Part I The Chemical and cellular basis of life ¢ Biological elements ¢ Biological compoundsOl. (A) i, Name the cation that is essential for animals but none essential for plants. Give two of the main functions performed by this cation in animals, iii, Although the elements iron (Fe) and chlorine ( the same elements occur as minor elements i Cl) occur as major elements in animals but in plants. How do you explain tl fe Stated by this statement? pe iv. Join the appropriate Pairs by drawing lines in between them. Ca’ Movements of guard cells Kt Vitamin B12 Cu?* Stimulate the secretion of acetylcholine B Fixation of nitrogen Mo Production as well as dissociation of HCO, cr Germination of pollen grains Zn** Haemocyanin Al Activation of salivary amylase Co Binding biological macro molecules toughly (B) i. Which of the property or properties of water that is / are related to the observations given below? Observation Property or properties of water Supports the life of neustons in fresh water ponds Prevents from overheating of cells during the process of respiration During hot dry days trans-pirated water helps in cooling of plants Occurrence of upward transport of water and minerals in plants Tons and the polar organic molecules are properly soluble in water Occurrence of photosynthesis up-to a depth about 200m in oceansii, What is the mai s the me eae ‘ain chemical difference between the composition of carbohydrates and lipids ili, In addition to C, toCH carbohydrates, and O, state another element which would be found in lipids but not in iv. Name the two main ‘ formula GH,o natural structural isomers of the monosaccharide of the molecular 2 ne V. State a functi inction of each h si is % structural isomers named above. 2. vi. Name the natural formula C,H,,0 ly common aldose and ketose of the monosaccharide of the molecular i 1. Aldose 2. ketose vii. Do cyclic str uctures or non cycli clic 3 ketoses? yclic structures of monosaccharides occur as aldoses and viii. Explain your answer to the question above. ix. Do cyclic structures or non cyclic structures of monosaccharides show reducing properties? x. Explain your answer to the question above. xi, Benedict's reagent is a blue colour solution commonly used in the identification of reducing sugars. What is the ion that causes this reagent bluish?. b. A watery extraction of a food sample with high content of reducing sugars was heated at 90°C, for 5 minutes, after the extraction was added with few drops of the Benedict's reagent. State the pattern of the colour change taken place during the heating activity, in the extraction. that took place within the solution / extraction, hemical change W g the above activity. c. Briefly explain the cl f colour durin; resulted in the change o'(©) it Shown below is a chemical reaction, producing a disaccharide X and another product ¥. Shs E, Questions that follow are based on the reaction shown above. a. Give two different names applicable to X. o Identify the product Y. What is the chemical bond characteristic to X ? 9 What is the name applied to the forward reaction? a What is the name applied to the backward reaction? = Identify the enzyme E,. Identify the enzyme E,. 98 Name the type of cells and the tissue involving in the transport of X respectively. re Name the organelle that stores X? X is non reducing, so that it’s behavior is negative to the Benedict's test. But when X is hydrolysed the products formed will give positive results when testing with the benedict’s solution. How do you explain these observations. k. What is the organelle that converts oil and fat storages in plant endosperm into X? . What are the most abundant organic matter on earth? (D) . There are three kinds of biological polymers. Polysaccharides are one of these kinds. The other two kinds are. i. Figure below shows the molecular structure of a polysaccharide. Questions from a to d are based on this figure shown. Glucose units are represented by letter X. (C = 12,0 = 16, H= 1)¥ this polysaccharide. i e $s 0 a, Approximate the relative molecular mas Hot v d during the synthesis of this olecules of water would have been released during b. How many m polysaccharide? 2 c. What type of bonds are represented by letter Y? d. What is the bond indicated by letter Z? lants and is known iii, Inulin is a storage polysaccharide usually found in the tubers of Dahlia p! to be the only sweat polysaccharide. a. What is the particular structural characteristic of this polysaccharide which is responsible for it’s sweetness? b. Give three other features of inulin that are not found among all kinds of other polysaccharides. 