NCM 108 Module 2021

Republic of the Philippines
BILIRAN PROVINCE STATE UNIVERSITY

(formerly Naval State University)
ISO 9001: 2015 CERTIFIED
School of Nursing and Health Sciences
NCM 108
HEALTHCARE
MAE GERALDINE E. DACER, DM, MAN, RN, LPT
Ground Floor Administration Building, Main Campus, P. Inocentes St., P.I. Garcia Naval Biliran Province, Philippines 6560.1Tel. (053)
507-0014. SUC Level III-A (Per DBM-CHED Joint Circular #B dated June 21, 2007.
Website: www.bipsu.edu.ph Email: nursing@bipsu.edu.ph Facebook: www.facebook.com/Bipsuschoolofnursingandhealthsciences
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Overview of the Module
In our everyday lives, we always make decisions. Often, it put us in dilemmas

wherein we must balance the possible benefits and consequences of every action that will
surely affect our ways and possibly, our own selves. Therefore, it is necessary for healthcare
professionals to prepare and equip themselves with the knowledge of human development
and decision making with the use of ethical principles. Having this knowledge will help them
understand that for every behavior and decision they make, there are reasons that needs to
be considered before they make judgement and actions. In the healthcare setting, dilemmas
are always there and there will always be a struggle between the things that needs to be
done, the provisions of the law and the human conscience. Decision making process will be
easier when the concept of this lesson and modules are learned by heart.
The lessons of in this module will be delivered with the help of technology of the
present generation like social media that can help us connect with each other. This module
is designed with the latest norms and cultures of the 21 st century readers to catch their
interest and attention. This was also an adjustment for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that
affected the face-to-face interaction in the school community. This is a proof that no matter
what the obstacles, we can still provide quality education to the future nurses of the country.
- The Author
Ground Floor Administration Building, Main Campus, P. Inocentes St., P.I. Garcia Naval Biliran Province, Philippines 6560. Tel.
(053) 507-0014. SUC Level III-A (Per DBM-CHED Joint Circular #B dated June 21, 2007.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Course Syllabus.....................................................................................................5
UNIT 1 Theories of Health Ethics...................................................................34
Lesson 1: Human Value Development...................................................37
Lesson 2: Theories of Human Development..........................................38
Lesson 3: Ethical Theories.......................................................................40
Lesson 4: Divine Command Ethics........................................................41
UNIT 2 Principles of Health Ethics...............................................................48
Lesson 1: Virtue Ethics............................................................................50
Lesson 2: Ethical Principles.....................................................................51
Lesson 4: Other principles of Bioethics..................................................53
UNIT 3 Bioethics and its Application in Various Health Care Situations...59
Lesson 1: Sexuality and Human Reproduction......................................61
Lesson 2: Dignity in Death and Dying......................................................63
Lesson 3: Nursing Roles and Responsibilities

At the end of life care...............................................................63
Lesson 4: Ethical Decision Making Process..........................................66
UNIT 4 Bioethics and Research....................................................................71
Lesson 1: Principles of Ethics in Research…..........................................74
Lesson 2: Ethical issues in Evidence Based Practice............................76
Lesson 3: Ethico-moral Obligations of the

Nurse in Evidence-based Practices.........................................76
Lesson 4: Introduction to Good Clinical

Practice Guidelines.................................................................77
Ground Floor Administration Building, Main Campus, P. Inocentes St., P.I. Garcia Naval Biliran Province, Philippines 6560. Tel. (053)
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UNIT 5 Ethical Consideration
IN Leadership and Management.......................................................82
Lesson 1: Moral Decision Making............................................................84
Lesson 2: Strategies of Moral Decision-Making Process........................86
Lesson 3: Meaning and Service Value of Medical Care ………………….87
UNIT 6 Ethical Issues Related to Technology in the Delivery of Health Care …89
Lesson 1: Data Protection Security..........................................................92
Lesson 2: Benefits and Challenges of Technology.................................94
Lesson 3: Current Technology: Issues and Dilemma...............97
UNIT 7 Continuing Education Programs on Ethico-Moral Practice in Nursing..105
Lesson 1: Lobbying/ Advocating for Ethical Issues

Related to HealthCare............................................................108
Lesson 2: Code of Ethics for Nurses......................................................112
Lesson 3: Registered Nurses and People…...........................................114
Lesson 4: Registered Nurses and Society and Environment.,...............116
Glossary….................................................................................................112
Answer Keys..............................................................................................117
References..................................................................................................119
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COURSE SYLLABUS
2nd Semester, AY 2020-2021
COURSE CODE: NCM 108

COURSE TITLE: HEALTH CARE ETHICS (BIOETHICS)
CREDIT UNITS: 3 UNITS
PRE-REQUISITE: NONE
FACULTY: MAE GERALDINE E. DACER, DM, MAN, RN, LPT
CONSULTATION HOURS: MTW 8:00 AM – 12:00 PM
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course deals with the ethico-moral concepts and principles affecting care of the
individuals, families, population group and community. It involves discussion of issues and
concerns in varied health care situations. The learners are expected to apply sound ethical
decision-making in varied health scenarios.
BIPSU Vision
A state university leading in research and innovation for human empowerment and
societal development.
BIPSU Mission
To advance the university through innovative human resource, responsive research,
sustainable production and demand-driven extension services.
Core Values: BiPSU
Brilliance
Innovation
Progress
Service
Unity
BSN VISION
A leading nursing academic institution committed to holistic human empowerment and
development through health and research and innovation.
BSN MISSION
To provide excellence in nursing education, addressing the human health care needs
through integration of innovative Health Research and extension services
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BSN GOAL
To provide quality and globally competitive professional nursing education through
integrating professional values, ethics, and standards of nursing practice with caring at
BSN OBJECTIVES
The program aims to produce a professional nurse who:
1. has acquired knowledge, attitude and skills in assisting individual, family and community
in the promotion of health, illness, alleviation of sufferings and restoration of health;
2. maintains accountability in the practice of professional nursing within the established
ethical and legal standards;
3. integrates critical thinking process, sound decision making, and nursing process in
providing care and in meeting the needs of the growing person across the lifespan;
4. uses evidence – based information to support clinical decision making in the healthcare
delivery system;
5. respects values, rights and dignity of human beings; and,
6. becomes a lifelong learner, engages in professional and leadership development and in
the advancement of nursing profession in a culturally diverse, rapidly changing global
society.
BSN CORE VALUES
WE CARE
Walk of Excellence
Compassionate
Accountable
Responsible
Empowered
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Program Educational Objectives (PEO)
University Mission
Program Educational Objectives (PEO) AIG- AIG- AIG- AIG-
a b c d
1. To produce nurses capable of demonstrating proficiency in
the following competencies: (a) safe and quality nursing
care; (b) evidence-based nursing practice; (c)ethico-moral
and legal responsibility; (d) communication; (e) record
✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
management, (h) personal and professional
development; (i) responsible citizenry; (j) technological
advancement;
(k) core values; and (i) entrepreneurship.
2. To keep faculty and staff abreast with the global
development in healthcare delivery through advance
trainings and workshops.
3. To initiate research and extension services that generates
evidenced-based practices in the delivery of care. ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔
Program Outcomes (PO)

On completion of the course, the student is expected to be able to do the following:
Program
Educational
PROGRAM OUTCOMES
Objectives
(PO can be found at your respective course/program CMO or PSG)
a. Apply knowledge of physical, social, natural and health sciences

✔
and humanities in the practice of nursing.
b. Provide safe, appropriate, and holistic care to individuals, families,
✔
population groups, and the community utilizing nursing process.
c. Apply guidelines and principles of evidence-based practice in the
✔ ✔
delivery of care.
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d. Practice nursing in accordance with existing
✔
laws, legal, ethical, and moral principles.
e. Communicate effectively in speaking, writing and presenting using
✔
culturally-appropriate language.
f. Document to include reporting up-to-date client care accurately and
✔
comprehensively.
g. Work effectively in collaboration with inter-, intra-, and multi-
✔ ✔
disciplinary and
multi-cultural terms.
h. Practice beginning management and leadership skills in the
✔
delivery of client care using a systems approach
i. Conduct research with an experienced researcher.
j. Engage in lifelong learning in passion to keep current with
national and ✔
global development in general, and nursing health developments in
particular.
k. Engage in lifelong learning in passion to keep current with national
and global development in general, and nursing health ✔
developments in
particular.
l. Apply techno-intelligent care systems and processes in health care ✔
delivery.
m. Adopt the nursing core values in the practices of the profession. ✔
n. Apply entrepreneurial skills in the delivery of nursing care.
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Course Program Outcomes
Outcomes
After completing this course, the
a b C d e f g h i j k l M n
student must be able to:
LO1. Apply the concept of different
E
ethical theories in different scenarios
LO2. Conduct ethical assessment in a
given case scenario. E
LO3. Use evidence-based practice in
health care ethics. I
LO4. Adhere to ethico-legal
considerations in varied personal and E
professional applications.
LO5.Apply ethical reasoning and decision
making process to address situations of
ethical distress and moral dilemma. E
LO6. Protect clients rights based on

Patient's Bill of Rights and Obligations" as E
applied in different scenarios.
LO8. Display communication skills
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with client and/or
support system based on trust, respect
and shared decision making using D
appropriate communication / interpersonal
techniques / strategies.
LO9. Comply with the guidelines and
protocols in documentation following the
criteria such as completeness, integrity, E
safety and accessibility.
LO10. Observe the Code of Ethics when
dealing with members of the health team E
in the delivery of quality
nursing care.
LO11. Apply management and leadership
principles in creating a favorable
organizational climate for the employees. E
LO12.Manage resources (human,

physical, financial, time) efficiency and E
effectively.
LO13. Assume responsibility for lifelong
learning, own personal development, and E
maintenance of competence.
LO14. Demonstrate Filipino ethico- moral

culture and values appropriate to the E
health care needs of the individual and
family.
LO15. Identify the ethical considerations in
the use of appropriate technology in I
delivering safe and efficient health care
services.
LO16. Manifest professionalism,
integrity and excellence. E
LO17. Demonstrate caring as the core of
nursing, love of God, love of country E
and love of people.
Note: (I) Introductory Course to an Outcome (E) Enabling Course to an Outcome (D) Demonstrative
Course to an Outcome
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LEARNING EPISODES:
Learning
TOPIC Week Learning Activities
Outcomes
Guided by the course syllabus,
students will be prepped in the
subject in terms of its:
1. Description
Orientation in the 2. Topics to cover for the
Course Subject semester
LO14 3. Grading system criteria
4. Online learning set up
Week 1 5. Other concerns
University VMGO
Online/ Recorded discussion
Discussion among
with share of ideas on how one
the students
can contribute in the society
following VMGO of the institution
Theories of Health
Ethics
A. Human Value
Development
Online/recorded discussions
1. Growth and
LO1,LO2,LO3,LO Online Practical Quizzes and
Development
4,L05,LO6,LO7,L Exams
O8,LO9,LO10,LO Week 2 to Open discussions
2. Needs and Values
12,LO13,LO14 10 Recorded oral Revalida
Video/Situation analysis
B. Theories of Human
Development
1.Biological Theory
2. Psychoanalytic
Theory
3. Psychosocial Theory
4. Cognitive Theories
5. Bandura’s Social
Learning Theory
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6.Ecological
Theory
C. Ethical Theories
1.Deontology 2.Teleology
3.Utilitarianism
D.Divine Command Ethics
Principles of Health Ethics
A. Virtue Ethics
1.Virtue Ethics in Nursing
2.Core Values of a Professional

Nurse
B. Ethical Principles
1. Autonomy
● Patient’s Rights
● Patient’s Bill of Rights
● Informed
Consent
● Proxy Consent/ Legally

Acceptable Representative
● Confidentiality
● Privacy
2.Confidentiality
3.Veracity
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● Truth Telling and Right to
Information
4.Fidelity
5.Justice
6.Beneficence
7.Non-maleficence
C. Other relevant Ethical

Principles
1.Principle of Double Effect
2.Principle of Legitimate
Cooperation
3.Principle of Common Good and

Subsidiarity
D. Principles of Bioethics
1.Principle of Stewardship and Role

of Nurses as Stewards
●Personal
●Social
●Ecological
●Biomedical
2.Principle of Totality and its

Integrity
●Ethico-moral Responsibility
of Nurses in Surgery
●Sterilization/ Mutilation
●Issues of Organ Donation
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3.Principle of
Ordinary and
Extraordinary Means
Bioethics and its

Application in Various
Health Care Situations
LO1,LO2,LO3,LO
4,LO5,LO6,LO7,L A. Sexuality and Human Online/recorded
O9,LO10,LO11,L Reproduction Week 11 to 13 discussions Online
O12,LO13,LO14,L Practical Quizzes
1.Human Sexuality and its Moral and Exams
O5
Evaluation Open
2.Marriage discussions
Recorded
●Fundamentals of Marriage Issues Oral
on Sex Outside Marriage and revalida
Homosexuality Video/Situat
ion analysis
●Issues on Contraception, its
Morality, and Ethico- moral
Responsibility of Nurses
●Ethical Issues of AIDS

3.Issues on Artificial Reproduction,
its Morality and. Ethico- moral
Responsibility of Nurses
●Artificial Insemination
●In-vitro Fertilization
●Surrogate Motherhood and other

Problems Related to Destruction of
Life
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B. Dignity in Death
and Dying
1.Euthanasia and
Prolongation of Life
2.Inviolability of
Human Life
3.Euthanasia and
Suicide 4.Dysthanasia
5.Orthothanasia
6.Administration of
Drugs to the Dying
7.Advance Directives
8.DNR or End of Life
Care Plan
C. Nursing Roles
and Responsibilities
D. Ethical Decision-
Making Process
Bioethics and Online/recorded discussions

Research Online Practical Quizzes and
exams
A. Principles of Ethics Research Paper
in Research
1.Nuremberg Code
LO1, LO3, LO7, 2. Declaration of
LO 9 Helsinki Week 14
3.Belmont Report
B. Ethical issues in
Evidence Based
Practice
C. Ethico-moral
Obligations of the
Nurse in Evidence-
based Practices
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D. Introduction to
Good Clinical
Practice Guidelines
Guidelines and
LO6,LO11 Protocol in Week 15 Online/recorded discussion
Documentation and Homework activity
HealthCare Records
Ethical Consideration
in Leadership and
Management
LO4,LO5,LO10,L
O11,LO16 A. Moral Decision Online/recorded discussions
Making Online Practical Quizzes and
Exams
1.Principle of Moral Open discussion
Discernment Video/Situation analysis
2. Principle of Well- Week 16 to Reaction Paper
Formed Conscience 17
B. Strategies of Moral
Decision-Making
Process
●Ethical Dilemma
C. Meaning and
Service Value of
Medical Care
1.Allocation of Health
Resources
2.Issues involving
Access to Care
Ethical Issues Related

to Technology in the
Delivery of Health Online/recorded discussions
LO6,LO11 Care Week 18 Online Practical Quizzes and
Exams
A. Data Protection Open discussions
and Security
1.Data Privacy Act
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2012
(RA 10173
Series of 2012)
B. Benefits and
Challenges of
Technology
C. Current
Technology: Issues
and Dilemma
Continuing Education
Programs on Online/recorded discussions
Ethico-Moral Practice Online Practical Quizzes and
in Nursing Week 19 Exams
Homework activities Final
Term Examination
A. Lobbying/
Advocating for
Ethical Issues Related
to Health Care
B. Code of Ethics for

Nurses
LO5,LO11,LO13,L 1. International Code of

O16,LO17 Ethics
2. Code of Ethics for

Filipino Nurses
C. Registered
Nurses and People
●Registered Nu
rses and Practice
●Registered Nurses
and Co-
Workers
D. Registered
Nurses and Society
and Environment
FINAL COURSE OUTPUT:
Portfolio - Application of daily experiences (past and present) to each theory of human development and
assigned topics.
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RUBRICS FOR ASSESSMENT
Rubric for Oral Revalida
5 pts 4 pts 3 pts

Organization · The information is · Student presents · Sequence of
(20%) in logical information in information is
interesting logical sequence difficult to follow
sequence which which audience can · Lacks beginning,
audience can follow middle, and end
follow · Uses an · Does not move
· Uses an appropriate smoothly from one
engaging beginning beginning or point to another
and/or ending
thoughtful ending · Moves smoothly
· Moves smoothly from one idea to
from one idea to the the next some of
next all of the time the time.
Language use · Effectively uses · Maintains eye · Maintains eye
and eye contact contact contact
Delivery (20%) · Speaks clearly, · Speaks clearly and · Speaks clearly
effectively and uses suitable and uses suitable
confidently using volume and pace volume and pace
suitable volume · Takes steps to · Takes steps to
and pace engage the engage the
· Fully engages the audience audience
audience · Dresses · Dresses
· Dresses appropriately appropriately
appropriately · Selects words · Selects words
· Selects rich and appropriate for appropriate for
varied words for context and uses context and uses
context and uses correct correct grammar.
correct grammar.
grammar.
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Content · · Defines the topic · The information
(20%) Clearly defines the · Supports the is in logical,
topic and its topic with interesting
· Supports the key some evidence sequence which
findings with an · Presents some audience can
analysis of evidence of follow
relevant and research with · Uses an
accurate evidence sources. engaging
· Provides beginning and/or
evidence of thoughtful ending
extensive and valid · Moves smoothly
research with from one idea to
multiple and varied the next
source all of the time
Question and · Demonstrates · Demonstrates · Demonstrates

