Discipline and Ideas in Social Sciences

Marxism theory
 Owes its name and origins to Karl Marx.
 A German philosopher, historian, and economist.
 In 1848, he and Friedrich Engels co-authored the Communist Manifesto.
 “Conflict between entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power.”
 Known as a conflict theory
 Claims that this conflict is between rich and poor

BOURGEOISIE VS. PROLETARIAT

 Capitalism production always ends up creating conflict between capitalism and workers.
 There’s an exploitation because capitalism gain profit from the labor and service of the workers.
 SOCIAL INEQUALITY and SOCIAL INJUSTICE.
 Those with economic power control over political system and other institutions of society.
 The ruling class manipulates minds so that the masses will remain subservient.
 Laborers would buy goods that they made using the wages they received from their employers and the cycle continues.
(FALSE CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS)

“Profit from goods should be equally divided among the laborers since
They are the ones who work to produce such good.”
-Karl Marx
 To Marx “It’s not the ‘people’ who make society so unequal, it is the system of capitalism production and false consciousness
hurts people by hiding the real cause of their problems.”
 To Marx, the end of capitalism will be prompted by the proletariat revolution.
 First, Industrial workers must become aware of their oppression under a capitalist is the cause of their oppression.\
 Second, the proletariat must organize an act to address their problems.
 At the end of the revolution, a communist society will be established, which for Marx, will make the citizens happy as they will
be treated equally.
 Communist Society- classless society having a common ownership of property and resources (private property and profit-base
economy are replaced by public ownership control of at least the means of production by the community.)

FEMINISM THEORY
wants to view the social world in a way that illuminates the forces that create and support inequality, oppression,
and injustice.
Looks into why women and men experience the social world differently.
Aims to promote gender equality, social justice and women’s right.
 Aims to promote gender equality, social justice, and women’s right, social justice, and women’s right.
 The primary concern is to address the oppression of women in society and the patriarchal structure of most
societies.

3 WAVES OF FEMINISM
1. 19th and early 20th centuries
 Focused mainly on suffrage, alongside other legal rights
 Also advocate their right to choose their own profession.\
 World War 1: men were sent to battlefields leaving the women to take on factory jobs.
 This development showed that women were as productive as men in workface.

2. 1960s up to the 1990s

 Born out of civil rights’ movement
 Tried to address sexual equality and reproductive rights
  Objectification of women
 Equal pay
3. Late 1980s and continues until today
 Giving difference between gender and sex- a women does not have to pretend like man or hold
herself from putting on make up just to treated as equals.
 Rape culture- This advocacy rues the blame- the victim practice in which sexuality harassed
women are treated as sex objects and are actually blamed because of what they wear and
because they put on makeup.
4. Began about 2012
 Its focus was on sexual harassment, body shaming, rape culture, among other issues. A key
component was the use of social media to highlight and address these concerns.
Feminism isn’t about men. It’s not about hating men, or harming men; it’s not about wanting to rule over men,
removing the sovereignty of men, erasing their perspective, discrediting their ideas or ignoring their needs. It’s
about ending all of the aforementioned for women.

Mary Wollstonecraft

 Advocate those human rights written by John Locke also be accorded to women.
 Women should also have pursuit of happiness and suffrage.
 Advocate for women’s education and promoted women’s right to pursue her own profession.

Judith Butler
 She argues that being born male or female does not determine behavior.
 Points out the difference between sex and gender.
 The theory of gender performativity.
 Creation of gender similar to how theatrical actors create roles identifiable to audiences.
 Gender is a choice-a choice to act according to how society established norms of masculinity or
feminity.