find it. It's in the ......................................................................... of beyond.
7. We walked towards the ................................................................................... of the mountain.
8. He's got a lot of ................... ;... ....................................................... to ask me for money again.
9. I hate people who like to .................................·............................................. into other people's affairs.
10. I'm the captain so I'll ......................................................................... the blame for anything that happens.

~· ·. MATCH

-1 { .-. - - . t ;- ' ' ,•: , ~. _,.. - - -· • ~ .~

pick someone's brains · C=1 a. do or say what seems best at the time
put on a brave face C=1 b. attempt not to smile or laugh
3. play it by ear C=1 c. enter or visit a place ·
i/ 4. (look) down in the mouth C=1 d. find out what sb knows by asking questions
· ~{ · 5. hear sth from sb's own lips C=1 e. avoid loss of prestige/be humiliated
)l 6. put one's foot in it C=1 f. put yourself in a dangerous/unpleasant situation
/
ff 7. set foot in/on C=1 g. say or do sth foolish/tactless
,I:·~ 'a. keep a straight face C=1 h. show courage in times of difficulty
-(;,;' 9. risk/stick one's neck out --~ I. ear S llfrom tile person n1mself ----~~
-~h o. save/lose face
~\~i: ..~::-.::.7~:::>,..:~_/:;.'7'~' ... ,_-?,.'":.,.;.~·\.:~-·:r;, ~~~~~~
C:=J .: j ,· sad and without spirit
-:.-e'. ' +·'·' ·•-l_r0, "_.,~ ,, _-•. ··• ' ..,,~~:.~:.u~~_:cr=™
1~-;~t;<-'~.'~:, i:f• · _,·1:.' :i.f ·_-'1 . . ~;.. · ~;~ •, · ·. ,l' .,.·: , .. --: • .. :."" .- . ;:"(,): ''·;.-.•'· • :.~; · .-·".·'1··..;;~·'.{.:.. · ·""':!··.:-.·~··;"; ,":' ·-=~.·-~.· ,· :·-, "i,{'"-••·!:. • • ''\' :·:
GAPPED SENTENCES (WITH COMMON WORDJ
s,E OF ENGLISH I
• Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences .

• 1j f .@ (based on DO expressions, (BE) AT expressions, BODY PARTS idioms)

1. He asked her to ......... .....IJ.~IJ~.............. him the newspaper.

Under no circumstances would the terrorists ............. ~~r!.c;I. ............ over their hostages.
I must .4............1:!~!?~.............. it to him. He always has an answer for everything.
2. Will you teach me that card .................................... , Joey?
My brother doesn't miss a .................................... when it c;;omes to making money.
A little bit of glue will do the: .................... :.............. and your teapot will be as good as ever, Mum.
3. We went on .................................... as it was such a beautiful day.
He stood at the .................................... of the stairs and gazed upwards.
Well, you really put your .................................... in it; that was our new ~oss.
4. She was at a .................................... for words when she heard the news.
The .................................... of his child was a great blow to him.
If I sell the house now, will I make a profit or a .......................... ;......... ?
5. I don't think I could .................................... without my mobile phone now.
Don't forget to ................................... up your coat; it's freezing outside.
He promised he'll .. :................................. everything within his power to help you.
6. I was at my wits' .................................... with worry by the time they found the child.
If you're at a loose .................................... this evening, drop in for a game of chess.
I'm going to put an .................................... to this situation, one way or another.

1. I'm going to the shops. Do you want to keep me ....................................? •presence

Tanya is neve~ at eas~ in the ............. ;.................... ~. of strangers. • association
Martha's uncle has started up a new .................................... of actors. ~compa ny

2. There's nothing rare about it; it's just a ............................... garden variety. o common
That the sun moved round the Earth was a .......................... belief centuries ago. 11normal
She has so little in .......................... with him that it's a wonder they're still together. • natural
3. Well, I've done my best but the boss is sure to find ...................... with my report. • error
I told you the play started at eight sharp, so it's your ................. that you missed the first act. • fault
There's plenty of petrol in the car, so there must be a(n) .... ._ ............ in the electrical system. •lapse
4. T,he power station ............................... the local inhabitants to seriol)s respiratory diseases. • exposed
\

Once the local newspaper .......................... his secret double life, the mayor resigned. • uncovered
You ...................... t~e film too long and you can't see any details in the photograph. •revealed
5. His shop is just a .................................... for his illegal activities. •cover
A cold .................................... brought a blanket of snow from the north. •face
General Franco came to the .................................... during the Spanish Civil War. • front
6. A simile is a(n) ........ :................... of speech where you say one thing is like another. , • outline
A public.: ..................... such as a politician must expect to have his private life scrutinised. • figure
You'll keep your ................................. if you exercise and eat fewer sweet things. •form