Answer (20%) extensive some knowledge of incomplete
knowledge the topic by knowledge of the
of the topic by responding topic by
responding accurately and responding
confidently, appropriately to inaccurately and
precisely and questions and inappropriately to
appropriately to all feedback. questions and
audience feedback.
questions and
feedback.
· Management of · Manages and · Poor time

his presentation organizes his management that
within the given presentation within requires extra
timeframe is the given timeframe supervision and
exceptionally but with minimal inputs from the
smooth and with pauses or delays in instructor
ease between
Rubrics for Written Report Presentation
(applies to requirements such as homework/assignments, project

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documentation, & other related)
Exemplary Proficient Needs Improvement
Criteria 5 pts 4 pts 3 pts
Organization & - Structure of the - Structure of the paper · Organization and
Structure (30%) paper is clear is not easy to follow. Structure detracts from
and easy to follow. the message.
- Paragraph transitions
- Paragraph need improvement - Paragraphs are
transitions are disjointed and lack
logical and maintain transition of thoughts
the flow of thought
throughout the
paper
Format (20%) -Student is -Student is -Student is
consistent in use consistent in the inconsistent in
of correct use of the correct use
formatting. format, with a few of format.
· Forma formatting · Several
tting is free from errors. formatting
errors. - Assignm errors.
Stude ent may
Assign ment does not
nt follows not meet
meet all requirements
assignment all
as instructed, including
instructions. requirem
length of
ent s
, including length of assignment.
assignment.correct as
instructed, including
length of
assignment.
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Grammar, - Student - Paper - Paper

Punctuation & demonstrates contains few contains numerous
Spelling (20%) consistent correct grammatical, grammatical,
use of the rules of punctuation and punctuation, and
grammar, usage, spelling errors. spelling errors.
punctuation and
spelling. - Language lacks - Language uses
clarity or includes jargon or
- Language is clear the use of some conversational tone.
and precise; jargon or
sentences display conversational tone.
consistently strong,
varied structure
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Rubrics for Classroom Attendance/Preparation/Attitude/Participation
Criteria Exemplary Proficient Needs

Improvement
5pts 4pts 3pts
Attendance
Student has not Student has Student has
(25%) missed any class missed 1 class missed more than
days. Student is on day. Problem 1 class day.
time and in seat with lateness Serious problem
ready to and/or leaving with lateness
learn. early. and/or leaving
early.
Attitude
Student is always Student has a Student is rarely
(25%) respectful to fair attitude respectful to
teacher and towards teacher and rest
classmates. classmates and of class.
Student actively instructor, Student has a bad
participateswith interacts attitude toward
classmates and minimally,and others, makes
instructor, displays occasionally rude comments or
interest disengages in lashes out in
in content being classroom class.
discussed, and is activities.
engaged in the
classroom
environment.
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Student completes Student usually

assigned activities completes
(e.g. assigned
term papers) activities (e.g.
and/or is ready term papers)
with required and/or has
materials for the materials for the
class. Student class. Student
has done all has completed
assignments with some required
best effort and is assignments and
ready for class. is ready for class.
Preparation
Student rarely
(25%) completes
assigned
activities (e.g.
term papers)
and/or
assignments.
Student
contributed little
to the overall
activity.
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Participation
Student is Student could Student is rarely
(25%) constantly engaged participate in involved with
in the class activities the class
class activities but sometimes activity. Student
and recites causing a frequently
actively. distraction and/or engages in
is outside activities
sometimes during lecture.
engaged in
outside activities.
Note: Similar rubric expectations shall apply on class sessions that will be conducted
via online or internet-based platforms. Additional class decorum must be reflecting to
every course syllabi which will be thoroughly explained by the handling instructor as
well.
OTHER REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENTS:
Activities and home works
GRADING SYSTEM:
Term Examinations 20%
Quizzes/Activities 20%
Project 30%
Participation/Recitation 20%
Attendance/ Promptness 10%
TOTAL 100%
Final Grade = Midterm Grade + Tentative Final Grade Period

2
Range Grade
97-100 1.00
94 – 96 1.25
91 – 93 1.50
88 – 90 1.75
85 – 87 2.00
82 – 84 2.25
79 – 81 2.50
76 – 78 2.75
75 3.00
74 and below 5.00
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References:
Laganao, E., Robles, R., Sanga, C. (2015) Child and Adolescent Development.
St.Andrew Publishing, Culilanin, Plaridel, Bulacan.
Edge, R., Groves, J. (2019) Ethics of Health Care: A Guide for Clinical Practice. 4th
Edition. Cencage Learning Asia Pte Ltd
Berman A, Snyder S, Frandsen G. (2016). Kozier&Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing. 10th

Edition. Pearson Education Limited. England
Tan-Alora, A. (2015). 100 Most Frequently Asked Bioethics Questions. 839 EDSA, South
Triangle , Quezon City.
Online Resources: None
Required Readings:
Advance reading to all topics is a must for a better discussion
Class Policies:
1. Attendance is mandatory and since we are using online platforms, it will be checked
through the activities asked for the day. A student with accumulated absences of more than
20% of the total class hours will be dropped from the roll.
2. Maximum participation is expected in all online and technological activities.
3. In all instances, respect for classmates and instructors are expected.
4. Come in proper and respectable attire every time we do an online meeting. No jerseys or
sandos allowed.
5. Use of cell phones, tablets, and other gadgets is allowed since we are using online
platforms. Being honest all the time is a must especially during time of online examination.
7. All general policies of the College will also be implemented as part of the policies for this
course.
Prepared by:
MAE GERALDINE E. DACER, DM, MAN, RN, LPT
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HEALTHCARE ETHICS
A.Y. 2020-2021- 2ND Semester
UNIT I
Theories of Health Ethics
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Introduction
My dear student nurses, welcome back to class! I hope you are doing well, safe and sound and
above all else, already adopted to the NEW NORMAL! So, it is me, your Healthcare Ethics
Instructor, Nurse Mae!
You already had your ethics, last semester, am I right? If yes, then that is great because you
already have the knowledge about ethics but this time, we will apply the knowledge not just in
our daily lives but in our clinical knowledge and practice as well for us to become not just witty
nurses but also compassionate, understanding nurses of the future, isn’t that great?! Let us
have an introduction first, shall we?
Ethics are often difficult to define because people's perceptions of ethical behavior are most of
the time, tied to their belief systems, like religious beliefs, but religious beliefs vary widely.
Others believe that ethical behavior consists of following the laws, however, there are ones who
believe that ethical behavior also consists of norms, traditions, and the eternal debate about
religious beliefs. Ethical action is usually considered and accepted by society, but some theories
and principles do not support that view. We grow in different environments, which is one of the
major factors of our differences in experiences and knowledge. Despite these challenges, there
are ethical standards that apply to the sector. Nurses are expected to stick to a code of ethics
altogether, provisions of care also as in their personal and professional lives. Additionally, to
moral standards, nurses must abide the laws that impact their personal conduct and their
profession. In this module, you'll learn about the theories and principles that are the origin of
studying the ethics of life.
So, let us begin!

This unit is divided into 4 lessons:
Lesson 1.1 Human Value Development

Lesson 1.2 Theories of Human Development
Lesson 1.3 Ethical Theories
Lesson 1.4 Divine Command Ethics
Objectives/Competencies
Upon completion of this module, you are expected to:
1. Differentiate the meaning of growth and development.

2. Explain the core meaning of each theories of health care ethics.
3. Develop ethical reasoning and decision-making process to address situations for ethical
distress and moral dilemma.
4. Analyze difficult situations and solve them with the use of theory of personalities and
ethical theories.
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Pre-test
Hello my dear Student Nurse, before we proceed to the lesson proper, let’s have a stock knowledge
check. Write your answer on the space before the number.
1. Which of the following is an example of development?
a. Enlargement of the chest
b. Improving knowledge
c. Increase in height
d. Getting heavy on the weighing scale due to ECQ.
2. All but one is an example of growth.
a. Improving knowledge
b. Increase in height
c. Getting heavy on the weighing scale due to ECQ.
d. Enlargement of the chest
3. Choose the right word/s for ethics.
a. c. religious belief
b. moral standards d. experience
4. Synonym of voluntary
a. unwillingness c. conditional
b. autonomy d. forcefully
5. What is the best word word for Dignity
a. significance c. price
b. worth d.importance
6. Give the other word that is near for the word “Ethics”
a. dignity c. behavior
b. worthy c. religion
7. Theory means.
a. proven ideas c. proven assumption
b. speculation d. outcome-base
8. Choose the best meaning for beneficence
a. positive result c. positive judgement
b. positive act d. positive laboratories
9. Choose the best meaning for non-maleficence
a. do no harm b. promote harm c. enjoy harm d. save harm
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10. Bioethics Meaning
a. study of life b. ethics of life c. lesson of life d. worth of life
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 1.1 Human Value Development
Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
You did a great job in answering the pre-test! Thank you so much for that. So, let us start the
discussion, for our first lesson which is about human value development. But before that, let us
talk about the difference between growth and development, any ideas? Okay, for more
information Please play my recorded discussion for that topic.
link here
So, you are done with the topic! That’s great! I hope everything is clear about the differences of
those two. I know the discussion was long so let’s first do our self - check!
Self-Check 1.
Instruction: I need you to compare growth and development using the circle graph below. BE
ARTISTIC! Let us awaken the sleeping artist within you! You may put colors, pictures, emojis or
any form of art that will allow you to express yourself.
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You did a great job doing the activity. Now, future nurses, let me tell you
something, there are many studies conducted about development because we cannot deny that
everything around us is contributing to our development. The reason why researchers
established basic principles that govern development in the life cycle of human beings. Here are
the list of the PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT:
1. Early foundations are critical
2. Development and learning result from interaction of heredity and environment
3. Development proceeds in definite and predictable directions
4. There are individual differences in development
5. Each phase of development has hazards
6. Development is aided by stimulation
7. Domains of human development - physical, social, emotional and cognitive- are closely
related
8. Development is affected by cultural changes
9. There are social expectations for every stage of development
These are the proof of the saying “ THERE ARE ABSOLUTE REASONS FOR EACH AND
EVERY BEHAVIOR.” Please play the recorded discussion for each principle. For the
discussion, please play the link below:
link here
You are done with the discussion and you may ask questions by sending me a video- recorded
file and send it to Messenger App. It may take time for me to answer your questions but
promise, I will! :) This is really the NEW NORMAL, haist, I pray that soon, we can go back to the
OLD NORMAL.
NEEDS AND VALUES
I hope you are having fun! Let us now talk about the needs and values. NEEDS are the things that we
always get to survive. We may not have the same needs but we have one goal in achieving it everyday,
and that is TO LIVE! But living is not all about consumption, because we have to LIVE WITH VALUES!
For more discussions about needs and values. Get ready to turn your audio on and play the file titled
NEEDS AND VALUES. Enjoy listening!
link here
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 2 Theories of Human Development
Duration: 3.6
Lesson Proper
You made a thesis way back Senior High School time, right? We all know that a thesis starts
with THEORY, it is the set of general statements or ideas that are used to explain facts. There
are many theories explaining the meaning of development however, conflicting ideas have been
raised, been debated for so long till now. Below are the conflicting theories about
DEVELOPMENT.
1. Nature vs. Nurture
2. Continuity vs. Discontinuity
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3. Passivity vs. Activity
4. Early Experience vs. Later experience For
the discussion, please play the link below:
link here
Now, after that conflicting theories, let us now focus on the theories of known researchers and
psychologists worldwide! These theories are the foundations of studying human behavior of the
21st century. The major theories and its founder that are acknowledged internationally include
the following:
1. Biological theory ( Mendelian Law) - Gregor Mendel
2. Psychoanalytic Theory - Sigmund Freud
3. Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson
4. Cognitive Theory - Jean Piaget
5. Social Development Theory - Lev Vygotsky
6. Social Learning Theory - Albert Bandura
7. Ecological Theory - Urie Bronfenbrenner
8. Theory of Moral Reasoning - Lawrence Kohlberg
This topic is too long so the link below is the soft copy of the powerpoint presentation and I
suggest that you download it or print it so that you can take down notes. And also, for more
information, prepare your audio to play the link for discussion
link here
Self-Check 2
I hope you learned something from the discussion. Let us stop right here for now and do a case
scenario. Now, in one of those major theories above, I picked the Theory of Moral Reasoning of
Lawrence Kohlberg which is my favorite and very related to our subject. The given scenario
below is from Kohlberg himself. Yes! He wrote that story to test his theory.
Now, what you need to do is to read and understand that story and then answer those questions
based on your own belief. And then you categorize what level and stage of mortality your
answers are. Write your answers on Google Docs. Let us exercise our extremely little neurons!
A woman was on her deathbed. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save
her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug
was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to
produce. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick
woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get
together about $1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying
and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: “No, I discovered the
drug and I'm going to make money from it.” So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's
laboratory to steal the drug for his wife. Should Heinz break into the laboratory to steal the drug
for his wife? Why or why not?
Would it change anything if Heinz did not love his wife?
What if the person dying was a stranger,would it make any difference?
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Should the police arrest the chemist for murder if
the woman died?
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 3 Ethical Theories

Duration: 3.6 hours
Lesson Proper:
For our next lesson, we will be dealing with the theories of

ethics. Student nurses, let me tell you a gossip. These
theories, just like the theory of human development, are the
foundations of the evolution of studying ethics in applied
medicine, to guide the medical professionals in making
moral decisions especially in dilemmas and arguments when
it comes to clinical practice. In our profession, in the arena of
values, there is often disagreement, and rarely are the
Oftentimes, it is our values that tell us what is right or wrong,

good and evil and that differences in our values due to
differences in our environment and experiences sometimes
make the question unanswered. Let us deepen our
understanding and go to other theories that we will be dealing
in this subject? Here it is:
1. Teological (Consequence-
Oriented) Theories
2. Utilitarianism
3. Deontological (Duty-Oriented) Theories
So let us proceed to discuss each for us to understand the differences. For

the discussion, please play the link below:
link here
So, you are done with the topic? That’s great! I hope everything is clear about the differences of
the theories in line with our subject. I know the discussion was long so let’s first do our self -
check!
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Self-Check 3
Let us pause for a while and do an activity! In this activity, you need to compare the theories of
ethics, based on your own understanding and words. Just fill up the table below. After that,
make a short story of your past experiences for each theory.
Teological Deontological Utilitarianism
Wow! You did a good job in answering. I hope you learned from our discussion and
broaden your knowledge in lieu to the subject matter.
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 4 Divine Command Ethics

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
We are now on the last part of the first unit in

understanding our course subject. On this topic, we will
be expecting to talk all about Divine Command Ethics and
how it was different from other theories we tackled in the
past lesson. We will be also dealing with the criticism on
this because we have differences in our religious beliefs
and different understanding and interpretations of the holy
scriptures and its application to our daily lives. And most
of us, our beliefs and interpretations from our religion
makes them our moral guide for everyday life. I suggest
to keep an open mind for this last part of our lesson. So,
let us proceed:
For the discussion, please play the

link below:
link here
Alright, so is there any question before we proceed to the activity in line with our topic? Just
send me a message via Messenger App, record your answer in video and I will answer it too in
video! :)
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Okay, let us proceed now to our activity.
Self-Check 4
A reflection Paper
I want you to reflect on this phrase. Write your short reflection ( half-page only) in a blank
Google Docs.
“The Ten Commandments taken from Judeo-Chrisitian traditions, provide rules against stealing,
adultery and murder. These basic rules are taken as guides to behavior in a wide range of
cases by extending the reasoning behind each of the rules to related kinds of cases. Hence the
rule against murder is claimed by some to imply that euthanasia and abortions are wrong.”
Great! You did well.
So, before we end this chapter, please do remember all we learned and keep this as we go
along to our journey, my dear future nurses. Let us keep this by heart and mind so that we will
be on track. We may hate this now but as we face the real world for nurses, we will understand
the importance of all the topics we have discussed. Not because this will be encountered in the
board exam, but because this will keep us from doing good in our patients and all. Not because
this is a prerequisite subject, but because we are starting to mold and prepare for the future as
full grown nurses.
Alright. Before we proceed to our next activity, please have a review from the start of our lesson
and be ready for the post test.
Alright. Let us now proceed to our post test. Please do answer the questions by all means of
your learning. You may open your notes but close your eyes. Hahahaha kidding aside. Relax.
Enjoy answering because all of the questions here are discussed. So, let us start.
Post-test
In order to recall and check our understanding for this lesson, let us do a post-test for this unit.
Make sure that you are in a quiet environment so that you can analyze each item better.
Let’s proceed. Questions were discussed from Lesson 1 up to Lesson 4. We have two types of
tests. For Test I, Write TRUE in the space provided if the sentence is correct and FALSE if it is
incorrect.
1. Psychosocial Development says that our development is affected by
innate biological process.
2. Ego represents our orientation to the current date, time, and happening to our
environment.
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3. Law of Segregations says that the traits were formed
because of an
assortment of genes from different ancestors.
4. Jean Piaget says that our intellect develops even when there are gaps in
stages.
5. Examples of Recessive Traits are black hair and beautiful brown eyes.
6. Psychosexual Developments says that maladaptation occurs if satisfaction of each

stage or if successfully completed will lead to a healthy personality.
7. Electra Complex develops at Anal Stage because it focuses on discovering the

sexuality.
8. During Latency Stage, libido is still present at this stage and directed only to the
parents of opposite sex that they desire.
9. Toddlers are the focus of Oral Stage because it is the stage where the pleasure
of sucking occurs.
10. Shame and Doubt Stage means pushing the free-will of the students. For Test
II, It will be multiple choice. Choose the best answer and encircle the letter.
1. Who are the fathers of Utilitarianism?

a. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill
b. Gordon Graham and Alexander Grahambell
c. Sigmund Freud and Eric Erickson
d. None of the above
2. It is the moral framework in which actions are judged primarily by their results
a. Human acts
b. Acts of man
c. Utilitarianism
d. Republic Act
3. Moral grounding is categorical imperative.
a. Virtue Ethics
b. Deontology
c. Natural Law Theory
d. Divine Command Theory
4. Moral grounding is character traits
a. Divine Command Theory
b. Teological
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c. Utilitarianism
d. Virtue Ethics
5. Moral grounding is supernatural commands
b. Natural Law Theory
c. Virtue Ethics
d. Deontology
6. Taken from the Greek word which means duty.
a. Theological
b. Deontology
c. Biology
d. Anatomy
7. The criticism is situational psychology
a. Virtue Ethics
b. Deontology
c. Teological Theory
d. Utilitarianism
8. There is divine being who set down the finite series of rules is the idea in:
a. Deontology
b. Telogical Theory
c. Divine Command Theory
d. Virtue Ethics
9. Known as consequence oriented
b. Virtue Ethics
c. Deontology
d. Teological Theory
10. It is defined as considering what virtues make a good public relations professional
b. Virtue Ethics
c. Deontology
d. Teological Theory
Congratulations! You did well. Please do not stop remembering all of the topics we discussed after this
session. Learn by heart to enjoy your journey towards the real world, my dear future nurses.
Final Requirement
For your final requirement, you just need to understand each given scenario and write down
your reflection for it. Apply your learnings and find out what theory may best fit the given
scenario and why.
Write it down on word and submit it in our Google Classroom on . Stay safe and good luck!
Case #1
For this case, justify your decision using duty-oriented reasoning and then follow using
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consequence- oriented reasoning.
As a neighborhood nurse, you have known the Santibanez family for years and consider them
friends as well as long patient or client. Senora Santibanez has always been a favorite of yours
and you have watched her grow into a very beautiful sixteen year old. One day, when no other
patients are present and you are the nurse-on-duty, You saw her and waved at her and she
waved back to you. You asked, “ What are you doing here? Where is your Mom?”. She says, “I
came here because I need your help.” You says, “Sure! What’s going on?” and you got shocked
because she asks you for a pregnancy kit and she begs you not to tell her mom that she is
sexually active.
Suggested Readings and Websites
Chapter 1 and 2
Chapter 1 and 2
References:
Edge, R., Groves, J. (2019) Ethics of Health Care: A Guide for Clinical Practice. 4th Edition.
Cencage Learning Asia Pte Ltd

Chapter 1 and 2
Chapter 1 and 2
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HEALTHCARE ETHICS
UNIT 2
PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH ETHICS
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Introduction
Student Nurses, we are now in the Second Unit of our lesson. Time flies really fast, isn't it? . I
hope you've had fun and you learned a lot during our discussion on the first lesson. We are now
on the part of our subject wherein we will talk about basic ethical principles that will help us
morally decide during dilemmas. But I have a question for you: what is the difference between
Moral and Ethics? Any ideas? Here it is:
According to our friend, Joseph Fletcher, a pioneer in the field of bioethics who died on 1992, he
says that "Morality is what people believed to be right and good while Ethics, then, is nothing
more than a generic term for the study of how we make judgments concerning right and wrong."
Meaning, we based morality on our beliefs in our everyday life, what is right and wrong for us.
When a difficult situation comes or we face a particular dilemma, ethics will come into play. It is
when we will interpret the problem if it is against our beliefs, norms, traditions, or divine law.
But in our profession, Bioethics is a study of the moral conduct of life science and medicine. This is to
promote awareness for us, medical professionals of do's and dont's in our practice and enable us to live
with orderly social way of life. In health care setting, the major purpose might be the pursuit of health,
alleviation of suffering and prevention of death. For the latter, some nurses face a dilemma in a situation
when the end of life is better than to prolong the suffering.
This module is divided into 4 lessons:

Lesson 2.1 Virtue Ethics
Lesson 2.2 Ethical Principles
Lesson 2.3 Other relevant Ethical Principles Lesson
2.4 Principles of Bioethics
1. Analyze how the principles of health ethics play a vital role in ensuring ideal patient safety
and care.
2. Reflect/assess one’s value and apply ethical decision making in real
settings/scenarios.
3. Differentiate each ethical principle and cite personal ethical decision making you have
made/effected.
4. Embody the core values of becoming a Professional Nurse
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Pre-test
Hello my dear Student Nurse, before we proceed to the lesson proper,let’s have a stock knowledge
check. Choose and write your answer on the space provided.
Privacy Health Care Ethics Justice Fidelity

Veracity Bioethics Autonomy Beneficence
Morality Ethics Confidentiality Nonmaleficence
1. is what people believe to be right and good.

2. is the critical reflection of morality and rationally analysis of it
3. application of moral philosophy to the health care arena
4. it means truthfulness
5. a principle means self-will
6. keeping one’s promise/ faithfulness
7. one ought not to inflict evil or harm
8. one ought to do or promote good
9. restricted access to information
10. fairness and equality
Title of the Lesson:Virtue Ethics
Duration: 3.6 Hours
Lesson Proper:
So. my dearest student nurses, what is the meaning of Virtue? Any ideas? Well, Virtue is a
moral excellence of a person. So, the primary focus of Virtue Ethics is the heart of the moral
agent making the decision rather than the reasoning to a right action. Meaning, your decision
will be based on your moral beliefs for a certain situation. It is not the consequences and the
reasons for your good or bad actions but primarily about personal character and moral habit
rather than a particular action.
Our famous Aristotle also has a contribution to ethics, in his teachings, he saw a function or
essence for humanity. For example, doctors and nurses were to make the sick well, rulers were
to govern wisely, and citizens were placed for their individual reasons in the pursuit of a good
life. Nurses, I want to keep an open mind because we have different beliefs and virtues that
might be contradicting with each other. Please play the link below for the discussion:
link
Self-Check 1
I hope you still have your energy after the discussion hehe. Anyways, let us test your virtues.
Below is the given scenario. Read and understand then write your answer on blank page of
google docs.
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Case Study #2
Maria is a student in your clinical laboratory science class that you as a teacher think is least
likely to make a good healthcare provider. Although very bright, she comes from a rough-and
-tumble background, and while she is making satisfactory progress inside your class, she is also
the one who appears to be cutting the most corners.
On your way out of your office, you leave your office open and the final examination on your
desk. Maria works in the building as a work-study student. She knows that you have gone for
that whole day and notices that the door is open wide. She entered your office and saw the
examination paper
It would be very easy to copy the whole examination, she thinks as she moves towards it.
However, at the last moment of that time, she stops and thinks to herself that she knows she is
prepared for the said examination, and she doesn't need the grief if she should ace the
examination and someone sees her leave the office.
She backs out of the office door, looks to be sure that no one has seen her and locks the door securely.
She thinks to herself, " If I cannot see this examination, I will be sure that no one else will either.”
Jace is the model student in your clinical laboratory class. You often wish of the perfect class,
and in every seat the student who is sitting there looks like Jace.
On your way out of your office, you leave your office door open wide and the final examination
on your desk. Jace works in the building as a work-study student. He knows that you have gone
for that day and notices that the door of your office is widely open. He enters your office and
sees the exam.
Once Arthur sees that the exam is on the desk in the office, he backs out of the office door and
locks it. He thinks, "I will warn the instructor to be more careful with the door next time to secure
the credibility of the examination." It never occur to him to copy and write the answer of the
whole examination because he feels well prepared.
In virtue ethics, which of those situation is more noble: the tempted sinner who makes the right
choice or the unconcerned saint? Defend your answer.
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 2 Ethical Principles

Duration: 3.6 hours
Lesson Proper:
So, nurses, here it is! The 7 ethical principles that derived the rules from our professional code
of ethics. These principles will guide us in carrying out our duties and
responsibilities as nurses. Although the principles below are listed in a set of orders, it is doesn't
mean that the order are to be considered in any hierarchy of importance. Let me tell you
something, dear. These ethical principles came out on my Nursing Licensure Examination! So,
take it seriously because it might save your life.
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Bioethical or Biomedical Principles:

1. Autonomy
2. Veracity
3. Beneficence
4. Nonmaleficence
5. Role Fidelity
6. Confidentiality
7. Justice
This topic is a little bit long so below is the link for a powerpoint presentation that you may print
and as well as the recorded-discussion for each bioethical/biomedical principle.
_____________ link powerpoint ______
_________ link discussion ______
Welcome back! I hope each principle is clear to you. If you have questions, you may send a
video message again and I will answer back though it may take sometime. Hehe. Again, this is
the favorite part of the board exam. The Theories of Human Development as well!
In the board exam, questions will be surely in situations and you will find out which ethical
principles or stages of human development best fits. :)
Self-check 2:
This is one very easy as you will be an artist again. I want you to draw graph in any shape for
ethical principles. BE ARTISTIC huh. Put some colors, emojis. Just express yourself. Do it on
blank google docs or blank sheet of paper, picture it and send it. It’s easy! Happy drawing!
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 3 Other Relevant Ethical Principles

Duration: 3.6 hours
Lesson Proper:
There are other principles that are important to know so that you may understand some situations that
need to be done which you might think contradicting other principles.
Student Nurses, in the medical profession, our goal is to do no harm and promote good, but there are
situations that harm is expected but unintended such as side effects of the medicine or
procedures. There are also situations that the needs of the majority outweigh the needs of the few
and these few might be in danger or might harm them with the needs of the majority. Common interest
needs to be achieved even though the few will have twice the needs of the common.
Such situations above can be defended with the following other relevant ethical principles:
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1. Principle of Double Effect
2. Principle of Legitimate Cooperation
3. Principle of Common Good and Subsidiarity
For the discussion of each relevant ethical principle, please click the link below:
link
Self-Check 3
Identify what principle will fit to the situation below. Defend your answer.
*Analgesics such as morphine given for pain may lead to a suppression of respiration.
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 4 Other Principles of Bioethics

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
In this last lesson for the unit 2, student nurses are about situations wherein a part of a person
or a community is necessary to be sacrificed to preserve life and maintain peace. Another, there
are some situations that the distribution of the limited resources is sometimes based on ethical
management because as they say, the greatest good for the greatest number. Lastly, there
are also situations that will incur pain to the person or community but morally justifiable to
preserve life. And those situations will fall under the following the principles:
1. Principle of Stewardship
2. Principle of Totality and Integrity
3. Principle of Ordinary and Extraordinary Means.
For the discussions of each, please click the link below.
link
So, how was it? I hope every principle we have discussed above is clear. Remember that
chances that these principles will be included in the Nursing Licensure Examination is high!
Sure and brightly as the sun!
Self-Check 4
So, for your self- check number 4, I want you to think about your past experiences that you can
fit to to these principles. Just fill in the table below.
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Stewardship Totality and Integrity Ordinary and Extraodinary

Means
So, we are done with the unit 2 and you were great in doing those activities.
Thank you so much!
Before I end this chapter, I want you to know by heart these principles because they are not
only applicable to clinical setting but of course, to our daily lives. We cannot deny the fact that
there are time that you will experience a dilemma or might think that a certain situation is
against your belief or other principles but, always remember that good intentions and actions
can always be justified at the end.
Last but not the least, we have Golden Rules from the Natural Law which was decreed by our
Creator. This Natural Law appears to have almost universal application and understanding.
Student Nurse, always remember, LALABAS TO SA BOARD EXAM. Hahaha. :)
Post Test
Try to answer the following Code of Ethics for Nurses made by the Board of Nursing in the
Philippines, identify the universal principle that is being addressed with each rule. For example,
a rule that requires a nurse not to disclose personal information would be addressing the
universal principle of confidentiality.
REGISTERED Nurses must:
*consider the individuality and totality of patients when they administer care.
 Principles involved:
respect the spiritual beliefs and practices of patients regarding diet and treatment.
uphold the rights of individuals.
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take into consideration the culture and values of patients in
providing nursing care. However, in the event of conflicts, their welfare and safety must take
precedence.
if they are administrators, be responsible in providing favorable environment for the growth and
developments of Registered Nurses in their charge.
ensure that patients’ records shall be available only if they are to be issued to those who are
professionally and directly involved in their care and when they are required by law.
provide the patients or their families with all pertinent information except those which may be
deemed harmful to their well-being.
honor and safeguard the reputation and dignity of the members of nursing and other
professions; refrain from making unfair and unwarranted comments or criticisms on their
competence, conduct, and procedures; or not do anything that will bring discredit to a colleague
and to any member of other professions.
see to it that quality nursing care and practice meet the optimum standard of safe nursing
practice.
insure that modification of practice shall consider the principles of safe nursing practice.
if in position of authority in a work environment, be normally and legally responsible for devising
a system of minimizing occurrences of ineffective and unlawful nursing practice
perform their professional duties in conformity with existing laws, rules regulations.
measures, and generally accepted principles of moral conduct and proper decorum.
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.not allow themselves to be used in advertisements that should demean the image of the
profession (i.e. indecent exposure, violation of dress code, seductive behavior, etc.).
decline any gift, favor or hospitality which might be interpreted as capitalizing on patients.
decline any gift, favor or hospitality which might be interpreted as capitalizing on patients.
not demand and receive any commission, fee or emolument for recommending or referring a
patient to a physician, a co-nurse or another PRC-BN health care worker; not to pay any
commission, fee or other compensations to the one referring or recommending a patient to them
for nursing care.
avoid any abuse of the privilege relationship which exists with patients and of the privilege
access allowed to their property, residence or workplace
(Source: Prc.gov.ph(2004). Code of Ethics for Nurses.

https://www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/Board%20of%20Nursing-CE.pdf)
Congratulations! You did well again!. Please do not stop remembering all of the topics we
discussed after this session kasi lumalabas talaga ito sa board exam! . Learn by heart and apply
to your daily lives to enjoy your journey towards the real world, my dear future nurses.
Final Requirement
Case #1
Instruction: Read and understand the situation carefully. Then write your answer for the
question on the blank page of google form. Answer it based on your opinion and understanding.
In a voluntary outpatient psychiatric clinic in California, a young man disclosed to his
psychologist that he intended to kill a young woman. From the previous conversation, the
psychologist knew the identity of the woman and became very concerned. After the young man
had left his office, the psychologist consulted with his superior and they decided to have the
man stopped by the security person at the gate.
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When security stopped the man as he was leaving the clinic, they
became concerned about his legal rights in that he appeared to them to be rational and to
threaten no danger to himself or others. They related this information to the psychiatrist on duty,
who then decided to allow the man to leave and ordered the records of the events destroyed.
The young man then proceeded to carry out his intentions and shortly after took the life of the
young woman. The parents of the woman, upon finding out about what had occurred, sued the
clinic.
The clinic staff defended their actions on the basis that (1) many individuals fantasize about
doing harm to others without carrying out the threat, and (2) to repeat the information gathered
during therapy would bring them into an ethical problem of breaching confidentiality. They held
that if the parents did not have faith that what they said during therapy was going to be held in
confidence, in actual fact they would not continue to reveal anything of significance.
* Principles involved
* What is your own personal decision concerning the lawsuit case? *
References
Prc.gov.ph(2004). Code of Ethics for Nurses. Retrieved from:

https://www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/Board%20of%20Nursing-CE.pdf
Edge, R., Groves, J. (2019) Ethics of Health Care: A Guide for Clinical Practice. 4 Edition. th
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HEALTHCARE ETHICS
UNIT 3
BIOETHICS AND ITS

APPLICATION IN VARIOUS
HEALTHCARE SITUATION
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Introduction
In this world full of poverty and suffering, some part of other peoples' lives choose to remove to
go back to their normal lives and that part might be the consequences of their actions, chosen
or not, such as abortion and euthanasia. We cannot deny that sexual practices are somehow a
part of our bodily needs. Lust is dormant at early years but eventually, at later life, it would need
to be satisfied.
Some people believe that doing experiments in the laboratory with the source of life, sperm cell,
egg cell or stem, is against the order of nature or even the Natural Law of God. However, some
people believe that these experiments with the creations of God could help someone who could
not bear a child or relieve the symptoms of a particular disease. On the other note, some people
who believe that there is only a man and woman who have the rights to the sanctity of marriage
but as the evolution of lust, knowledge and community happens, people of the so-called third
gender have been fighting for their rights to marriage and adoption of a child for decades. They
are also being stigmatized about HIV/AIDS.
One of our profession's core values is to promote life and prevent death, but there are times
that death is the answer to end the suffering of a person. We are the advocate of life but when
the time comes that ending life is the choice of the family or the patient, we would experience a
dilemma.
Future Nurses, I want you to open your mind in this unit because endless debate of pro’s and
anti’s have been happening for ages.
Let us begin!
This particular module is divided into 4 lessons:
Lesson 3.1 Human Sexuality and its Moral Evaluation Lesson 3.2
Dignity in Death and Dying
Lesson 3.3 Nursing Roles and Responsibilities Lesson 3.4
Ethical Decision Making Process
1. reflect that sex practices is part of human nature

