5.

Development – changes an organism undergoes

THE HUMAN through time

ORGANISM 6. Reproduction
cells/organisms
– formation of new
Anatomy
§ Study of the structures of the body
Homeostasis
§ Anatomy; to dissect, or cut apart, or separate
§ Ability to maintain relatively stable internal
Approaches to the Study of Anatomy conditions
1. Systemic Anatomy – study of the body by § Homeo: same; stasis: standing still
organ system § Balance / Equilibirum

2. Regional Anatomy – study of the body by areas
Gen. Ways to Examine the Internal Structures
1. Surface Anatomy – study of external features;
superficial structures to locate deeper structures
2. Anatomical Imaging – non-invasive method for
examining deep structures; x-ray, CT scan, PET
scan, MRI
Homeostatic mechanisms – normally maintain body
temp near an ideal normal value; sweating, shivering
Variables – conditions that can change
Set point – ideal value
Normal range – acceptable range of values on which
HM can still be met

Physiology Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

§ Study of the processes and functions of the 1. Negative-feedback Mechanism
body § Regulates most systems of the body to maintain
§ Main goals; to understand and predict; to homeostasis
understand how the body maintains conditions § Negative; any deviation from the set point is
resisted
Structural and Functional Organization
1. Chemical Level 2. Positive-feedback Mechanism
§ How atoms interact and combine into molecules § Not homeostatic and is rare in a healthy individ
§ Positive; when a value deviates from normal, the
2. Cell Level system’s response is to make it greater
§ Cell – basic structural and functional unit of § Massive blood loss, child birth
organisms
Components to Maintain Homeostasis
3. Tissue Level a. Receptors
§ Tissue – group of similar cells b. Control center – analyzes information and
determines the appropriate response
4. Organ Level c. Effector – provides the meant o control the
§ Organ – composed of two or more tissue types value of a variable
that perform common functions
Terminology and The Body Plan
5. Organ System Level Body Positions
Anatomical Position – a person standing erect with the
§ Organ System – group of organs classified as a
unit with a common set of functions face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the
sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward
6. Organism Level
Supine – lying face upward
§ Organism – any living thing considered as a
whole
Prone – lying face downward
Characteristics of Life
1. Organization – interrelationship among the
parts of an organism and how those parts
interact to perform specific functions

2. Metabolism – ability to use energy to perform

vital functions

3. Responsiveness – ability to sense changes in the

environment and make the adjustments

4. Growth – increase in size

M o r a n o , M . A .
Directional Terms LOWER LIMB
Hip Coxal
Inferior Lower Thigh Femoral
Superior Higher Kneecap Pat`ellar
Leg Crural
Anterior Front
Posterior Back Foot Pedal
Ankle Talus
Ventral Belly Top of foot Dorsum
Dorsal Back Toes Digital

Proximal Nearest Skull Cranial

Distal Distant Base of Skull Occipital
Back of Neck Nuchal
Away from the
Lateral
midline TRUNK
Medial Towards the midline Back Dorsal
Shoulder blade Scapular
Superficial Toward or on surface Spinal Column Vertebral
Deep Internal Lumbar Loin

Between hips Sacral

Body Parts and Regions Buttock Gluteal
Perineum Perineal
Head Cephalic
Forehead Frontal UPPER LIMB
Eye Orbital Point of shoulder Acromial
Nose Nasal Point of elbow Olecranon
Mouth Oral Back of hand Dorsum
Ear Otic
Cheek Buccal LOWER LIMB
Chin Mental Hollow behind knee Popliteal
Calf Sural
Neck Cervical Sole Plantar
Heel Calcaneal
TRUNK
Thoracic Thorax
Chest Pectoral Subdivisions of the Abdomen
Breastbone Sternal
Breast Mammary Right Left
Upper Upper
Abdomen Abdominal Quadrant Quadrant
Navel Umbilical Right Left
Pelvis Pelvic Lower Lower
Groin Inguinal Quadrant Quadrant
Genital Pubic

UPPER LIMBS Right Left

Epigastric
Collarbone Clavicular Hypochondriac Hypochondriac
Armpit Axillary Right Left
Umbilical
Arm Brachial Lumbar Lumbar
Front of elbow Antecubital Right Left
Hypogastric
Forearm Antebrachial Iliac Iliac

Hand Manual
Wrist Carpal
Palm Palmar
Fingers Digital

M o r a n o , M . A .
Planes

Body Cavities
Thoracic cavity – bounded by ribs and the diaphragm
Ø Mediastinum – partition containing the heart,
thymus, trachea, esophagus

Abdominal cavity – bounded by the diaphragm and the

abdominal mucles

Pelvic Cavity – surrounded by the pelvic bones

Pericardial cavity – surrounds the heart

Pleural cavity – surrounds the lungs

Peritoneal cavity – surrounds certain abdominal and

pelvic organs

Serous Membranes
§ Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs

Visceral Serous Membrane – covers the internal organs

Parietal Serous Membrane – lines the wall of the cavity

Mesenteries – hold the abdominal organs in place and

provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to
organs

Pericarditis – inflammation of the pericardium

Pleurisy – inflammation of the pleura

Peritonitis – inflammation of the peritoneum

M o r a n o , M . A .