LECTURE 1 HAP1

Welcome to HAP1
Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
Dr. Garry Niedermayer
School of Science
g.niedermayer@westernsydney.edu.au

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 Welcome!
Garry Niedermayer
HAP1 Coordinator 2020

g.niedermayer@westernsydney.edu.au
Online communication must be via your WSU student email only

(02) 4620 3302

Building 21 Level 1 Room 28

Student consultation time: Email to arrange time

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Human Anatomy and Physiology 1
• Introduction to:
– anatomy
– physiology
– chemical organisation of the body
– histology
• The anatomy and physiology of the:
– Integumentary system
– Skeletal system
– Muscular system
– Nervous system
– Endocrine system

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 Why HAP1 is important for you
Chiropractor Midwife
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General Practitioner Physical Education Teacher

Paramedic Physical Therapist Nurse

Health Project Officer Clinical Trials Coordinator Physiotherapist
Health and Fitness Consultant
Research Scientist Dentist
Speech Pathologist Podiatrist Health Educator
Surgeon Sports and Exercise Scientist Anatomist
Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioner
Rehabilitation Counsellor Radiographer Osteotherapist

Personal Trainer
Pharmacist Occupational Therapist
Optometrist Health Sciences Lecturer Biomedical Engineer
Secondary/Tertiary Tutor Sports Psychologist
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 Delivery of Course Material

LECTURES

PRACTICALS ASSESSMENTS
NO SWAPPING GROUPS

Swapping groups is prohibited due to Work Health and Safety Regulations (i.e. rooms
can only legally contain a certain amount of people). Group swapping can only be
approved by the HAP1 coordinators and is dependent on class numbers.
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 Course Overview
• HAP1 is worth 10 credits = 10 hours/week
• Each week you will be expected to:
– Attend one 2 hour lecture (Thursday 3pm-5pm or Friday
9am-11pm or Friday 12pm-2pm)
– Participate in one 2 hour practical
– Study independently or in groups for ~6 hours
• Listening to recorded lectures
• Using OPAL and PHIZ quizzes
• Studying lecture notes
• Completing short answer questions prior to practicals
• Completing assessments

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Achieve more together with PASS
For students, by students
 NO WHS INDUCTION
HAP1 Practicals = NO ENTRY

• What? Practicals are 2 hour classes which include mini A&P quizzes (not
assessable), activities based on cadaveric material and pictures, and
thought-provoking worksheets based on lectures.
• When? Tuesday or Wednesday or Thursday
• Where? In an anatomy lab (lab coat and closed-toe shoes are required)
• Who? Your academics will take the role of supervisor and demonstrator
– This means you can expect:
• assistance with practical activities and worksheets
• brief explanations to guide your learning
• clarification of difficult content
• Why? Practicals aim to enhance and reinforce lecture material. Practicals
provide an opportunity for students acquire knowledge using a self-guided
approach and to have a pro-active learning experience.
• REMEMBER: Doors will be reopened 10 minutes past the hour, laboratory
coats and closed-toe shoes must be worn, no food or drinks allowed, and
phones and laptops are banned.
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 OPAL and PHIZ Quizzes
OPAL
Online Practical Anatomy Labs
• Fill-in answers
– spelling important
PHIZ
Physiology Quizzes
• Multiple choice questions
• T/F questions
• Same format as final
exam questions

• Multiple choice questions

• T/F questions
• Same format as spot test
questions 9
Wk
Course Schedule Lecture Laboratory / Practical

1 Lecture 1: Welcome to HAP1 / Introduction

No labs this week
02/03 to Anatomy and Physiology
2 Lecture 2: Chemical and cellular
No labs this week
9/03 organisation of the human body
3 Lecture 3: The Integumentary System,
No labs this week
16/03 Tissues and Histology
4 Lecture 4: The Skeletal System 1 Lab 1
23/03 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Chemical Organisation of the Body
5 Lecture 5: The Skeletal System 2 Lab 2
30/04 The Integumentary System, Tissues and Histology
6 No Lectures this week Lab 3
06/04 The Skeletal System – Bones and
Articulations
7 Lecture 6: The Muscular System 1
No labs this week
13/04
8 Lecture 7: The Muscular System 2 Lab 4
20/04 The Muscular System - Anatomy