2. explain the importance of individual dignity as a person even in death
3. integrate the role and responsibilities of nurses in everyday life
4. adapt the ethical decision making in all aspects and situations
Pre-test
Choose your answer for each in a box and write it on the space provided before the
number.
Orthonasia Missed abortion Contraception Dysthanasia
Threatened Abortion Suicide Euthanasia Family
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Incomplete abortion Abortion
In-Virto Fertilization
1. This type of ending life confronts life and favors death

2.Basic autonomous social institutions
3. This word means against pregnancy
4. Type of ending life that confronts death
5. Intentionally end of life by non-medical means
6. Union of Sperm Cell and the Egg Cell in the Laboratory
7. Loss of pregnancy before fetus is viable
8. Type of abortion that fetus expelled but placenta retained
9. Type of abortion which fetus dies inside the utero
10. Type of death in its due time. / Do not Resuscitate(DNR)
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 3.1 Human Sexuality & its Moral Evaluation
Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
My dear future colleagues, let us start the

lesson with a question. Can you compare
the differences between a person and a
human? Any ideas? According to Mary
Anne Warren, human is by virtue of
genetic code while a person is a member
of the moral community. One can be
member of the moral community by
having certain characteristics recognized by the community as grounded by moral status and, in
particular, right. This is why the right to the sanctity of marriage is for a man and woman only,
because the right to marriage is not being bestowed to members of the third gender. No single
law has ever been passed in the country allowing gays, transgender or bisexual to the sanctity
of marriage because for others, their needs and wants is not a priority and until now, the stigma
is still there.
Though man, women and the members of the same gender are still persons even though the
rights for each gender have not been equal since the old ages, because there are various
characteristics that might qualify an individual for personhood. The following list of traits central
to personhood is worth considering:
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1. Consciousness of objects and events.
2. The ability to feel pain
3. Reasoning
4. Self-motivated activity
5. The capacity to communicate

6. A concept of the self
Another criterion for personhood not mentioned by Warren and that is viability, it focuses on
the characteristics of biological independence. That viability begins when we first come out to
this world. Why? I will answer that in our discussion. I hope you are still on the track, my dear
because the link below is a recorded discussion of the criterion for personhood mentioned
above. Enjoy listening!
link
So for our next topic is about ethical issues on artificial reproduction, abortion and AIDS They say that
the moment the sperm cell and egg cell unites, life begins. Yes, that is true. But not in all cases that this
life inside the utero begins because of love, but forcefully and unwanted such as rape and abuse. Some
women, because of the unwanted life inside her think about abortion.
The Philippine Constitution and as a Christian country, value the sanctity of life. Taking life is
against the law of the people and absolutely, to the law of God. That whoever take life will be
facing punishment like lifetime imprisonment and according to the teaching of the church, to
those who believe, forever punishment in hell.
But for some people, women as a viable person, has a right to her own body and therefore, she may do
anything she wants with it including the fetus inside her and in some cases, the fetus is being removed
therapeutically to save the life of a mother and that is called abortion. What are the types of abortion,
student nurses? Any ideas? Here it is:
a. Threatened abortion
b. Inevitable abortion
c. Incomplete abortion
d. Complete abortion
e. Missed abortion
What about the ethical issues on the AIDS patient. We all know that there is no cure for this
syndrome but people living with HIV face a lot of stigma because some people think that AIDS
can be transferred to others easily like an airborne disease and it affects not just their physical
health but their mental and social health as well. We, nurses, must be the one to understand
what they are going through and it is our duty to promote awareness that AIDS can only be
transferred to other via direct contact to blood, semen and vaginal fluids.
For the explanation and discussion, hit the link
( _______________________link )
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Self-Check 1
Thank you so much for listening, student nurses and I hope that the topic is clear with you. Now,
let us do an activity. Since Anne Warren has criterion for the personhood, I want you to create
criteria for a HUMAN. You may use this question, What makes us human? Write you own
criterion in the middle of a woman and man.
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 3.2 Dignity in Death and Dying

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
Before we start, Future Nurses, get some tissue first that you might cry on this topic. We all
know that death comes in a very unexpected way. But I have a question, is death the end? Is
there a life beyond death just like what the teachings of the church say? Well, I cannot answer
that question, but I believe that our faith will help us answer it.
As I have said that the Philippine Constitution and the Church value the sanctity of life , that
whoever take life will face severe punishment. But in some cases, a person or the kin choose to
face death rather than to prolong suffering with life. We have this so- called Euthanasia, patients
wtih terminal conditions choose to confront life and face death. But there is no legal law in the
country saying that Euthanasia is legal unless the patient signed the DNR order with the
knowledge of the family member.
But how can one die with dignity? Well, it varies, maybe we can just fulfill his death wishes or
give him a proper and elegant burial or grant him his wish and the right to die even though the
family aches for it? Granting the Euthanasia for a patient?
There types of Euthanasia:
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1. Active - with intervention; request of a patient
2. Passive- omission of intervention that is useful to patient; no participation of patient
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Dysthanasia - confronts death Orthonasia

- death in its due time/DNR
For the detailed discussion, please play the link ( link )
How about those who died because death penalty? Well,that is another topic. They died as a
punishment, not because they wished for it. But someone ordered it and assisted in the
process. But on the last day of those in death row, anything they want will be granted especially
the food, the clothes and meeting with family.
Self-Check 2
Since we are talking about afterlife, death and dying in this lesson, I want to see your opinion
about the death penalty. Below is the movie about the death penalty and I want you to writen
your reflecion on a blank page of google docs.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sDN3cJB8LZOkaM9DlaiSZZ_Wo4eet6qj/view?ts=5f33d 8b9
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 3.3 Nurses’ Roles and Responsibilities at the End of Life Care
Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
According to Nambayan and Lu (2015), they stated that every culture, traditions, beliefs, and
religion play an important part in every Filipino's life and death. In addition to this, the family is
central and carries a significant importance especially in healthcare decisions making. Families
are generally very involved in caring for their loved ones who are dying and equally expect
healthcare providers to do the same. These are the hospice or palliative care activists who,
against all odds are continuously try to improve their clients' quality of life and provide them with
elements of dignity even in their last breath."
We noticed that in our culture, when someone dies, we honor the memory of the late by burial
where the families, relatives and friends will gather for days. But before that, what exactly are
the roles of nurses in the end of life care? Below are some of Nurse’s Roles and
Responsibilities at the end of life care according to the American Nurses Association:
> Nurses are frequently in a position to guide patients and families confronting difficult decisions
and adapting to painful realities.
> Nurses are obliged to provide comprehensive and compassionate end-of-life care.
> This includes recognizing when death is near and conveying that information to families.
> Nurses should collaborate with other members of the health care team to ensure optimal
symptom management and to provide support for the patient and family. Nurses and other
health care providers have a responsibility to establish decision-making processes that reflect
physiologic realities, patient preferences, and the recognition of what, clinically, may or may not
be accomplished.
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Establishing goals of care for this patient at this time may provide a
framework for discussion about what care should be provided. This process often involves
collaboration with experts in decision making, such as ethics committees or palliative care
teams.
> Nurses are obligated to provide care that includes the promotion of comfort, relief of pain and
other symptoms, and support for patients, families, and others close to the patient.
> Nurses can be a resource and support for patients and families at the end of a patient’s life
and in the decision-making process that precedes it.
>Nurses are often ideally positioned to contribute to conversations about end-of-life care and
decisions, including maintaining a focus on patients’ preferences, and to establish mechanisms
to respect the patient’s autonomy.
>There are times when the preferences of the family do not represent, or conflict with, the
preferences of the patient. In those cases, the nurse's primary responsibility is to provide care
and support to the patient and to respect the patient's autonomy while continuing to support the
family as they struggle to adjust to the impending reality of the patient's death. Standards for
excellent care for patients at the end of life should be evidence based, and should integrate
national and international standards of care.
(Source: https://www.nursingworld.org/~4af078/globalassets/docs/ana/ethics/endoflife-
positionstatement.pdf)
Self-check 3
Let us do an activity again. The research says that our culture has an impact to our belief about
death. Now, I want you to reflect and answer the question, “Is death the end?”. Write your
reflection on the blank of google docs.
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 3.4 Ethical Decision Making Process

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
When it comes down to the unexpected decision making process in the medical community,
medical professionals will often face a dilemma which needs to be carefully assessed to avoid
conflict at the result. According to Douglas R. May, a professor in international ethics for
business in University of Kansas, 9 steps of ethical decision- making can be applied to any
profession field, especially in medical science because ethical principle is a universal and
general guide. The 9 steps of ethical decision making process are as follows:
1. Gather the facts

2. Define the ethical issues
3. Identify the affected parties (stakeholders)
4. Identify the consequences
5. Identify the obligations (principles, rights, justice)
6. Consider your character and integrity
7. Think creatively about potential actions
8. Check your gut
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9. Decide on the proper ethical action and be prepared to deal with
opposing arguments.
For each explanation, click the link and turn on the audio ( link )
So we are just done with the last part of the Unit 3 and I hope everything is clear. Just send me
a video message thru Messenger App if you have questions.
Self- Check 4
Are you still on track? I hope you are. Hehe. Let us do a last activity for Unit 3. I want you to
write your explanation and understanding about the steps of ethical decision making. Make a
short situation for each and make sure that they are related to each other. . Do it on the blank
page in Google Docs.
So we are done with the Unit 3 of our subject. Though we are dealing with the new
normal and are not in face-to-face discussion, you must reflect about the lessons that we have
because it will help you pass the board exam and become better nurses of the
future. Nurses must indeed be understanding, compassionate and open-minded because we
are the first person whom the patient will open up with. Being a nurse isn't just about caring but
also it has privileges, one of those privileges is to witness the end of life and as well as the
beginning of it.
Post- test
Now! Let us check your retained knowledge of our lessons in Unit 3. Just write your answer on
the spaces provided before the number. Be honest in answering the questions. There’s a pair of
Divine Eyes watching us.
1.All but one can be the source of Human - Immunodeficiency VIrus

a. Blood b. Semen c. Vaginal Fluids d.Saliva
2. The father of a dying 17-year old patient with intubate, congested heart and pleural effusion
signed the Do Not Resuscitate form because there is no hope for her optimum level of
functioning to be back. You saw the father, very sad and crying while holding her daughter's
hands telling her to wake up. You empathize with him and you know the feeling of losing a loved
one. Then you heard the cardiac monitor beeping and you saw that the heart rate dropped to 40
bpm, 50 O2Sat and 12 RR. What will you do?
a. Do nothing and emphatize with the father
b. Declare a code blue
c. Revive the patient
d. Perform CPR
3. Same situation with number 2, you chose to revive the patient. What will happen to you?
a. The patient will be alive and she will thank you
b. You will receive an honor from the medical director because the patient is alive even
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though she is still intubated
c. You might face a criminal case with severe punishment for reviving the patient
d. The father will give you thanks and money for reviving her intubated daughter.
4. Same situation with number 2, you chose to do nothing and comfort the father. What will
happen to you?
a. You as a nurse will face a criminal charges for doing nothing and your license might be
revoked depends on the decision of the judge or the Board of Nursing
b. You will provide end-of -life care to the patient
c. You will contact the funeral homes and arrange the funeral with the family and as well as
the burial and flower
d. The father will be angry with you and will file a case before the court for negligence.
e.
5. What type of category of dying happens in the situation above?
a. Euthanasia c. Orthonasia
b. Dysthanasia d.Orthopedic
6. All but one defines a Man

a. Man has an ultimate destiny
b. Created in the image of God
c. Born only to consume
d. Has a purpose in life
7. Loss of pregnancy before fetus is viable (<20 weeks)

a. Fetal death syndrome c. Ectopic Pregnancy
b. Abortion d. Abruptio Placenta
8. This type of abortion that is imminent due to dilatation of cervix, contractions and vaginal
bleeding may be heavy.
a. Threatened Abortion c. Incomplete Abortion
b. Inevitable Abortion d. Missed Abortion
9. This type of abortion which the whole product of concepcion expelled

a. Inevitable c. Missed
b. Complete d. Threatened
10. This criterion of personhood says that a person has his judgement in a certain situation
that differs from others.
a. The Capacity to Communicate c.Reasoning
b. Self-motivated activity d. A concept of the self
11. In order for an individual or man to be qualified to a personhood and recognized by the
community as grounded by moral status, he/ she must be oriented to time, place, date and
happenings.
a. Self-Motivated activity c.The ability to feel pain
b. Consciousness of objects and events d.A concept of the self
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12. It is the collection of one’s belief, perception, abilities and unique characteristics
a. A concept of the self c. Consciousness of objects and events
b. Self Motivated activity d. The ability to feel pain
13. One must be able to sense physical and mental hazards and response to stimuli to
avoid danger and maintain the optimum level of functioning
a. The capacity to communicate c. Consciousness of objects and events
b. Self Motivated activity d. The ability to feel pain
14. He or she must have a hobby aside from their daily general routine and habit for his mind
and soul to be relaxed.
a. A concept of the self c. Consciousness of objects and events
b.Self Motivated activity d. The ability to feel pain
15. To be included in a productive society, one must be able to express what's on his mind and
feeling and hear what the other person says.
a.The capacity to communicate c. Consciousness of objects and events
b.Self Motivated activity d. The ability to feel pain
II. For numbers 16-20, write your answer in essay format for this question, Viability, is nature
or nurtured?
Final Requirement
For your final requirement, I want you to fill up the circles below. Make two of these circles on a
blank page of google docs, one for positive self-concept and one for negative self-concept.
Below is an example of negative self-concept. Be artistic.
References
Edge, R., Groves, J. (2019) Ethics of Health Care: A Guide for Clinical Practice. 4 Edition.
th
Cencage Learning Asia Pte Ltd # WoWBiPSU

Nambayan,A &Lu, H., (2015) Palliative care in the Philippines. Oxford University. Retrieved
from: https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199332342.001.0001/med-
9780199332342-chapter-81
American Nurses Association (2016) Code of Ethics for Nurses.

https://www.nursingworld.org/~4af078/globalassets/docs/ana/ethics/endoflife-
positionstatement.pdf
Douglas, M. Summary of the Steps of Decision Making Process. University of Kansas.

Retrieved from:
https://research.ku.edu/sites/research.ku.edu/files/docs/EESE_EthicalDecisionma
kingFramework.pdf
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HEALTHCARE ETHICS
UNIT 4
BIOETHICS AND RESEARCH
Introduction
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My dear future Nurses, we are now in the fourth unit in this subject, more than half for this
semester, right? . I hope you enjoyed and remembered a lot during our discussion from the first
lesson. In this topic, we will be talking about Bioethics and Research. What about those topics?
We will be tackling the ethical issues in doing research in the field of medicine and what might
be the possible ethical principles that can be violated during the process of the study and must
take in consideration.
In the field of medicine where experimental research is very much more common than the
descriptive ones, we cannot deny that there are some humans and animals involved in clinical
trials. For some, Natural Law will somehow be violated because of manipulation of the
creations. For some, experimental research in the field of medical science will benefit the
majority and few is necessary for sacrifice. Just the current issues that are happening in
research around the world in searching for the vaccine that could possibly end the pandemic
and fight the CoronaVirus.
Research is the reason why there are evidence-based practices that are helpful for medical
professionals in rendering their service. I know that some of you hate research but it is one of
the requirements before you graduate just like what you had during Senior High School. But
why do we need this to understand all these? Any idea aside from pre-requisite? Hahaha.
Kidding aside. It is because when the time comes that you will write a research for experimental
studies, you already have an idea about the ethical principles that you might violate and for you
to apply good practices and mold into a well known Professional Nurse.
Aside from understanding the ethical issues, we must also learn our obligations. To have the
title as Registered Nurse is not the end or final. Of course, we must keep ourselves responsible
for our obligations as professionals. So let me introduce to you what is the body of this unit.

Lesson 4.1 Principles of Ethics in Research
Lesson 4.2 Ethical Issues in Evidence-Based Practice
Lesson 4.3 Ethico-Moral Obligations of the Nurse Lesson
4.4 Introduction to Good Clinical Practice
Objectives/Competencies:
1. to adapt the moral decision making process in writing research especially in experimental
research
2. explain the strategies of moral decision making process
3. integrate the core value of service in medical care in your life and in clinical setting
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Pre-test
Hello my future colleagues, before we proceed to the lesson proper,let’s have a stock
knowledge assessment. Our pre-test will be multiple choice. Please choose wisely.
1. This is the form to be accomplished before any procedures to be done.

a. Informed Consent
b. Waiver
c. Application Form
d. DNR Form
2. The state of keeping or being kept secret or private.

a. Lock
b. Confidentiality
c. Hidden Treasure
d. Conformity
3. This is the state of giving the utmost care to the client

a. Respect for others
b. Commitment to patient
c. Honesty and Integrity
d. Professional responsibility
4. is the practice of being and showing a consistent and

uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles and values.
5. It is an act for being accountable to judgement and actions.