'v, Murein / Peptidoglycan is the main chemical component of the bacterial cell wall, a. Explain the molecular arrangement of peptidoglycan in brief b. Name another polysaccharide containing nitrogen found in the living matter in addition to peptidoglycan, ¢. State the basic role of the polysaccharide that you have stated,d,Name four different structures belonging to ffer made of this structu: ‘longing t iffere: s i peti: ging to four different organisms, n of this y, Use crosses (*), ticks (W) and words in order to fill the chart shown below. Polysaccharide | Monomer | Homopoly | Heteropoly Structural Storage Branching saccharides | saccharides | polysaccharide | polysacharide Starch (Amylopectin) Starch (Amylose) Glycogen Chitin Cellulose Pectin vi. When the iodine solution is added to starch it turns blue - black. But when the same is added to animal starch (glycogen) blue - black colour is not produced. How do you explain the difference. 02. (A) i. Whether the molecule shown below is a biological polymer? ii, Give a reason for your answer. ere rer ered Veale leet ro a nn woo Hu OH OR OH 0 H.-H HH. HH) H H H HH HH UMP Voie ally 18 Uae Ni ealecsall naligaall Pe ee ctomancso-G-C-c-c-C_C-C- C=C" CM to eee Te lecal rales at PEI HeHIee File HL) oie Hom Hie He HAH OTH, H H On HH HH H H HH HHH Miles leslie Ug Meee sere Ula asl ag lee Pee es scmaec=c-c-C-C-C-c-€-C-C-8 7B | fee | blll Nec Sl eee sl ibaa H Mae HHH HH HH Treesis molecule. table to thi ngeeariecale® iii, Suggest a name more suit use iv. What are the chemical bonds distinctive to t n_ of this molecule into molecules took-part in the formatio wing information. b. Number of them involved y. Divide the various reactant three classes according to the follo a. Types of reactant molecules vi. What is the by product that was formed during the formation of this molecule. vii. What is called a true lipid? viii. What is called a simple lipid? ix. In nature the simple lipids occur as oils and fats. a. State one physical difference between oils and fats. b. State one chemical difference between oils and fats. c. What form of lipids are introduced as wax? . Name the forms of wax that can be found in the following structures. Cuticle of arthropods Cuticle of plants Endodermis of plant roots -rnal auditory canal ligne Eig. pa 8 types of compo! oe eel lipici pod aE z difference that is seen in between true lipids (triglycerides) and compound bel Y will be helpful for your explanation, : non - hydrocarbon. up slycerol or ‘sphingosine groupiii, Name the main phospholipid in cell membranes. 'y, What are the molecular systems formed when phospholipid molecules are introduced to the pure water. Sketch such a system relevant to a droplet of pure water. yi. What is meant by the term “unit membrane”. (C). The diagram below shows the different types of lipid molecules and their exact location in the plasma membrane. \ Sphingosil Glycerol b. What is the role played by the molecules indicated D regarding the existence of plasma membrane? c. What are the different roles played by the molecules B and C? d. From which compounds that the parts labeled e and g are derived?& Sketch a labeled diagram of the organelle that synthesizes phospholipids as well as glycolipi as required by cell membranes including the plasma membrane. (D) i. Name four types of lipid derivatives. ii, Identify the chemical structure shown above and also state the common name applied to aj} derivatives of this structure. iii, Name five different compounds of the human body derived from the above chemical structure iv. What are the compounds called terpenes? v. Whatis the role played by terpenes in plants. vi. What are the compounds called prostaglandins? vii. Give four different functions performed by prostaglandins within the human body. viii. Write down the significance of lipids found in association with each of the following structures / organisms. Structures / Organisms Significance of lipids Kidney Skin Eye ball Whale Camel (Hump); 03. A, Amino acids are the structural units of protei below. ns, ‘The typical structure of an amino acid is shown H |O NH2 +c —-C—OH Amino] __| Carboxyl group |[ R || group Side chain i, Whatis the property provided to the amino acid by it’s amino group? ii, What is the property provided to the amino acid by it’s Carboxyl group? iii, What is the special property gained by the amino acid due to the presence of both amino and carboxyl groups? iv. Briefly describe the contribution of the special property of an amino acid stated above, for the maintenance of life. (Use the diagram shown below.) HO HH? oO Il | | 77 NH— C—C- OH + H+ —>N,H,— C—C- OH | R R Decrease in pH value / Increase in acidity due to addition of H+ ions Increase in pH valuié'/Decrease in acidity due to addition of OH- ions i s Eee O) aS | —b bot + OH —>NH— | R oO I NH. = 18) 7 1sf0) 2 Agra Arp v. What is determined by the R/ side chain of an amino acid? vi. What is the name applied to an amino acid if it’s R/ side chain represents a hydrogen atom? vii. Ifthe R / side chain of a certain amino acid is represented by CH, group what is the name of that amino acid? viii. There are .... _.. different amino acids in the living matter, because of the possibility for the occurrence of ... ... structurally different R groups of amino acids in nature.