9 27th April 2018- 5th May 2018: INTERSESSION BREAK

27/04
10 Lecture 8: The Nervous System Lab 5
04/05 The Muscular System - Physiology
11 Lecture 9: The Special Senses
No labs this week
11/05
12 Lecture 10: The Endocrine System Lab 6
18/05 Central and Peripheral Nervous System and Special Senses

13 Lab 7
25/05 The Endocrine System and Review

14 Lecture 12: HAP1 Review and Practice Final Spotter Exam

01/06 Exam
15 8 - 14 June – Stuvac
10/06
16 15th June – 28th July
17/06 EXAM PERIOD 10
 Quiz 1 (5%) Week 5
Learning material assessed: Format: 20 multiple choice questions worth 0.5 mark each (10 marks
Lecture 1 (Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology) total)
Lecture 2 (Chem and cell organisation of body) 50 minute time limit
HAP1 Assessments
Practicals 1 and 2 To be completed on vUWS

Quiz 2 (5%) Week 10

Learning material assessed: Format: 20 multiple choice questions worth 0.5 mark each (10 marks
Lecture 4 (The Skeletal System 1) total)
Lecture 5 (The Skeletal System 2) 50 minute time limit
Lecture 6 (The Muscular System 1) To be completed on vUWS
Lecture 7 (The Muscular System 2)
Practicals 3, 4 and 5

Written assignment (20%) Week 11

Learning material assessed, which requires:
Understanding of all lectures (1-10)
Understanding of all practicals (1-7)
Mini Test (20%)
Learning material assessed:
All lectures and practicals (week 1- 13)
Format: A number of short answer questions
To be completed and submitted on vUW.
Week 14
Format: Spot test with written component (50 marks total)
45 minute time limit
Spot test (20 minutes total): 10 stations (2 minutes each), 3
structures to identify/questions to answer per station worth 1 mark
each (30 marks total)
To be completed in Anatomy Lab

Final Exam (50%) Week 16, 17 (to be confirmed)

Learning material assessed: Format: 100 Multiple choice questions
All lectures and practicals (week 1- 14) 2 hour time limit
To be completed in examination hall (TBA)
Recommended Reading

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 About Me
(serious stuff)

B.Med.Sci Honours PhD Lecturer

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 LECTURE 1
Introduction to
Anatomy and Physiology
Reference: Amerman Chapter 1

Dr. Garry Niedermayer

School of Science and Health
g.Niedermayer@westernsydney.edu.au

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 Objectives
1. Define specialities of anatomy &
physiology
2. Describe levels of organisation of the
human body
3. Language of anatomy and physiology
4. Name the body cavities
5. Explain the term homeostasis and why it
is important for the human body (negative
& positive feedback)

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 Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
• Science is a method of observing and measuring
natural phenomenon in order to explain them;
has provided many answers to the mysteries of
humans
• Observation, experimentation, imagination, and
time have led to tremendous advances in
understanding of human body and how it
functions; form and function are inextricably
linked
– Human anatomy – study of structure or form of
human body
– Human physiology – study of body’s functions
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Living Organisms share distinct properties:
• Cellular composition: cells are basic units of life
– Smallest unit that can carry out functions of life
– All organisms are composed of cells
• Metabolism:
– Chemicals – substances with unique molecular composition; used in or
produced by chemical reactions
– Living organisms carry out a number of chemical reactions collectively
known as metabolism
– Metabolic process either build up or break down substances depending
on needs of organism
• Growth, where building outweighs breaking down processes,
includes two forms:
– Increase in size of individual cells
– Increase in number of cells
 Characteristics of Living
Organisms
• Excretion – process that an organism uses to eliminate
potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic
processes
• Responsiveness or irritability – ability of organisms to
sense and react to changes or stimuli in their environment
• Movement – ability of an entire organism to move or
movement of individual cells or of materials within or
between cells of an organism
• Reproduction takes following two forms in multicellular
organisms:
– Individual cells reproduce within organism during growth and
to replace damaged or old cells
– Organism itself reproduces to yield similar offspring
 Levels of Structural Organisation

Body is constructed from a

series of progressively larger
“building blocks;” each type of
block is known as a structural
level of organisation
• Chemical level – smallest level is
foundation for each successive level,
ranges from tiny atoms to complex
chemical structures called molecules;
composed of between two and
thousands of atoms

Figure 1.4 Six structural levels of organization of the human body.