6. This is the basic but most important to protect the Nurse as well as the patient for every
procedure done.
a. Documentation
b. Application
c. Apprehension
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d. Communication
7. Nurse Angie is doing the examination to the patient without closing the curtain. The other
patients saw what was done to the patient exposed. What was the right that is violated by Nurse
Angie?
a. Right to withdraw
b. Right to privacy
c. Right of choice
d. Right to self determination
8. The beginning of informed consent

a. Nuremberg Code
b. Declaration of Helsinki
c. Belmont Report
d. Code of Ethics
9.The states that there should be an element of fairness in all medical decisions.
a. Justice
b. Respect
c. Honesty
d. Diligence
10. The condition of being anonymous

a. Wanted
b. Hostage
c. Anonimity
d. Antagonist
Whoooaaahh!!! You did it great!! So, my beloved students, are you ready? Let us start our
discussion now.
Title of the Lesson: Principles of Ethics in Research

Duration: 3
Lesson Proper:
Alright Nurses, let us proceed on our first topic for this unit. Do you have any idea about the
principles of ethics in research? Or it's your first time to hear about this?. Another question
before we proceed, why do we need to understand this? Any idea? Such a good answer to
hear. You are all learning. Here we go.
So, let me enumerate first the five fundamental principles and differentiate the following:
 PRINCIPLE ONE: Minimising the risk of harm.

 PRINCIPLE TWO: Obtaining informed consent.
 PRINCIPLE THREE: Protecting anonymity and confidentiality.
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 PRINCIPLE FOUR: Avoiding deceptive practices.
 PRINCIPLE FIVE: Providing the right to withdraw.
All of the above are fundamentals in doing research but the general ethical principle will still be
applied in these ethical principles of research. If you notice, the general principles and research
principle is almost the same because the general ethical principle is the basis in doing these
principles for research . These will guide you in the process to protect you and your subject in
doing experiments. So please learn it by heart.
We will be also talking about the following:
1.Nuremberg Code
2.Declaration of Helsinki
3.Belmont Report
Please play the link below for the discussion:
link
Self-Check 1
Let’s have some exercise to check if the lesson is well discussed and understood.
In the situation below, let us identify how we are going to decide if you are the one involved.
Nurse Carla is doing her research in line with the project for development of their
department. As part of it, she needs to collate information from her prospect patient.
If you were Nurse Carla, what is the will you do to:
PRINCIPLE ONE: Minimising the risk of harm.
PRINCIPLE TWO: Obtaining informed consent.
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PRINCIPLE THREE: Protecting anonymity and confidentiality.
PRINCIPLE FOUR: Avoiding deceptive practices.
PRINCIPLE FIVE: Providing the right to withdraw.
Wow! What wonderful answers! Truly amazing.
It may be too long but if you will fully understand, to make it simple, it is all about protecting you,
your patient, and the environment. No rights will be abused. Always remember that nurses.
Student Nurses, I want you to remember this. These principles are considered to be universal—
they apply everywhere in the world. These principles do not have national, cultural, legal, or
economic boundaries. Everyone involved in human research studies should understand and
follow these principles to do what is right and to prevent harm not only to our patients but also to
us. Remember the hardship days to win and get the PRC License so don’t waste your efforts by
not applying what we have learned.
Are we clear? Are there any questions or concerns? So, let us proceed to a self check. Hahaha
undying self check? This is for you to be trained in comprehension especially when you reach
the board examination
Title of the Lesson: Ethical Issues in Evidence-Based Practice

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
Hi Nurses! How are you? Are we still in line? Yes of course. We are now almost near to finish
this subject. So, let us now proceed to the second lesson in this unit. I have a question, my
dear. No wrong answer. Just give me an idea. Uhmm what do you mean by evidence-based
practice? Then let us connect the issues. Not just simple issues like what you commonly heard
to the neighborhood or so called “chismis” ha. Hahaha. Yes yes we also have issues. Ethical
issues which will be usually encountered by nurses.
Let us proceed to our discussion. But let me leave you a question, can we prevent this?
So, let me enumerate first the topics that will be encountered in line with the ethical issues in
evidence-based practice:
1. Consumer autonomy
2. Conflict of interest
3. Informed consent
4. Status of evidence
5. Bias in research selection
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link discussion
So, let us have a self-assessment to check the retainment of what we have discussed, Self-
check 2:
Please read carefully. All of this is in line with our previous discussion. Identify what part of the
situation is an ethical issue and what is violated.
1. Nurse Tony is on duty at the medical ward for his completion of the research assigned to
him. He cannot complete it well because he really does not want the assignment. As he
completed the assignment, he selected only those in favor of what he wanted.
2. Nurse Carol is already preparing the chart for the upcoming operation of her patient. After the
operation, the patient demanded and said she did not know what procedure was undergone.
3. Nurse Paul is explaining to his patient regarding the medical procedure. Without any words
from his patient, he endorsed it to the operating room about the chosen procedure.
Good Job my dear students! Indeed you are all learning our lesson. Class, are you still with me?
What I have discussed is the most common that will be encountered and of course to be
considered because it has a major factor in preventing the involvement in ethical issues. So
please consider this to save your licenses in the future.
Title of the Lesson: Ethico-Moral Obligations of the Nurse

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
My dear future Nurses, we will be talking about your obligations as Professional Nurses in the
future. Why do we need to know this? Our obligations will not end with charting, carrying out
doctor’s orders, giving medication, and the undying taking of vital signs.
We have a lot of ethical and moral obligations as Nurses my dear but let me highlight the most
common. These are the following:
1. Respect for others

2. Commitment to patient
3. Honesty and Integrity
4. Professional responsibility
For the discussion, please click the link below:
link
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As usual my dear students. Hahahaha do we need to memorize? Let us have a self check to
assess the learning if it is retained.
Self-Check 3
During this pandemic situation, as a future nurse, how can you show the ethical and moral
obligations you can apply? Give atleast 5 to 10 sentences.
Great! We are done now to the discussion. So, my dear colleagues, like what I keep on telling
you, being a professional nurse doesn’t end with having a license, the attitude defines you more
as human. My beloved students, please do remember always what you’ve learned.
Title of the Lesson: Introduction to Good Clinical Practice

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
Hi Nurses. Are we still in? So we are now on the last lesson for this unit. I have a question my
dear students. How can we say if our practice is really good? Do we have any standards to
follow to make it good or should I say it is within ourselves that we are really doing good? By the
way, what do you mean by good practice? Let us specify. What do you mean by good clinical
practice? Any idea?
Our topic for today is about good clinical practice. So, are you ready to be molded, young
professionals? This is also related to the topic we have talked about last principles. Here, we
are going to deepen the topic and details as follows:
1. Definition of good clinical practice

2. Historical Background
3. Principles
For the discussions of each, please click the link below.

link
Now, before we end the topic, let us have self-assessment first if the lesson was clearly
understood.
Self-Check 4
As a student, cite an example of a good clinical practice from our current situation. Attach a
picture and an explanation why you choose it. Because Nursing is an art, be artistic. Feel free to
do all the art you know.
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Post Test
Write True if the statement is correct and False if it is incorrect.
1. A nurse on duty is the only responsible in keeping the privacy of the patient.
___2. Everyone is allowed to see the chart of the patient
3. Informed consent must be secure after the procedure is done.
4. Commitment to the patient will end after the discharge from the hospital.
5. The information in the chart is owned by the patient.
6. Only things remembered can be documented.
7. Professional Responsibility will stop at the end of duty.
8. Confidentiality is keeping with co-workers the information about the patient of the on-
duty nurse.
9. A patient has the right to know all the details before signing the informed consent.
10. There is no difference between being exposed and not exposed as long as the
procedure needed is delivered.
Final Requirement:
Please read the situation below. Write in five to ten sentences.
“A hospitalized patient with a serious necrotizing ulcer of the lower leg is planning for a removal.
The patient tells the medical caretaker that he won't sign the assent structure and he doesn't
need any medical procedure or therapy as a result of strict convictions about resurrection. If you
are the nurse, how will you handle this?”
The situation above may be tough but possibly be encountered in reality. So, student nurses, I
hope you will still decide wisely until the real life as nurses come.
As we end this chapter, I want you to keep this by heart what we have discussed because they
are not only applicable to clinical settings or practice but of course, to our daily lives. We might
experience a certain situation that is against your belief or other principles but, always
remember and consider the good intentions and actions. And always prioritize the safety of the
patient as well as you keep yours.
Student Nurse, always remember, you are responsible in every action especially to the
intervention you will be giving to your patients

Imperial College Clinical Research Governance Office. Good Clinical Practice [Web Page]
2007. Available at http://www.imperial.ac.uk/clinicalresearchoffice.
Otte A, et al. Good Clinical Practice: Historical background and key aspects. 2005;26:563–74.
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athttp://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/nuremberg.
The Doctors Trial (the Medical Case of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings) [Web Page]
Available at
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Vadivale M. ICH-GCP Guidelines for Clinical Trials. Berita MMA. 1999;7(29) [GoogleScholar]
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Edge, R., Groves, J. (2019) Ethics of Health Care: A Guide for Clinical Practice. 4 th
70
HEALTHCARE ETHICS
UNIT 5
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION IN
LEADERSHIP MANAGEMENT
Introduction
Hi future colleagues! So how are you my dear student nurses? We are now in the fifth unit in our
course subject. We are almost nearly done. I hope you are still on track and please do
remember not because required, but because this will be your weapon too in the real world. But
before we proceed, I have a question. What do you mean by ethical consideration? Just an
idea. So, let me define this for you.
Ethical Consideration characterized as authority showing and advancing 'normatively suitable

direct through close to home activities and relational relations. In ethical consideration, you must
have integrity to make the decision. Integrity includes straightforwardness and trustworthiness
or honesty as well as thought for the sufficiency of the entire substance that one oversees just
as of the general public wherein the association is found. Honesty additionally implies firm
adherence to a code, for example, a moral implicit rule.
Aside from understanding the ethical issues, we must also learn our obligations. To have the
title as Registered Nurse is not the end or final. Of course, we must keep ourselves responsible
for our obligations as professionals. So, what will be the expected topics to be encountered
here? Let me introduce to you what is the body of this unit.

Lesson 5.1 Moral Decision Making
Lesson 5.2 Strategies of Moral Decision Making Process
Lesson 5.3 Meaning and Service Value of Medical Care
Objectives/Competencies:
1. adapt the moral decision-making process in everyday life especially in the clinical setting
2. explain the strategies of moral decision-making process
3. integrate the core value of service in medical care in your life and in clinical setting
Pre-test
Hello my future colleagues, before we proceed to the lesson proper, let’s have a stock
knowledge assessment. This will be multiple choice. Because the board exam is multiple
choice. So, choose the correct answer.
1. This is an inner feelings or voices viewed as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's
behavior.
a. Temptation
b. Conscience
c. Morality
d. Hallucinations
2. This is an action of choosing between two or more courses of action.

a. Judgement
b. Action making
c. Decision Making
d. Planning
3. is the maintenance or improvement of health via the prevention, diagnosis, treatment,

recovery, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in
people.
a. Health Care
b. Medical Care
c. Health Link
d. Health Assessment
4. It is a decision-making problem between two possible moral imperatives, neither of which is

unambiguously acceptable or preferable.
a. Ethical considerations
b. Ethico-moral
c. Ethical issues
d. Ethical dilemma
5. are defined as all materials, personnel, facilities, funds, and anything else that can be
used for providing health care services.
a. Health care resources
b. Medical resources
c. Emergency Funds
d. Organization Fund
6. Concerned with the principles of right and wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of
human character.
a. Manners
b. Conduct
c. Moral
d. Ethics
7. It is a cognitive process that elicits emotion and rational associations based on an individual's
moral philosophy or value system.
a. Illusion
b. Imagination
c. Hallucination
d. Conscience
8. This is the ability to produce a reasonable and defensible answer to an ethical question.
a. Maturity
b. Moral Decision Making
c. Ethical Decision Making
d. Professionalism
9. This is a result or effect of an action or condition.
a. Outsource
b. Output
c. Consequence
d. Conclusion
10. It involves going past the mere perception of something and making nuanced judgments
about its properties or qualities.
a. Morality
b. Ethics
c. Conscience
d. Discernment
. You are really showing the learnings in this subject. So, just stay on the track as we go along
to our discussion. So, let us proceed on the first lesson for this unit.
Title of the Lesson: Moral Decision-Making

Duration: 3
Lesson Proper:
Alright my dear colleagues. So we are now in the fifth part of our subject. So before we start our
class, I want to ask something. When we say Moral Decision Making, what
comes to your mind. How can we say if we decided in the right way? What are the considerations in
decision making? Any idea? Any guess?
All my questions are related to our topic for today. The title of our lesson is Moral Decision
Making. So let me lay down what is inside:
1. Principle of Moral Discernment

2. Principle of Well-Formed Conscience
link
So, upon understanding our discussion, I hope it will be retained. Not only retained in mind but
also in your heart. Please keep it by heart. Give some space not only for your girlfriends and
boyfriends. What we discussed is relevant not only being professional but also in general. By
this, we can tell the maturity in handling situations in life. So let us test it by answering our
activity.
Self-Check 1
Below is a situation where we can apply the topic we have talked about. Read carefully and
answer the questions after.
A 42-year old pregnant woman was taken to the hospital following an accident in the home. In
the hospital, it was determined that the near-term fetus was not getting sufficient oxygenation.
According to medical opinion, both mother and child needed a blood transfusion. The woman, a
member of Jehovah's Witness faith, refused the blood on the basis of her religion.
It is clear that the woman had the right to refuse the blood herself, but the situation is
complicated by the fact that her choice adversely affected the child, who was delivered by
cesarean section. After the birth, the father refused a blood transfusion for the child, indicating
that he never wanted to go against the wishes of his wife in the matter.
The baby nevertheless was given a transfusion over the decision of the father, but by the time
he received it, he was already too compromised and died shortly after.
Should the clinical staff have accepted the father’s wishes? Provide a rationale for your
decision.
Awesome. What a good answer. You really show the learnings you’ve earned from our
discussion. Decision making is not easy. So, always remember that in making decisions, you
really have to consider everything and as much as possible you have to think many times before
deciding. Do you believe in the power of tongue? In decision making, you cannot change your
decision as easily as deleting using your eraser. Example is social media wherein you have to
think before you click. So, choose wisely students
Title of the Lesson: Strategies of Moral Decision-Making Process

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
My dear nurses, let us proceed to the second topic of this unit. When you are in a kind of
situation, how do you decide? Do you have any basis that makes you come to think of that way
or you just do it what comes first to your mind? Do we have to make ways before ending to a
good decision? The questions are leading to our topic. So, let us proceed to our discussion.
The title of our topic is Strategies of Moral Decision Making Process. Under this topic, we have
the so-called Ethical Dilemma.
link
So, we are done to our discussion. Let us now have the self-assessment activity. Self-
Check 2
Draw two hands in a short bond paper. You may choose the color you want. Be creative. In the
left hand, please put the decision you made that you regret in the end. In the right hand, put the
decision you made that you think it is right. Then below the two hands, please write at least 5
sentences explaining why it is remarkable to you.
Nursing is an art. You are awesome and creative in doing our activity. Decision making is very
important, and it is hard to do. So, my beloved students, please always remember, that for every
decision you make, you must keep yourself responsible for its outcome, may it be good or not.
You must think several times before deciding, for we don’t have the power to reverse it.
Title of the Lesson: Meaning and Service Value of Medical Care

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
My dear students, we are now on the last part of this unit. So, here, we are going to talk about
medical care. When we say medical care, what comes first to your mind? Any idea? Come ‘on
don’t be shy. Any idea will do. Is it different with health care?
In health care, service is provided to individuals, family and community whereas in medical care,
service is provided only to the person who needs medical attention. Health care is provided by
agents of a health service(includes a doctor as well) but Medical care can be provided only by a
physician.
Objective of Health Care is promoted, maintain, restore and monitor the health of the public
which is its right whereas Medical Care aims at the cure of a person who is in a diseased
condition.
So basically, Health Care includes Medical Care. In other words, Medical Care is actually a
subset of Health Care.
Let us go through the topics under this unit. Details are as follows:
1. Allocation of Health Resources
2. Issues involving Access to Care
link
Alright. We are now done with our discussion. But before we end this, let us have an
assessment for the retention of our lesson.
Self-Check 3
Below is a situation where we can apply the topic we have talked about. Read carefully and
answer the questions after.
With managed care, the charges that can be made for a particular condition are often
predetermined and fixed; hospitals make or lose money depending on whether they are able to
treat the patient within the confines of the predetermined payment. This has resulted in pressure
on health care providers to reduce staff and personnel, reduce length of hospital stay, and
reduce necessary services provided. Can a health care provider serve both the society's need
for cost containment and yet be the advocate for the patient as required by the basic principles
of role duty and beneficence?
You made it right! As we ended the lesson, did you learn? Are we still here? Let me tell you this.
Sooner or later, you all will be working. Please choose wisely. Make sure that your health is not
compromised. Consider the good compensation and the benefits in choosing a job where you
will fit in. Don’t choose because your best friend or your boyfriend/girlfriend is there. And as
much as possible, please save for your health. Because it is the only wealth that no one can get
from you.
Post Test
Arrange the following in order according to steps in decision making.
Consider your character and integrity

