Pengantar Ilmu Politik

Miftah Farid Darussalam,S.IP.,M.A.

Apa Itu Politik ?
• Kenapa harus ada “Politik”?
• Untuk apa belajar “Politik”?
• Bagaimana memahami “Politik”?
• Apakah “Politik” merupakan sebuah studi keilmuan?
Politik
• Identik dengan dua fenomena yaitu : Konflik dan Kerjasama
• Conflict : Competition between opposing forces, reflecting a diversity
of opinions, preferences, needs and interest.
• Cooperation : Working together, achieving goals through collective
action.
(Andrew Heywood, Politics, p. 34)
• Politics is usually through as “a dirty” word.
• “The Systemic organization of hatreds” Henry Adams
How to Define Politics?
Definition of Politics Approaches

Art of Government
- Behavioralism
Arena - Rational Choice
- Institutionalism
Public Affairs

Consensus and
Compromise - Feminsm
Process - Marxism
- Post-Positivist
Power
 Politics as Authority is
Authoritative power cloaked
allocation of in legitimacy “Image of
Politics is not a values
Politics is
Science… but an Art Cunning and
Duplicitous”
As Art Of The Government
• Polis >> City-State (Ancient Greece) >> “What concern to Polis”/State
• Definisi Polis : The highest or most desirable of social organization
(Greek ; City-State).
• Definisi Polity : Rule by the many in the interests of all (Aristoteles)
• Anti-Politics : Disillusionment with formal or established political
process.
• Authority (legitimate power) : Traditional, Personal, and Legal-
rational (Weber)
• Power : The ability to achieve a desired outcomes (Broad), The ability
to influence other (Politics)
As Public Affairs

In Politics, Man is by nature a political animal, it is only within a political

community than human beings can live the “good live”.

Little Plantoons, such as family, private businesses, trade unions, clubs,

community goups, and so on as a civil society.

Politics is the most important form of Human Activity because it involves

interaction amongst free and equal citizens.
 How to divide Public and Private in Politics

PUBLIC PRIVATE

Civil Society : business, Trade Union, Club,

The State : Apparatus of Government
Families, and So on.

PUBLIC REALM PRIVATE REALM

Politics, Commerce, Work, art, Culture, and

Family and Domestic Life
So on.
As Compromise and Consensus

“Politics is the activity by which differing interests within a given unit of

rule are conciliated by giving them a share in power in proportion to their
importance to the walfare and the survival of the whole community”

“The solution to the problem of order which chooses conciliation rather

than violence and coercion”
Consensus and Compromise
• Consensus : Agreement, it refers to an agreement of a particular
kind. A Willingness to make decisions through a process of
consultation and bargaining.
• Compromise : Concessions are made by all side, leaving no one
perfectly satisfied.
• Politics can be seen as civilized and civilizing force.
As Power

Politics is the heart of all collective social activity,

formal and informal, public and private, in all
human groups, institutions and societies.
(Adrian Leftwich)
Faces of Power
• Power as Decision-making : Intimidation, Mutual gaain, and
loyalty/commitment. (Robert Dahl)
• Power as agenda Setting : Preventing issues or proposal from being
aired in the first places. (Bachrach and Baratz)
• Power as thought control : The ability to influence another by
shaping what he or she thinks, wants, or needs. (Lukes)

Harold Laswell (1936) “Politics : Who Get What, When, and How?”
Political Ideologies
• What is Ideology?
• What is Political
Ideology?
• What are the key ideas
and theories of the major
ideological traditions?
Ideology
• A set idea that provides a basis for organized political action,
whether this is intended to preserve, modify or overthrow the
existing system of Power relationship (Andrew Heywood, Politics
2019).
• “Word –View”
• Vision of “Good Society”
• Political Change
• Controversial concepts >>> world-view/to condemn and criticize rival
doctrines
 Can Politics Exist Without Ideology?

Overcoming falsehood and

Intelectual Framework
delusion

Rise Technocratic Politics Renewal

Rise Consumerist Politcs The “Vision Thing”