 Levels of Structural Organisation

• Cellular level – formed by groups of

many different types of molecules
combined in specific ways to form
cellular structures

Figure 1.4 Six structural levels of organization of the human body.

 Levels of Structural Organisation

• Tissue level – two or more cell types

cooperate to perform a common
function
– Consist of two components: cells and
surrounding extracellular matrix
– Vary from membrane sheets that
cover body cavities to irregularly
shaped cartilage found in nose

Figure 1.4 Six structural levels of organization of the human body.

 Levels of Structural Organisation
• Organ level – consists of two or more
tissue types combined to form a
structure or organ; has a
recognizable shape and performs a
specialized task

Figure 1.4 Six structural levels of organization of the human body.

 Levels of Structural Organisation
• Organ system level – body’s organs
are grouped into organ systems
(human body has 11 organ systems)
– Consist of two or more organs that together
carry out a broad function in body
– For example
• Cardiovascular system (heart and
blood vessels) transports blood through
body
• Digestive system ingests food,
absorbs nutrients, and eliminates
wastes

Figure 1.4 Six structural levels of organization of the human body.

 Levels of Structural Organisation
• Organism level – organ systems function together to
make up working human body, an organism

Figure 1.4 Six structural levels of organization of the human body.

Body Systems
(covered in HAP1)
Body Systems
(covered in HAP2)

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Types of Anatomy and Physiology

Study of human body can be approached in

following ways:
• Systemic anatomy – approach used in textbook;
examines human body primarily by looking at
individual organ systems
• Regional anatomy – divides body into regions of
study such as head and neck
Types of Anatomy and Physiology
• Surface anatomy – studies surface markings of
body
• Gross anatomy – examines structures that can
be seen with unaided eye
• Microscopic anatomy – studies structures that
can only be seen with aid of a microscope;
include: Histology (study of tissues) and
Cytology (study of cells)
Types of Anatomy and Physiology
• Physiology has subfields classified by
organ or organ system being studied;
examples include:
– Neurophysiology – studies brain and nerves
– Cardiovascular physiology – studies heart
and blood vessels
• Physiologists may also specialize in levels
of organization other than systemic; some
study body’s chemical and cellular
processes; others study specific tissues or
organs
 The Language of Anatomy and
Physiology
Language of science, A&P included, is built on a
group of word roots, which are core components
of words with specific meanings:
• Word roots are combined with specific prefixes and
suffixes to yield scientific terms
Examples
1. Root = neuro
1. Neurology Suffix = ology

2. Prefix = Peri
Root = cardium
2. Pericardium
3. Prefix = Cardi
Root = myo
3. Cardiomyopathy Suffix = pathy
 Anatomical Position
• Anatomical position – common
frame of reference from which all
body parts and regions are
described:
– Body is standing upright; feet are
shoulder width apart, with upper limbs
at sides of trunk and head and palms
facing forward
– Body is always referred to as if it were
in anatomical position, even when it’s in
another position
– “Right” and “left” always refers to right
and left sides of body being described,
not our own
Some other positional terms…
• Supine = facing upwards
• Prone = facing downwards
• Supra = above
• Epi = above/upper
• Infra = below
• Sub = below/lower
• Endo = inside
• Intra = inside
• Extra = outside
• Inter = in between
• Peri = around/surrounding
• Para = around/surrounding
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 Directional terms
• Directional terms, another means
of ensuring accurate communication,
describes relative location of body
parts and markings
 Regional terms
• Regional Terms –
body can be divided
into two regions:
axial region, which
includes head, neck,
and trunk and
appendicular
region which
includes upper and
lower limbs or
appendages
• Each broad region
can be divided into
several smaller
regions
Coxa (hip) Coxal region