Gather the facts
Check your gut
Define the ethical issues
Identify the affected parties
Decide on the proper ethical action and be prepared to deal with opposing arguments.
Identify the consequences
Think creatively about potential actions
Identify the obligations
Know what the problem is
Final requirement:
Please read the situation carefully. Answer the question in five to ten sentences.
You have treated a patient who supported minor facial wounds. Not long after he is released,
you are drawn closer by a cop needing to know his name and address as he is associated with
leaving the location of a burglary. What do you do?
John Gallagher, The Basis For Christian Ethics (New York: Paulist Press, 1985)
Richard Gula, Reason Informed by Faith: Foundations of Catholic Morality (New York: Paulist
Press, 1989)
Ethics of Health Care: An Introductory Textbook (Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University
Press, 1994)
Strech D, Hurst S,Danis M.The role of ethics committees and ethics consultation in allocation
decisions: a 4-stage process. Med Care. 2010;48(9):821–826
Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. A distinction between traditional theories of justice and more
recent theories like capabilities and well-being. In: Beauchamp TL, Childress JF, eds. Principles
of Biomedical Ethics, 7th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2013:279–280
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: with special feature on racial
and ethnic health disparities. 2016; DHHS Publication No. 2016-1232
HEALTHCARE ETHICS
UNIT 6
ETHICAL ISSUES RELATED TO

TEACHNOLOGY IN THE
DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE
Introduction
Evolution of technology as we know it is unstoppable. It changes through time, and its impact
has a huge effect in each one of us. It's impact is undeniable because we can see and feel it not
just in our everyday lives but also in every profession. In medical science, as the technology
evolves, so are the medical practices of each medical profession. From diagnostic laboratories,
treatment of diseases to the documentation, we use technology. It really helps in almost
everything because it saves time and energy but each technology has a cost.
Though there are so many benefits from the use of technology, there are also some
disadvantages of it. The invasion of privacy, breaching of confidentiality and lack of knowledge
about technological advancement which can lead to some problems are one of the challenges
and issues of the technology of the 21st century. The very reason why some local and
international laws with regards to technology and information have been passed to protect the
privacy of an individual.
In this time of pandemic and facing the new normal, technology is in demand. In the medical
setting, the current trend of practice is telemedicine and jobs and positions in regard to this new
practice is now being established. It became the new access for some to health because the
majority of us have gadgets and social media accounts that we can use for communication with
the health care workers for our health care needs and information.
So, dear student nurse, let us explore the wonders of the technology to our profession through
this lesson. Students, let us equip ourselves with the knowledge about the benefits,
disadvantages and the limitations of technology in our profession.
Let us begin!
This module is divided into 3 lessons:

Lesson 6.1 Data Protection and Security
Lesson 6.2 Benefits and Challenges of Technology
Lesson 6.3 Current Technology: Issues and Dilemma
1. Defend the national law for data protection and security if the situation needs it
2. Appreciate the emerging technologies and be open minded to the changes it has
brought to the health care delivery system.
3. Integrate the core value of service in medical care in your life and in the clinical
setting.
Pre-test
Hello my dear Student Nurse, before we proceed to the lesson proper,let's have a stock knowledge
check. Write your correct answer on the space before the number.
TRUE OR FALSE
1. Telehealth is a new nursing career path that allows nurses to deliver
exceptional patient care in a “hands off way”.
2. Telemedicine is a medical care that comes from a distance or away from
the office.
3. Telenursing is the use of technology to deliver nursing care and to
remotely
conduct nursing practice.
4. Data subject in the data privacy act refers to an individual whose
personal information is processed.
5. Sensitive personal information is limited only to name, age, sex,
religion, ethnic group.
6. Consent of data subject in the data privacy act can be written,
electronic or recorded means of authorized person.
7. Republic Act 10173 is also known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012.
8. Among the disadvantages in the use of technology in nursing is internet
access, malfunctioning of equipment and kept records.
9. One of the biggest issues facing healthcare today is on Privacy/Security.

10.The incorporation of telehealth solutions into these new age smart drug
delivery systems provides health professionals with real-time patient data
and equips them to deal better with more chronic diseases.
You did a good job in answering this pre-test! Thank you so much for that. So, let us start the
discussion, for our first lesson is about DATA PROTECTION AND SECURITY. Please play my
recorded discussion for that topic.
link here
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 6.1 Data Protection and Security

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10173 or also known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, is an act
protecting individual personal information in information and communications systems in the
government and the private sector, creating for this purpose a national privacy commission, and
for other purposes.
I.GENERAL PROVISIONS
II.THE NATIONAL PRIVACY COMMISSION
III.PROCESSING OF PERSONAL INFORMATION
IV. RIGHTS OF THE DATA SUBJECT
V.SECURITY OF PERSONAL INFORMATION
VI. ACCOUNTABILITY FOR TRANSFER OF
PERSONAL INFORMATION
VII. SECURITY OF SENSITIVE PERSONAL
INFORMATION IN GOVERNMENT
VIII. PENALTIES
IX. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Refer to the link below for more readings
Source: Republic Act 10173 – Data Privacy Act of 2012

https://www.privacy.gov.ph/data-privacy-act/
You did a great job in answering the pre-test! Thank you so much for that. So, let us start the
discussion, Okay, for more information Please play my recorded discussion for that topic.
link here
So, you are done with the topic! That’s great! I hope everything is clear about the differences of
those two. I know the discussion was long so let’s first do our self - check!
Self-Check 1.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10173
You are done with the discussion, and you may ask questions by sending me a video- recorded
file and send it to Messenger App. I might surely take time for me to answer your questions but
promise, I will! :) This is really the NEW NORMAL.
link here
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 6.2 Benefits and Challenges of Technology
Duration: 3.6
Lesson Proper
We are re living in a digital era where almost

everything is touched by technology. Our
homes, our vehicles, our communication, our
relationships, and of course, our jobs are all
connected to technology in a way or another.
While technology has a clear place and
significance in certain professions, like
engineering, design, IT experts and business, other professions are now welcoming technology
as it advances and grows with it. One such profession is nursing. While it makes sense for
healthcare industries at large to use technology for diagnosis and treatment like MRI machines,
lab work, ultrasounds, sonograms, X-rays, nursing is much more personal and dependent on
human interaction and relationship building because nursing care needs compassion and
empathy. How, then, does technology fit in with the nursing profession? The answer is split into
different two categories: advantages and disadvantages of technology in nursing profession. To
learn more how technology is helping and hurting nursing, read on….(let's proceed with our
discussion)
A. Technology and Nursing Profession: What is Telehealth Nursing and

Telemedicine?
>New job developments that combine technology and nursing are known as
telehealth and telemedicine which are very trendy this time of pandemic.
 Telehealth is a new nursing career path that allows nurses to deliver exceptional
and quality patient care in a "hands-off way" with the use of available technology
and social application. In other words, telehealth allows patients to get healthcare
advice, medication, and some treatment from a distance or remotely, via
Messenger App, Google Meet or Zoom
 Telemedicine is a delivery system that is now become popular amongst various
healthcare industry that includes patients. It is medical care that comes from a
distance or away from the office.
 Telenursing is defined as "the use of technology to deliver nursing care and
conduct nursing practice to the patients remotely"
B. Advantages of Technology in Nursing

1. Improved Communication Leading to Improved Patient Care
2. Better Education
3. Improved Treatment
4. Better Kept Records
C. Disadvantages of Technology in Nursing

1. Set Up and Internet Access
2. Malfunctioning Equipment
3. At the Mercy of the Server/Power
4. Potential Lack of Attention to Detail
Technology will always have its undeniable advantages and disadvantages, but the
bottom line is that it really does make our lives easier. Makes our job effective and
efficient. The thing to we need to remember is that we must always use our own human
intelligence and ingenuity in conjunction with technology for the best and accurate
results. If registered nurses keep this in mind, there's no telling how far and wide the
nursing field can go further.
Source:4 Advantages & 4 Disadvantages of Technology in Nursing

https://www.healthcarepros.net/4-advantages-4-disadvantages-of-technology-in-
nursing/
For the discussion, please play the link below:

link here
This topic is too long so the link below is the soft copy of the powerpoint presentation
and I suggest that you download it or print it so that you can take down notes. And also,
for more information, prepare your audio to play the link for discussion
` link here
So, you are done with the topic! That’s great! I hope everything is clear about data
privacy. We must all be aware of this because our name is at stake. I know the discussion was
long so let’s first do our self - check!
Self-Check 2 (Within Lesson Assessment from Workshop 2 for Lesson 2)
let's do it technology!
UNSCRAMBLE THE WORDS
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 6.3 Current Technology: Issues and Dilemma
Duration: 3.6 hours
Lesson Proper:
A. Emerging Technology Trends

Shaping the Healthcare Industry
The challenge that the healthcare sector faces

today especially in this time of pandemic is how to
make use of these advances in technology while
maintaining the high quality of patient care, effective and efficient services and without compromising
on the privacy of patient information and data. Let us take a closer look at the emerging trends
in healthcare technologies by analyzing patents in these areas in the last five years
1. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
> it is being applied in areas such as using data for personalized medications, automated
treatment plans wellness management and patient monitoring, among others.
Some of the ways in which AI technologies are changing the healthcare industry
 Information gathering and analysis (medical records and patient

information) using AI and digital automation.
 Medical diagnostics – tests, X-Rays, CT scans, data entry, and other task
that is necessary for diagnosis and treament
 Predictive analytics – early detection of diseases and better treatment
plans using patient historical data as a baseline data for planning.
 Monitoring the client's fitness level and delivering optimal patient care.
> It is observed that the larger organizations such as Philips, Samsung and IBM hold a large
number of devices related to Bio-sensors, which is emerging technology in the healthcare
industry.
2. Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare

 Various devices and mobile applications are being used now by health
professionals for contact tracing, prevent the spread of diseases like
COVID-19 p and early detection and treatment of chronic illnesses. This
has led to the emergence of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). A
variety of wearable gadgets are in use for gathering and tracking the data
accurately, including ECG/EKG monitors.
The use of these novel devices mainly involves the following:
 Collection of data using sensors,

 Gathering data over the network, and
 Analyzing data for decision making.
3. Digital Health
> Innovations directed to digital health are on now
the rise. Novel devices and health applications
have now entered the healthcare industry, from
wearables to genomics to personalized medicine,
that aid in disease diagnosis, treatment, prediction
and management. In this increasingly connected
world because of the social applications and with
the ubiquitous Ness of data collection, the
healthcare industry is employing advanced
analytical techniques to optimize patient care and
doing so in a cost-effective manner.
> Philips, Samsung and GE are one of the top companies and providers in digital health-related
applications.
> Mobile and digital health applications provide flexibility and convenience to both medical
professionals and patients as well as improve healthcare outcomes
4. Smart Drug Delivery Systems
> Smart drug delivery systems or (SDDS) cover intelligent approaches in formulation
technologies that transport a right and computed drug dosage to its target site in the body in a
timely manner. These systems use sensors and other monitoring devices to accurately track
and analyze patient information and progress.
> The incorporation of telehealth process into these new era smart drug delivery systems
provides health professionals with real-time patient data and information and equips them to
deal better with future chronic diseases.
Quick Takeaways
 Artificial Intelligence or AI technologies in healthcare sector are significantly impacting the
healthcare ecosystem, especially in the areas of diagnostics and pathology.
 IoMT is emerging as a critical and vital component of healthcare systems in the current age and is
now being increasingly adopted by the providers for leveraging patient data and improved care
management.
 Digital health is now transforming the healthcare industry with accurate treatment, monitoring and
diagnostics.
 Smart drug delivery systems or SDDS deliver improved safe, accurate and therapeutic benefits to
the patients. They also have real-time analysis of the client's health data and as well as patient's
progress
Source: Emerging Technology Trends Shaping the Healthcare Industry

https://blog.relecura.com/2019/02/emerging-technology-trends-shaping-
the-healthcare-industry/
B. The Biggest Issues Facing Healthcare Today
A hundred or more C-suite and director-level executives voted on and then ranked the top 10
critical challenges, issues, trends, and opportunities they expect to face in the coming year,
during the 2019 HCEG Annual Forum or the HealthCare Executive Group (HCEG), a 31-year-
old networking and leadership organization, facilitated discussion around the issues of the
Forum, which took place September 9 to 11, in Boston, USA
Different executives from payer, business manager, provider, and technology partner
organizations were presented with a list of more than 25 topics. Initially compiled from different
webinars, roundtables, and the 2019 Industry Pulse Survey, the list was augmented by in-depth
discussions during the Forum of executives, where industry and business experts have
expounded on a broad range of current and important priorities within their organizations. HCEG
Board Members announced the results of the year-long process that will determined the 2020
HCEG.
Top 10 Challenges, Issues, and Opportunities

1. Costs and transparency
2. Consumer experience
3. Delivery system transformation
4. Data and analytics
5. Interoperability/consumer data access
6. Holistic individual health.
7. Next-generation payment models
8. Accessible points of care
9. Healthcare policy
10. Privacy/security
Source: The Biggest Issues Facing Healthcare Today/Managed healthcare executive

https://www.managedhealthcareexecutive.com/view/biggest-issues-facing-healthcare- today
.
For the discussion, please play the link below:
link here
Self-Check 3
Let us pause for a while and do an activity! In this activity, you need to Fill-in
the box below appropriate answers to the following questions know the
discussion was long so let’s first do our self - check!
List 5 Current Advantage Disadvantage Personal Opinion or Possible

Issues Discussed Solution to create a positive
effect
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I
Wow! You did a good job in answering. I hope you learned from our discussion and
broaden your knowledge in lieu to the subject matter.
Post-test
In order to recall and check our understanding for this lesson, let us do a post-test for this unit.
Just assure that you are in a quiet and peaceful environment so that you can analyze each item
better.
Instruction: Identify what is asked and write your answer on the space provided before each
number.
1. It is an act protecting individual personal information
in information and communications systems in the
government and the private sector.
2. It is a delivery system that has become popular
amongst various healthcare circles.
3. This refers to any information whether recorded in a
material form or not that will certainly identify an individual.
4. It allows people to get healthcare advice, medication,
and some treatment from a distance.
5. It is defined as “the use of technology to deliver
nursing care and conduct nursing practice.”
Enumeration:
1-5. Cite 5 examples that refer to sensitive personal information. 6-8.
Cite 3 advantages of technology in nursing
9-11. Cite 3 disadvantages of technology in nursing.
Congratulations! You did well. Please do not stop remembering all of the topics we discussed
after this session. Learn by heart to enjoy your journey towards the real world, my dear future
nurses.
Final Requirement
For your final requirement, you just need to play the link below and write a reflection paper for it.
play this link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Il3LjtTYNtM&has_verified=1&ab_channel=kriznalyn
You have apply what you have learned from our discussion and of
the previous discussions.
Submit it in our Google Classroom on . Stay safe and good luck!

1. What are those ethical issues that we can get from this video?Explain your answer and
cite specific lessons.
2. If you were the patient who underwent such surgery, how would you react to this and
what would be your immediate action?
3. Being a student nurse, and training to become a professional nurse what would be your
appropriate action considering your knowledge on bioethics.

Republic Act 10173 – Data Privacy Act of 2012. Privacy.gov. Retrieved from:
4 Advantages & 4 Disadvantages of Technology in Nursing. (2019, January 29).

Healthcarepros.net. Retrieved from
https://www.healthcarepros.net/4-advantages-4-disadvantages-of-technology-in-
nursing/
Mishra, R. 2019. Emerging Technology Trends Shaping the Healthcare Industry.