 From Feudalism to Industrialis Society

Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism

Liberalism VS Socialism

New Ideas : Feminism, Green Ideology, Religion

fundamentalism, Populism, and etc.
 Liberalism
• John Lock : God given rights, identified the rights to life, liberty and
property.
• Key Ideas of Liberalism : Individualism, Freedom, Reason, Equality,
Toleration, Consent, and Constitutionalisme.
• Classical Liberalism : The state is necessary “evil”, minimal
government “nightwatchman”, Laissez-fair, updholding individual
liberty.
• Modern Liberalism : The Big Government, “positive”view of Freedom,
and the shifting means of “evil”.
 Conservatism
• Conservatism harked back to Ancient Regime.
• Joseph de Maistre : Conservatism was starkly autocratic and
reactionary, rejecting out of hand any idea of reform.
• Key Ideas : Tradition, Pragmatism, Human Imperfection, Organicism,
Hierarchy, and Authority.
• Peternalism : Concern for those unable to help themselves.
• The emerging of neoconservative or New Right and neoliberalism
• Free Economy and Strong State.
 Socialism
• Socialism first articulated the interest of artisans and craftsmen
threatened by the spread of factory production.
• Revisionism : Communist and Social Democracy
• Key Ideas : Community, Fraternity, Social Equality, Need, Social Class,
and Common Ownership.
• Neo Marxism and New Social Democracy.
• Eastern Europe, Uni Soviet, China, Cuba, North Korea.
• Socialism : A Dead of Ideology ?
Other Ideological Traditions
• Anarchism
• Fascism
• Feminism
• Green Ideology
• Cosmopolitanism
• Religious Fundamentalism
• Populism
Power
• Power affects how resources distributed, how contries interacted,
whether peace or war prevails, and how group and individual pursue
their interest.
• Can be describe : - an ability to influence an event or outcome that
allow the agent to achieve their goals.
- an ability the agent to influence others to do what
the agent wants.
• Power = Potere in Latin = ability to affect something else
Characteristic of Power
• Power involves the exercise of volition (will)
- Examples : Power as achievement of an objective
• Power over someone else involves altering his or her volition
- Examples : Power as influence to other agent
• There is two different types of power : latent or manifest.
• Examples : Latent : Military Deterrence
Manifest : War
Types of Power
• Force : Involving physical means (Demonstration)
• Persusasion : make its use of power clear and to whom power
exercised (“War on Terror”)
• Manipulation : conceals the use of power (Polling form)
• Exchange : the use of power through incentives (Counter
Terrorism)
State
• Max Weber : “The State is Human Society that (Succesfully) claims the
monopoli of the legitimate use of physical force within a given
territory.”
• Robert M. Claver : “The state is an association which, acting through
law as pormulgated by a government endowed to this end with
coercive power, maintains whitin a community territorially
demarcated the universalexternal conditions of social order.”
• Government office which have tasks of providing security, extraction,
and rule making within a territory.
State Characteristics
• Territory, Society, Government, and Sovereignty.
• Legitimacy and Obligation
• Unitary States (Indonesia, UK, China, and Japan, etc.)
• Federal States (USA, Germany, India, Canada, Brazil, and etc.)
• Failed State : too weak to maintain law, order, and security for uts
citizens.
Nation
• Nation = in Latin Netus = Birth
• Nations generally consist of people whose sense of unity is based on
something shared by virtue of the group into which they are born.
• Share a common language, culture, history, ethnicity, and religion.
• Nations may not possess their own state : Zionism
• Nations may possess ther own state : Quebec, Irlandia, Kroasia, and
Bosnia
• Multinational States : India (40 languages, 80 percents Hindu, 11
percent Muslim, and 2 percent Sikh)
• Mononational State : Japan, Denmark, and Norway.
Nation-State
• Feeling of nationalism may change, rising or falling in response to
events within or outside a nation.
• One nation may exist within a state’s boundaries.
• Some nation possess their own states, whereas others do not.
• The choice made by nations will probably continue to affect the
choice available to states.
Globalization and Politics
• Held and McGrew “globalization is the
widening of interconnectedness”
• Hyperglobalist, Sceptist, and
Transformational.
• “Domestic/International” or
“Inside/Outside”
• Politics VS International Relations
• Global economic, Global Culture, and
Global Politcs.
Politics VS IR
• Transnational : Configuration, which may apply to events, people,
groups, organizations, that takes little or no account of national
governments or state borders.
• IR Example : The constitutional structure of state influences its
external behavior. Then,
• Politcs Example : war and invansion sometimes be decisive factors in
their outbreak.
• Politics : State as a macro-level actor.
• IR : State as a micro-level actor.
Spatial Independence Spatial Interdependence

International
Sphere The Worldwide

The National The Regional

Domestic Sphere
The Local
Global Politics
• Sovereignty “hard Shell’ to the “soft shell”
• International institutions.
• International Norms
• International Regime.
• Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation
• Robert Cooper “after cold War world divided into three parts, each
characterized by a distinctive state structure; the pre-modern,
modern, and Post-Modern.
Political Regimes
Political System and Regime
• Political System : A network
of relationship through which
government generates
“output” in response to
“input” from general public.
• Regime : A set of
arrangements and
procedures for government
power through illegal and
unconstitutional action.
Regime Classification
• Why classify political regimes?
1. Understanding of politics and Classical
government. Process of Typologies
comparison.
“Three”
2. Facilitate evaluation rather Worlds
than analysis. As keen to
“improve’ government as to Modern
understand. Classification
Classical Typologies
• Begin with questions “who rules?” and “who benefits from rule?”
• Aristoteles : “Six Forms” of Governement
• Tyranny, Oligarchy, and Democracy
• Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Polity
• Aristotels declared Tyranny to be the worst.
• Development from Aristoteles, Montesquieu perspective with Trias
Politica. (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial institutions).
• Monarchy, Republics, Parliamentary, Presidential, Unitary, and Federal
System.
 Who Rules ?

One Person The Few The Many

Rulers Tyranny Oligarchy Democracy

Who
Benefits?

All
Monarchy Aristocracy Polity
“Three” Worlds
• After Cold War, the world divided into three blocs
• Based on Economic-Ideological Approach

First World
Second World Third World
- Capitalist State
- Communist State - Development State
- The Industrialized
- Satisfying basic needs - Economic dependent
Western Regime
- GDP 19% from 33% - GDP 18% from 52%
- 65% GDP from 15%
world’s population world’s population
world’s population
Modern World Classification
• Five Regime Types in the
modern world :
Political Economic 1. Western liberal democracies
Factors Factors
2. Illiberal democracies
3. East Asian Regimes
Cultural 4. Islamic Regimes
Factors
5. Military Regimes
Modern World Classification
• Western Democracies : Majority Democracies and Consensus
Democracies.
• Illiberal Democracies : “hybrid regimes” between dictatorship and
democracy. Transistion system, Venezuela, Hungary, Honduras,
Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
• East Asian : Asian values that are distinct from Western ones. South
Korea, Japan, China, Singapore.
• Islamic : Islamic militant groups, constructed Islamic lines. Iranian and
Afghanistan
• Military : repressive, military backed personalize, “save the nation”.