Regions of the
Human Body
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 Planes of section
• Three primary planes of
section provide a means
of studying form and
function of a body region
by dividing body or a body
part up for examination:
- sagittal
- frontal
- transverse
- (oblique) – not pictured
 Planes of Section
• Sagittal plane divides body or body part into
right and left sections; includes following two
variations:
– Midsagittal plane
(median plane)
divides body or
body part into
equal left and
right sections
– Parasagittal
plane divides
body or body part
into unequal right
and left sections
 Planes of Section
• Frontal plane (coronal plane) divides body or
body part into anterior and posterior sections
 Planes of Section
• Transverse plane (horizontal plane) divides
body or body part into superior and inferior
sections or proximal and distal sections when
describing structures of appendicular region
 Planes of Section
• Oblique plane, a less
standardized plane, is
taken at an angle;
useful for examining
structures that are
difficult to examine
using only three
primary planes of
section
 The Organisation of the Human
Body - Body Cavities
Major organs sit within these fluid filled cavity

• A cavity is any fluid-filled space within

body; axial region of body is divided into
several cavities These cavities have a membrane and the fluid filled membrane
wraps around the organ

• Cavities protect internal organs and allow

them to move and expand as necessary to
perform their functions
• Major cavities include dorsal and ventral
cavities and their subdivisions
The cranial cavity and the
vertebral cavity joins
together to make a dorsal
cavity
Body Cavities
DORSAL
• Dorsal Body Cavity – largely
located on posterior side of body;
subdivided into two cavities:
– Cranial cavity – within skull;
protects brain
– Vertebral (spinal) cavity – within
vertebral column; protects spinal
cord
– Lined with protective layers called
meninges
– Subdivisions are continuous and
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF); bathes and protects both
brain and spinal cord

Figure 1.9a The dorsal and ventral body cavities.

 Body Cavities
VENTRAL
• Ventral Body Cavity
– Separated into two
divisions by diaphragm:
• Thoracic cavity and its
subdivisions are superior
to diaphragm
• Abdominopelvic cavity
and its subdivisions are
inferior to diaphragm
• Lined with serous
membranes termed
parietal and visceral ….
(dependant on location)
Figure 1.9b The dorsal and ventral body cavities.
 Body Cavities
VENTRAL – Thoracic Cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity:
– Thoracic cavity – divided into
three smaller cavities:
• Pleural cavities – each
surround either left or right lung
• Mediastinum – between
pleural cavities; houses heart,
great vessels, trachea
(windpipe), and esophagus; not
within serous membrane
• Pericardial cavity – within
mediastinum; within serous
membrane that surrounds
heart
 Body Cavities
VENTRAL – Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity:
– Abdominopelvic cavity –
subdivided into superior
abdominal cavity (spans from
diaphragm to bony pelvis) and
pelvic cavity (area within bony
pelvis)
• Contains organs from several
systems (digestive, lymphatic,
reproductive, and urinary)
• Peritoneal cavity – abdominal
subcavity found within serous
membrane
 Body Cavities
VENTRAL – Abdominopelvic Cavity

– Abdominopelvic cavity can

be divided up into segments
or quadrants
– Imaginary lines that cross at
umbilicus divide cavity into
four quadrants:
• Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
• Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
• Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
• Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
 Body Cavities
VENTRAL – Abdominopelvic Cavity
– Abdominopelvic cavity can also be
divided into nine segments using two
parasagittal and two transverse
imaginary lines:
• Right and left hypochondriac regions –
below cartilage of ribs
• Epigastric region – middle superior region
above stomach and between right and left
hypochondriac regions
• Right and left lumbar regions – middle
segments at same level as lumbar vertebrae
• Umbilical region – between lumbar regions,
over umbilicus
• Right and left iliac or inguinal regions –
most inferior segments
• Hypogastric region – between iliac regions,
below stomach
 Body Cavities
• Serous membranes:
– Thin sheets of tissue; form certain cavities found in ventral cavity;
surround heart, lungs, and many abdominal organs
– Appear to be two membranes when sectioned; actually consists of
a single, continuous layer of tissue; folds over itself to create a
double-layered structure
– Within cavity between two layers is an extremely thin layer of fluid
called serous fluid
• Serous fluid
– Watery, slippery lubricant
– Fills space between membrane layers
– Produced by cells of membrane
– Prevents friction caused by movement of organs
– Visceral layer
• in contact with underlying organ
– Parietal layer
• outermost layer attached to
surrounding structures
 Body Cavities