Retrived from
https://blog.relecura.com/2019/02/emerging-technology-trends-shaping-the-healthcare-
industry/
Grajek, S. 2019. Top 10 IT Issues, 2020: The Drive to Digital Transformation Begins.
Retrieved from
https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/1/top-10-it-issues-2020-the-drive-to-digital-
transformation-begins
Canister Scandal, (2008 September 9). Youtube.com. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=Il3LjtTYNtM&has_verified=1&ab_channel=kriznalyn
HEALTHCARE ETHICS
UNIT 7
CONTUING EDUCATION
PROGRAMS ON ETHICO-MORAL
PRACTICE IN NURSING
Introduction
My dear student nurses, let me tell you something, when you get your licenses in the future and
become a full-pledged Registered Nurse, everything will not stop there because that is only the
beginning for more mountains to take. You will encounter a lot of problems that have not been
taught during your college years, the reason why you must always equip yourself with
knowledge in order for you to survive the real world out there and give a better service to your
patient.
This is the very reason why continuing education programs such as seminars, convention,
Masters and Doctoral degree is highly recommended for you to explore the other areas of your
profession. When you attend any of these, ethico-moral practices is always on the topic or
included in the topics because we cannot deny that in healthcare setting there will always be a
dilemma and ethics within healthcare are important for us to make good judgement and
decisions while keeping the value within the national law, rules and regulations that govern us.
When you get your license after the oath-taking ceremony, you will have a contract with the
society to behave in accordance with rules & regulations dictated by the community and the
nursing profession, to promote good and well- being and honor the patients’ autonomy.
Lesson 7.1 Lobbying/ Advocating for Ethical Issues Related to Health Care Lesson
7.2 Code of Ethics for Nurses
1. to reflect on the standards set by the society and the nursing profession
2. judge accurately the moral goodness of any human action 3.
integrate the core value of the nursing profession in everyday life
4. to create a good atmosphere with the members of healthcare team for an excellent delivery of
care
Pre-test
INSTRUCTION: Write capital T if the statement is Correct and capital F if the statement is
incorrect.
1. One of the challenges healthcare managers face is how to influence
public policy.
2. Lobbying is the appropriate thing to do when it is done with the intention of
Improving the common good.
3. All methods used in trying to influence legislation corrupt the legislative
system by providing personal advantages to policymakers.
4. Advocacy is an effort to influence public rules and policy for the benefit of those
who are not recognized by the powers.
5. Good lobbying is a citizen behavior, not consumer behavior.
6. Nurse always maintains standards of personal conduct which reflect well
on the profession and enhance its image and public confidence.
7. The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard selected individuals,
families &
communities when their health is endangered by a co-worker or any other
person.
8. The nurse is active in developing and sustaining a core of professional
values.
_________9. The preservation of life, respect for human rights, and promotion of a healthy
environment is not a commitment of a Registered Nurse.
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 1 Lobbying/ Advocating for Ethical Issues Related to Health Care
Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
Healthcare Management Ethics and the Positive View of Lobbying
According to Dr. Weber, director of the Ethics Institute, University of Detroit Mercy,
Detroit. He's a member of the Catholic Health Association's Task Force on Healthcare
Management Ethics, a challenge that healthcare manage face is how to influence public policy
in a peaceful and legal way.
Healthcare managers and supervisor know that some changes in public policy promote
appropriate and effective healthcare delivery, and some do not. They also know that it's not
responsible to stand back in silence, let others set policies, and then react later. The word
"lobbying" may suggest behaviors that are somewhat questionable from an ethical explanation,
when done with the intention and goal of improving the common good for the majority, lobbying
is often the appropriate or best thing to do.
Lobbying's Negative Reputation

Lobbying has always acquired a questionable reputation among ethically sensitive people
for two possible reasons:
 The methods that sometimes used in

trying to influence legislation corrupt the
legislative system by providing personal
advantages and benefits to policy maker.
 Lobbyists often appear to some to be less
interested in good policy than in

protecting their own gain and interests.
Philosopher Mark Sagoff always makes a distinction between our role as consumers and our
role as country citizens. Sagoff stated that when we act as consumer, we seek to acquire what
we want and the best for ourselves: Each person follows his own concept of the good life, his
own self-interest. On the other hand, when we act as citizens, we seek to achieve and
implement what is right or best for the entire community; we try to promote a good society.
The problem with so much of lobbying is that personal or institutional self-interest is sometimes
placed above concern for the public greatest good. Lobbying as Advocacy
On the contrary to this view, another way of thinking about lobbying is as an advocacy which is an
effort to positively influence public policy for the benefit of those who are not recognized in the lower
level by those in power. Although those people who seek greater protection from increased
environmental degradation or more low- income housing for homeless people are examples of
special interests, their advocacy is a different kind of lobbying from those which simply seeks a
better deal for oneself. Self-interest is always legitimate in many circumstances, but it is not
ordinarily an adequate basis on which and how to determine good public policy.
Healthcare managers' responsibility is to work for a just, efficient, and effective healthcare system,
and not just for the benefit of interests of their own organizations, is recognized in the Code of Ethics
of the American College of Healthcare Executives. According to the preamble of the code (as
amended in 1992):
It stated that the fundamental objectives of the healthcare management profession are to enhance
the overall quality of life, dignity and well-being of every human needing and seeking healthcare
services, management and to create a more equitable, accessible, effective and efficient healthcare
system.
Good Citizens, Good Lobbyists

It seems essential, therefore, that healthcare
managers and supervisors support and promote
lobbying with good intetions. They need to review
frequently the goals and objectives of lobbying efforts
to ensure that they remain focused on creating "a
more equitable, accessible, effective and efficient
healthcare system in the country." Given the nature of
so much of the lobbying that takes place in our political
system, it is important for healthcare managers to
guard against the tendency to
focus almost exclusively on the
institution's more immediate and narrowly defined goals to set goals that is good for the
majority. Good lobbying is citizen behavior, not consumer behavior.
Lobbying Methods
A third dimension to the lobbying ethics is how it is done.

Public officials are obligated to put the public
interest first. The Government Ethics Center
of the Josephson Institute stated that public
servants should treat their office as a public
trust, only using the powers and resources of
public office to advance public interests, and
not to attain personal benefits or pursue any
other private interest incompatible with the
public good. (Preserving the Public Trust:
Principles of Public Service Ethics, Marina
del Rey, CA, 1990)
The responsibility of those trying to influence public policy is to interact with public officials in
such a way that they do not ask or tempt those officials to put private interests above the public
good.
Conflict-of-interest analysis is an important tool that identifies public officials' ethical
responsibility. I believe conflict-of-interest analysis could be equally important in identifying
ethically unacceptable lobbying techniques and strategies that encourage public officials to put
private interest above the public good.
Healthcare managers and supervisors must pay careful attention to the methods of lobbying
their organizations use to save time, effort and energy. What message is sent when a
healthcare political action committee contributes to the campaign of a particular legislator? What
are the implications of hiring a professional lobbyist to represent the organization?
A healthcare manager should not assume that professional lobbyists have the same ethical
commitments that he or she does. Unless healthcare managers make an explicit effort to know
and monitor the methods of the lobbyists they hire, they cannot assume that those methods will
always be appropriate.
Lobbying's Good Is Widespread

Lobbying can be an activity in which ethically sensitive persons take pride. Advocating
effectively and with political integrity for public policies that contribute to a more just healthcare
system is fulfilling a professional responsibility, achieving an institutional goal, and performing a
major public service.
Source: Journal of the Catholic Health Association of the United States HEALTH PROGRESS
https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/november-1993/healthcare-
management-ethics---a-positive-view-of- lobbying?
fbclid=IwAR0hvivYN8ImsJAuxy6iTfYZXn0lV3bh3_O89OHIzI61wyTa0B0RVF8 oBY8
Self-Check 1
Write down below as many as you could what is asked in the column:
Good aspect/effect of lobbying Negative aspect/effect of lobbying
Title of the Lesson: Lesson 2 Code of Ethics for Nurses

Duration: 3 hours
Lesson Proper:
7.2.1 “ INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ETHICS

>An international code of ethics for nurses was first adopted
by the International Council of Nurses (ICN) in 1953. It has
been revised and reaffirmed at various times since, most
recently with this review and revision completed in 2012
ELEMENTS OF THE CODE
Nurses and People
> the nurses’ primary professional responsibility is to people requiring nursing care.
>In providing care, the nurse promotes an environment in which the human rights, values,
customs and spiritual beliefs of the individual, family and community are respected.
>The nurse ensures that the individual receives accurate, sufficient and timely information in a
culturally appropriate manner on which to base consent for care and related treatment
>The nurse holds in confidence personal information and uses judgement in sharing this
information.
>The nurse shares with society the responsibility for initiating
and supporting action to meet the health and social needs of the public, in particular those of
vulnerable populations.
>The nurse advocates for equity and social justice in resource allocation, access to health care
and other social and economic services.
>The nurse demonstrates professional values such as respectfulness, responsiveness,
compassion, trustworthiness and integrity
B. Nurses and Practice
>the nurse carries personal responsibility and accountability for nursing practice, and for
maintaining competence by continual learning.
>The nurse maintains a standard of personal health such that the ability to provide care is not
compromised.
>The nurse uses judgement regarding individual competence when accepting and
delegating responsibility.
>The nurse at all times maintains standards of personal conduct which reflect well on the
profession and enhance its image and public confidence.
>The nurse, in providing care, ensures that use of technology and scientific advances are
compatible with the safety, dignity and rights of people.
>The nurse strives to foster and maintain a practice culture promoting ethical behavior and open
dialogue.
C. Nurses and the Profession

>the nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing acceptable standards
of clinical nursing practice,
management, research and education.
>The nurse is active in developing a core of
research-based professional knowledge that
supports evidence-based practice.
>The nurse is active in developing and
sustaining a core of professional values.
>The nurse, acting through the professional
organisation, participates in creating a positive
practice environment
and maintaining safe, equitable social and economic working conditions in nursing.
>The nurse practices to sustain and protect the natural environment and is aware of its consequences on
health.
>The nurse contributes to an ethical organizational environment and challenges unethical
practices and settings.
D. Nurses as Co-workers
>the nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard individuals, families and communities when
their health is endangered by a co-worker or any other person.
>The nurse sustains a collaborative and respectful relationship with co-workers in nursing
and other fields.
>The nurse takes appropriate action to safeguard individuals, families and communities when
their health is endangered by a co-worker or any other person. “
- (Source: THE ICN CODE OF ETHICS FOR NURSES)

https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012_ICN... · PDF file
7.2.2 CODE OF ETHICS FOR FILIPINO NURSES
A. Registered Nurses and People
Ethical Principles under Section 4 Article 2
1. Values, customs, and spiritual beliefs held by individuals shall be respected.

2. Individual freedom to make rational and unconstrained decisions shall be respected.
3. Personal information acquired in the process of giving nursing care shall be held in strict
confidence.
a. consider the individuality and totality of patients when they administer care.
b. respect the spiritual beliefs and practices of patients regarding diet and treatment.
c. uphold the rights of individuals.
d. take into consideration the culture and values of patients in providing nursing care. However,
in the event of conflicts, their welfare and safety must take precedence.
B. Registered Nurses and Practice
1. Human life is inviolable.

2. Quality and excellence in the care of the patients are the goals of nursing practice.
3. Accurate documentation of actions and outcomes of delivered care is the hallmark of nursing.

a. knows the definition and scope of nursing practice which are in the provisions of R. A.
No. 9173, known as the “Philippine Nursing Act of 2002” and Board Res. No. 425,
Series of 2003, the “Rules and Regulations Implementing the Philippine Nursing Act. of 2002”,
(the IRR).
b. be aware of their duties and responsibilities in the practice of their profession as defined in
the “Philippine Nursing Act of 2002” and the IRR.
c. acquire and develop the necessary competence in knowledge, skills, and attitudes to
effectively render appropriate nursing services through varied learning situations. PRC- BN
d. if they are administrators, be responsible in providing a favorable environment for the growth
and developments of Registered Nurses in their charge.
e. be cognizant that professional programs for specialty certification by the BON are accredited
through the Nursing Specialty Certification Council (NSCC). g. see to it that quality nursing care
and practice meet the optimum standard of safe nursing practice.
h. insure that modification of practice shall consider the principles of safe nursing practice.
i. if in position of authority in a work environment, be normally and legally responsible for
devising a system of minimizing occurrences of ineffective and unlawful nursing practice.
j. ensure that patients' records shall be available only if they are to be
issued to those who are professionally and directly involved in their care and when they are
required by law".
Ethical Principle under Section 8 Article 3
4. Registered Nurses are the advocates of the patients: they shall take appropriate steps to
safeguard their rights and privileges.

a. respect the “Patients’ Bill of Rights” in the delivery of nursing care.
b. provide the patients or their families with all pertinent information except those which may be
deemed harmful to their well-being.
c. uphold the patients’ rights when conflict arises regarding management of their care
Ethical Principle under Section 10 Article 3
5. Registered Nurses are aware that their actions have professional, ethical, moral, and legal
dimensions. They strive to perform their work in the best interest of all concerned
EGISTERED Nurses must:perform their professional duties in conformity with existing

laws, rules, regulations. measures, and generally
accepted principles of moral conduct and proper decorum.
a. not allow themselves to be used in
advertisements that should demean the image
of the profession (i.e. indecent exposure,
violation of dress code, seductive behavior,
etc.).
b. decline any gift, favor or hospitality which
might be interpreted as capitalizing on patients.
c. not demand and receive any commission,
fee or emolument for
recommending or referring a patient to a physician, a co-nurse or another PRC-BN health care
worker; not to pay any commission, fee or other compensations to the one referring or
recommending a patient to them for nursing care.
d. avoid any abuse of the privilege relationship which exists with patients and of the privilege
access allowed to their property, residence, or workplace.
C. Registered Nurses and Co-workers
1. The Registered Nurse is in solidarity with other members of the healthcare team in working
for the patient’s best interest.
2. The Registered Nurse maintains a collegial and collaborative working relationship with
colleagues and other health care providers.
maintain their professional role/identity while working with other members of the health team.
conform with group activities as those of a health team should be based on acceptable, ethico-
legal standards.
contribute to the professional growth and development of other members of the health team.
actively participate in professional organizations.
e. not act in any manner prejudicial to other professions.
f. honor and safeguard the reputation and dignity of the members of nursing and other
professions; refrain from making unfair and unwarranted comments or criticisms on their
competence, conduct, and procedures; or not do anything that will bring discredit to a
colleague and to any member of other professions.
g. respect the rights of their co-workers.
D. Registered Nurses, Society and Environment
1. The preservation of life, respect for human

rights, and promotion of a healthy environment
shall be a commitment of a Registered Nurse.
2. The establishment of linkages with the public
in promoting local, national, and international
efforts to meet health and social needs of the
people as a contributing member of society is a
noble concern of a Registered Nurse.
"REGISTERED Nurses must:
be conscious of their obligations as citizens and, as such, be involved in community

concerns. PRC-BN
a. be equipped with knowledge of health resources within the community and take active roles
in primary health care.
b. actively participate in programs, projects, and activities that respond to the problems of
society.
c. lead their lives in conformity with the principles of right conduct and proper decorum.
d. project an image that will always uplift the nursing profession.
E.Registered Nurses and the Profession
1. Maintenance of loyalty to the nursing profession and preservation of its integrity are ideal.
2. Compliance with the by-laws of the accredited professional organization (PNA), and other
professional organizations of which the Registered Nurse is a member is a lofty duty.
3. Commitment to continual learning and active participation in the development and growth of
the profession are commendable obligations.
4. Contribution to the improvement of the socio-economic conditions and general welfare of
nurses through appropriate legislation is a practice and a visionary mission."
"Registered Nurses must

a. be members of the Accredited Professional Organization (PNA).
b. strictly adhere to the nursing standards.
c. participate actively in the growth and development of the nursing profession
d.strive to secure equitable socio-economic and working conditions in nursing through appropriate
legislation and other means.
e.assert for the implementation of labor and work standards."
(Source: PRC-BN)
www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/Board of Nursing-CE.pdf · PDF file Self-
Check 2
List all that apply in the appropriate column what nurses are expected to manifest or must
do.
International Code of Ethics for Filipino Nurses
Code of Ethics for
Nurses
1. Nurses and People 1. Registered Nurses and People
2. Nurses and Practice 2. Registered Nurses and Practice
3. Nurses and the Profession 3. Registered Nurses & Co-workers
4. Registered Nurses, Society and

4. Nurses as Co-workers
Environment
5. Registered Nurses and the Profession
Post Test
MATCHING TYPE: You have to match Column A with Column B and write your answer on the
space provided before each question.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Nurses A. The nurse demonstrates professional values such as

As Practice respectfulness, responsiveness, compassion, trustworthiness,
and integrity.
B. The nurse must know the definition and scope of nursing practice
2. Nurses which are in the provisions of R. A. No. 9173, known as the “Philippine
& Co-workers Nursing Act of 2002” and Board Res. No. 425, Series of 2003, the
“Rules and Regulations Implementing the Philippine Nursing Act. of
2002”, (the IRR).
3. Nurses C. The nurse assumes the major role in determining and implementing
& People acceptable standards of clinical nursing practice, management,
research and education.
D. The nurse must honor and safeguard the reputation and dignity of the
4. members of nursing and other professions; refrain from making unfair
Nurses, Society and unwarranted comments or criticisms on their competence,
& Environment conduct, and procedures; or not do anything that will bring discredit to
a colleague and to any member of other professions.
5. Nurses E. The nurse must lead their lives in conformity with

& the the principles of right conduct and proper decorum, project an image that will
Profession always uplift the nursing profession.
TRUE OR FALSE: Write True if the statement is correct and False if otherwise
1. Lobbying can be an activity in which ethically sensitive persons don’t take pride.
2. One of the fundamental objectives of the healthcare management profession
to create a more equitable, accessible, ineffective & efficient healthcare
system.
3. When we act as consumers, we seek to acquire what we want for ourselves.
______________4. When we act as citizens, we seek to achieve what is right or best for the community.
______________5. A healthcare manager should assume that professional lobbyists have the same
ethical commitments that he or she does.
Final Requirement
For your final requirement, you just need to play the link and answer the questions below.
play this link
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IAz- M9VHXwaTuZqXIbJfVLLDXs3S872u/view?usp=sharing
1. Presuming you as a nurse is Patch Adams in the film, would you do the same actuations
or decisions he did make? Expound your answer by citing 3 situations and correlating it
with nurses' code of ethics.
2. Cite situations in the movie where lobbying was portrayed or depicted and how do you
react to this.
3. In the movie, how was patient’s Bill of Rights portrayed? Was it in accordance with the
law or against it? Cite the situation from the movie and defend your answer.
References
Weber M.D (1993). Healthcare Management of Ethics- A Positive View of Lobbying. Retrieved
from: https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/november- 1993/healthcare-
management-ethics---a-positive-view-of- lobbying?
International Code of Ethics for Nurses (2018) International Council of Nurses. ICN.ch.
Retrieved from: https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012_ICN... · PDF file
Code of Ethics for Filpino Nurses (2018) Board of Nursing, Processional Regulation
Commission. Prc.gov.ph. Retrieved from: www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/Board of
Nursing-CE.pdf · PDF file
Tom Shadyac (1998) Patch Adams Film. Hollywood, USA. Retrieved at:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IAz- M9VHXwaTuZqXIbJfVLLDXs3S872u/view?usp=sharing
GLOSSARY
Assent:: a subject's certifiable consent to take an interest in research. Consent may occur
when the subject doesn't have the ability to give educated consent(e.g. the subject is a
youngster or intellectually impaired) however has the ability to definitively consent.
Belmont Report: A report gave by the U.S. Public Commission for the Protection of Human
Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research in 1979, which has had a huge impact over
human subjects research morals, guideline, and strategy. The report gave a theoretical
establishment to the Common Rule and verbalized three standards of morals: regard for people,
helpfulness, and equity.
Beneficence: the moral commitment to do great and abstain from causing hurt.
Cognitive: means knowledge or intellectual capacity of a living thing.
Conflict of interest (COI): a circumstance where an individual has a money related, individual,
political or other premium which is probably going to predisposition their judgment or dynamic
concerning the exhibition of their moral or lawful commitments or obligations.
Conflict of interest, apparent or perceived: a circumstance where an individual has a

monetary, individual, political or other intrigue that isn't probably going to predisposition their
judgment or dynamic concerning the presentation of their moral or lawful commitment or
obligations, yet which may appear to an external eyewitness to inclination their judgment or
dynamic.
Conflict of interest, institutional: a circumstance wherein a foundation, (for example, a college)

has monetary, political, or different interests which are probably going to biasinstitutional
dynamic concerning the presentation of institutional moral or lawful obligations.
Conflict of interest, management: procedures for limiting the antagonistic effects of an

irreconcilable situation, for example, divulgence, oversight, or recusal/disallowance.
Contraception: These are the medically proven medication or devices that are against or
prevent the pregnancy
Divine: pertaining to the Creator; Higher Order; God
Decision-making capacity (DMC): the capacity to settle on quality choices. DMC is frequently
situational and comes in degrees: for instance, an individual might have
the option to arrange food from a menu yet not have the option to settle on a choice concerning
complex clinical treatment. Variables that can bargain DMC incorporate psychological instability
or handicap, extraordinary passionate pressure, medications, age, or genuine physical disease.
DMC isn't equivalent to lawful skill: an insane grown- up might be legitimately able however
need DMC.
Digital Health: Part of health services that are being operated by a wearable gadget.
De-identified data or samples: information or natural examples which have been deprived of
data, for example, name or clinical record number, which actually distinguishes people.
Deontology: a way to deal with morals, for example, Kantianism, which stresses adherence to
rules or standards of direct.
Development: A constant change in behavior and knowledge over time.
Discrimination: treating individuals distinctively dependent on insignificant qualities, for

example, skin shading, identity, or sex.
Double-blinding: measures used to forestall human exploration subjects and analysts from
finding who is accepting a test treatment versus a fake treatment. Twofold blinding is utilized to
control for the misleading impact.
Ethics: moral philosophy; right and wrong behaviors are being analyzed, defending with
recommendations of principles.
Ethical dilemma: A circumstance where at least two potential activities seem, by all accounts,
to be similarly legitimate from a moral perspective, for example one must pick between the
lesser of two wrongs or the more prominent of two merchandise.
Ethical reasoning: Making a choice because of an ethical situation based a cautious and
careful evaluation of the various alternatives considering the realities and conditions and moral
contemplations.
Good clinical practices (GCPs): rules and systems for leading clinical trialssafely and
thoroughly.
Good laboratory practices (GLPs): rules and methods for planning and performing trials or
tests and recording and breaking down information thoroughly. A few kinds of exploration are
legally necessary to hold fast to GLPs.
Good manufacturing practices (GMPs): rules and methodology for assembling an item, (for
example, a medication) as indicated by norms of value and consistency.
Good record- keeping practices (GRKPs): rules and methodology for
keeping research records. Records ought to be intensive, exact, total, composed, marked and
dated, and supported up.
H
Helsinki Declaration: moral rules for leading clinical exploration including human subjects
research received by the World Medical Association.
Honesty: the moral commitment to come clean and abstain from misdirecting others. In
science, a few kinds of contemptibility incorporate information manufacture or adulteration, and
copyright infringement.
Informed consent: the way toward settling on a free and educated choice, (for example, to
partake in research). People who give educated assent must be legitimately capable and have
enough dynamic ability to agree to explore. Examination guidelines indicate the sorts of data
that must be uncovered to the subject.
Informed consent, blanket (general): an arrangement in an educated assent archive that

allows general to analysts to utilize the subject's information or tests for different purposes and
offer them with different scientists.
Informed consent, documentation: a record, (for example, a structure) used to report the
cycle of assent. Examination guidelines necessitate that assent be archived; nonetheless, an
institutional survey board may choose to defer documentation of assent if the exploration is
insignificant danger and 1) the standard danger of the investigation is break of secrecy and the
main record connecting the subject to the examination is the assent structure or 2) the
exploration includes strategies that ordinarily don't need composed assent outside of the
exploration setting.
Informed consent, specific: an arrangement in an educated assent report that expects

specialists to acquire explicit authorization from the subject preceding utilizing tests or
information for purposes other than those that are essential for the investigation or offering them
to different scientists.
Informed consent, tiered: arrangements in an educated assent report that give the subject
different choices concerning the utilization and sharing of tests or information. Choices may
incorporate cover assent, explicit assent, and different decisions.
Informed consent, waver: in human subjects research, the choice by an institutional audit
board to postpone (or put in a safe spot) a few or the entirety of the educated assent
prerequisites. Waivers are not typically conceded except if they are important to lead the
exploration and posture insignificant dangers to the subjects.
K
Kantianism: A moral hypothesis created by German logician Immanuel Kant (1724- 1804),
which holds that the best activity is to play out one's obligation for the good of duty. One's
obligation is characterized by a moral standard known as the clear cut
objective (CI). As indicated by one form of the CI, one should act as per a
saying that could turn into a standard for all individuals. As per another rendition, one ought to
consistently regard individuals as having natural virtue (or pride) and never just as articles or
things to be utilized to accomplish some end.
Mismanagement of funds: spending research reserves inefficiently or illicitly; for instance,

utilizing award reserves dispensed for gear to pay for movement to a gathering. A few sorts of
botch may likewise establish extortion or theft.
Moral: It is an individual interpretations about the right or wrong based on the personal
experiences and existing standard of the society
Nuremberg Code: the primary global morals code for human subjects research, embraced by
the Nuremberg Council during the atrocities courts in 1947. The code was utilized as a reason
for sentencing Nazi doctors and researchers for atrocities identified with their trials on inhumane
imprisonment detainees.
Orthonasia: facing death naturally
Privacy: a condition liberated from undesirable interruption into one's very own space, private
data, or individual undertakings. See additionally Confidentiality.
Psychoanalytic: an analysis or interpretation of personalities.
Pyschosocial: an analysis or interpretation of behavior of each human stages to the society
Subject selection: rules for including/barring human subjects in research. Subject choice ought
to be fair, for example subjects ought to be incorporated or rejected for real logical or moral
reasons. For instance, a clinical preliminary may prohibit subjects who don't have the infection
under scrutiny or are too wiped out to even think about taking part in the investigation securely.
T
Telehealth: a new trend of healthcare that allows patient to have access to health information,
treatment and advice from medical professionals with the use of online technological means.
Telemedicine: A medical care being rendered by a physician from a distance with the help of
technology
Telenursing: A nursing care being rendered by a registered nurse from a distance with the help
of technology especially in terms in health education
Theory: Set of ideas that needs to be proven; or set of assumptions of the existing
phenomenon
Utilitarianism: A moral hypothesis which holds that the best activity is to create the best parity
of good/terrible ramifications for the best number of individuals. Act utilitarians center around
great coming about because of specific activities while rule utilitarians center around joy coming
about because of adhering to rules. Utilitarians may liken the great with joy, fulfillment of
inclinations, or some other attractive results. See additionally Consequentialism, Ethical
hypothesis.
Withdrawal: eliminating a human subjects research from an examination. Subjects may

willfully pull back or be pulled back by the specialist to shield them from hurt or guarantee the
uprightness of the examination. Subjects who pull back from an investigation may demand to
have their examples taken out from the examination
Answer to Quizzes
Unit 1. Theories of Health Ethics
Pre-Test
1)B 2)A 3)B 4)B 5)B 6)B 7)B 8)B 9)A 10)B
Post-Test
6. F
II.True or False 7. F
1. F 8. F
2. T 9. F
3. F 10. F
4. F
5. F
Unit 2. Principle of Ethics 5. a
6. b
II. Multiple Choice
1.a
7. a
2. c 8. c
3. b 9. d
10.b
4. d
Pre-test: 1. Morality
2. Ethics
3. Health Care 3. Principle of Justice
Ethics
4. Principle of Autonomy and
4. Veracity Justice
5. Autonomy 5. Principle of Justice and
6. Fidelity Stewardship
7. Nonmaleficence 6. Principle of Confidentiality
8. Beneficence 7. Principle of Veracity
9. Confidentiality 8. Principle of Stewardship
10. Justice 9. Principle of Ordinary Means
Post-test: 10. Principle of Justice and
Stewardship
1. Principle of Totality and Integrity 11. Principle of Fidelity
2. Principle of Autonomy 12. Principle of Fidelity
13. Principle of Justice
14. Principle of Justice
15. Principle of Fidelity and Justice
Unit 3. Bioethics and its Applications to Various Healthcare Situations Pre-
test.
1. Euthanasia 6. In-vitro fertilization

2. Family 7. Abortion
3. Contraception 8. Incomplete Abortion
4. Orthonasia 9. Missed Abortion
5. Suicide 10. Dysthanasia
8. B
Post-
test.
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. B
9. B 12. A
10. C 13. C
11. B 14. B
15. C
Unit 4. Bioethics and Research
Pre-Test Post-Test
1. A 1. F
2. B 2. F
3. B 3. F
4. C 4. F
5. D 5. T
6. A 6. F
7. B 7. F
8. A 8. F
9. A 9. T
10. C 10. F
Unit 5. Ethical Consideration in Leadership and Management
Pre-Test Post-Test
1. B 11. 7
2. C 12. 2
3. A 13. 9
4. D 14. 3
5. A 15. 4
6. C 16. 10
7. D 17. 5
8. B 18. 8
9. C 19. 6
10. D 20. 1
Unit 6 Ethical Issues in Related to Technology in the Delivery of Healthcare.
Pre-Test
1. TRUE Post-Test
2. TRUE
3. FALSE Identification:
4. TRUE
5. FALSE 1. Data Privacy Act of 2012
6. TRUE 2. Telemedicine
7. TRUE 3. Personal Identification
8. FALSE 4. Telehealth
9. TRUE 5. Telenursing
10. TRUE
Enumeration:
1-5. Could either be any of these: Marital status, age, color, religious, philosophical or
political affiliations; Individuals health, education, gender, sexual life, any offense
committed or alleged to have been committed; Issued by government agencies like
SSS/GSIS number, previous or current health records, licenses, suspension or
revocation, tax returns.
6-8. Improved Patient Care; Better Education; Improved Treatment; Better kept record
9-11. Set Up & Internet Access; Malfunctioning Equipment; At the Mercy of the Server/
Power; Potential Lack of Attention to Detail
Unit 7 Continuing Education Programs on Ethico-Moral Practice in Nursing
Pre-test Post Test:

1. True A. Matching Type
2. True 1. B
3. False 2. D
4. True 3. A
5. True 4. E
6. True 5. C
7. False B. True or False
8. True 1. True
9. False 2. False
10. True 3. True
4. False
5. True
References
4 Advantages & 4 Disadvantages of Technology in Nursing (2019, January 29).

Healthcarepros.net. Retrieved from https://www.healthcarepros.net/4-advantages-4-
disadvantages-of-technology-in-nursing/
American Nurses Association (2016). Code of Ethics for Nurses. Retrieved

from:https://www.nursingworld.org/~4af078/globalassets/docs/ana/ethics/endoflife-
positionstatement.pdf
Board of Nursing (2020). Code of Ethics for Filpino Nurses.. Processional Regulation
Commission, Manila. Retrieved from: www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/Board of Nursing-
CE.pdf · PDF file
Canister Scandal, (2008 September 9). Youtube.com. Retrieved from:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Il3LjtTYNtM&has_verified=1&ab_channel=kriznalyn
Douglas, M. Summary of the Steps of Decision Making Process. University of Kansas.

Retrieved from:
https://research.ku.edu/sites/research.ku.edu/files/docs/EESE_EthicalDecisionmakingFr
amework.pdf
Grajek, S. 2019. Top 10 IT Issues, 2020: The Drive to Digital Transformation Begins. Retrieved
from https://er.educause.edu/articles/2020/1/top-10-it-issues-2020-the-drive- to-digital-
transformation-begins https://www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/Board%20of%20Nursing-
CE.pdf
International Council of Nurses ( 2020). International Code of Ethics for Nurses. Retrieved
from: https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-files/2012_ICN... · PDF file
Mishra, R. 2019. Emerging Technology Trends Shaping the Healthcare Industry. Retrived from
https://blog.relecura.com/2019/02/emerging-technology-trends-shaping- the-healthcare-industry/
Nambayan,A & Lu, H., (2015) Palliative care in the Philippines. Oxford University. Retrieved
from:https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780199332342.001.0001/med-
9780199332342-chapter-81
Code of Ethics for Nurses. (2004). prc.gov.ph. Retrieved from:

https://www.prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/Board%20of%20Nursing-CE.pdf
Republic Act 10173 – Data Privacy Act of 2012.(2012). Privacy.gov. Retrieved from:
Tom Shadyac (1998) Patch Adams Film. Hollywood,
USA. Retrievedat: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1IAz-
M9VHXwaTuZqXIbJfVLLDXs3S872u/view?usp=sharing
Weber M.D (1993). Healthcare Management of Ethics- A Positive View of Lobbying. Retrieved
at: https://www.chausa.org/publications/health-progress/article/november- 1993/healthcare-
management-ethics---a-positive-view-of-lobbying?

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Republic of the Philippines

BILIRAN PROVINCE STATE UNIVERSITY

MAE GERALDINE E. DACER, DM, MAN, RN, LPT

Overview of the Module

In our everyday lives, we always make decisions. Often, it put us in dilemmas

UNIT 1 Theories of Health Ethics...................................................................34

Lesson 1: Human Value Development...................................................37

Lesson 2: Theories of Human Development..........................................38

Lesson 3: Ethical Theories.......................................................................40

Lesson 4: Divine Command Ethics........................................................41

UNIT 2 Principles of Health Ethics...............................................................48

Lesson 1: Virtue Ethics............................................................................50

Lesson 2: Ethical Principles.....................................................................51

Lesson 4: Other principles of Bioethics..................................................53

UNIT 3 Bioethics and its Application in Various Health Care Situations...59

Lesson 1: Sexuality and Human Reproduction......................................61

Lesson 2: Dignity in Death and Dying......................................................63

Lesson 3: Nursing Roles and Responsibilities

Lesson 4: Ethical Decision Making Process..........................................66

UNIT 4 Bioethics and Research....................................................................71

Lesson 1: Principles of Ethics in Research…..........................................74

Lesson 2: Ethical issues in Evidence Based Practice............................76

Lesson 3: Ethico-moral Obligations of the

Lesson 4: Introduction to Good Clinical

Lesson 1: Moral Decision Making............................................................84

Lesson 2: Strategies of Moral Decision-Making Process........................86

Lesson 3: Meaning and Service Value of Medical Care ………………….87

Lesson 1: Data Protection Security..........................................................92

Lesson 2: Benefits and Challenges of Technology.................................94

Lesson 3: Current Technology: Issues and Dilemma...............97

UNIT 7 Continuing Education Programs on Ethico-Moral Practice in Nursing..105

Lesson 1: Lobbying/ Advocating for Ethical Issues

Lesson 2: Code of Ethics for Nurses......................................................112

Lesson 3: Registered Nurses and People…...........................................114

Lesson 4: Registered Nurses and Society and Environment.,...............116

COURSE CODE: NCM 108

CONSULTATION HOURS: MTW 8:00 AM – 12:00 PM

Core Values: BiPSU

The program aims to produce a professional nurse who:

BSN CORE VALUES

Program Educational Objectives (PEO)

Program Outcomes (PO)

(PO can be found at your respective course/program CMO or PSG)

a. Apply knowledge of physical, social, natural and health sciences

LO6. Protect clients rights based on

LO12.Manage resources (human,

LO14. Demonstrate Filipino ethico- moral

D.Divine Command Ethics

Principles of Health Ethics

1.Virtue Ethics in Nursing

2.Core Values of a Professional

● Patient’s Bill of Rights

● Proxy Consent/ Legally

C. Other relevant Ethical

1.Principle of Double Effect

3.Principle of Common Good and

1.Principle of Stewardship and Role

2.Principle of Totality and its

Bioethics and its

●Ethical Issues of AIDS

●Surrogate Motherhood and other

Bioethics and Online/recorded discussions

Ethical Issues Related

_______ link powerpoint

___ link discussion