• Body has three serous body cavities formed

by three main serous membranes (will be
further discussed in HAP2):
– Pleural membranes
• covering the lungs / thorax
– Pericardial membranes
• covering the heart
– Peritoneal membranes
• covering (most) abdominopelvic organs / abdominal wall
 Core Principles in Anatomy and
Physiology - Overall Theme
• Physiological Processes Operate to Maintain
Body’s Homeostasis (maintenance of internal
environment)
– Homeostatic imbalances – disturbances in
homeostasis can lead to disease or death if
uncorrected
– Body’s internal environment – result of a wide
range of coordinated processes or variables,
including temperature, chemical composition of
blood and other body fluids, and many others
– To prevent imbalance, most variables are
controlled (regulated) variables; maintained
within a narrow range, close to a normal value
 Core Principles in Anatomy and
Physiology
Core principles –related to maintenance of
homeostasis:
• Feedback loops
• Relationship between structure and function
• Gradients
• Cell-to-cell communication
 Feedback Loops
• Positive and negative feedback loops are two
mechanisms vital to maintenance of homeostasis:
– Positive feedback loops –
less common than negative
feedback loops; effector activity
increases and reinforces
initial stimulus; shuts off
when conditions return
to the normal range

Figure 1.14 Control of blood clotting by a positive feedback mechanism.

 Feedback Loops
– Negative feedback loops – oppose initial change in a
regulated variable; reduce output
• When a change in status of a regulated variable is detected, a series of
events is triggered to return variable to its normal value
• Each regulated variable has a set point or an established normal value
• Normal value for a regulated variable’s set point is usually a range of
values called the normal range
• When regulated variable is outside its normal range, information called a
stimulus is detected by specialized cellular structure called receptor
(sensor)
• Stimulus is sent to a control center, usually cells of nervous or endocrine
system; determine that variable is outside of set point
• Control center then signals other cells or organs, called effectors; cause
physiological responses that return variable to normal homeostatic range
• Negative feedback loop ends or is closed once variable has returned to
normal
Example of negative feedback loop

Figure 1.13b Comparison of how negative feedback mechanisms control body

temperature.
 Structure and Function
One of most basic principles in anatomy and physiology;
known as principle of complementarity of structure
and function:
– Form of a structure is always such that it best suits its
function
– States simply
that form follows
function; applies
to each level of
organisation
even down
to the chemical
level Figure 1.15 The relationship between structure and function. This figure explores
structure and function using the example of what would happen if the tissues in
the lung were thick instead of thin.
 Gradients
• Gradient – present any time more of something
exists in one area than another, where two areas
are connected
– Gradients drive many physiological processes
(respiration, nutrient exchange, formation of urine, etc.)
– Examples of three common gradients found in human
body:
• Temperature gradient – when there is a temperature
difference between two connected regions
• Concentration gradient – where there is a concentration
difference between two connected regions
• Pressure gradient – when there is a pressure difference
between two connected regions
 Gradients

Figure 1.16 Examples of gradients.

Cell to Cell Communication
• Cell to cell communication is required to
coordinate body functions
– Cells in body have to work in a coordinated
fashion to ensure homeostasis of entire organism
is maintained
– Usually accomplished with either chemical
messengers or electrical signals; one cell triggers
a response from another cell
– Electrical signals are usually transmitted between
neighboring cells; chemical messengers can
affect neighboring cells or travel to distant cells to
cause effect
 Cell to Cell Communication

Figure 1.17 Communication between a nerve cell and a muscle cell.

 The Body’s Survival Needs
1. Food (nutrients)
• Carbohydrates = major energy source
• Fats = energy reserve

2. Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions to release
energy
• Deprivation >5mins causes cell death

3. Water
• 60-80% body weight; necessary for chemical
reactions
• Obtained from food & drink, lost as sweat ,
urine & in respiration
 The Body’s Survival Needs
4. Temperature
• Closely regulated at 37oC (98.6oF)
optimum for metabolism. Increases
lead to protein denaturation & enzyme
dysfunction; decreases slow reactions

5. Air pressure
• Required for breathing to allow gas
exchange in lungs
• High altitude - less pressure means
less oxygen reaches lungs; can cause
death
 Next Week (week 2)
• TUES/WED/THUR
– NO PRACTICAL

• THUR/Friday
– Lecture 2: Chemical and Cellular Organisation of the Body
• pre-reading: Amerman Chapters 2 and 3

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