AMANDEEP SAINI SINGH

Student

Portfolio
Information Infrastructure Engineering Orienting

Address Fontys University of Applied Science :

Rotterdamsedijk 199B Think Bigger
Schiedam 3112AE
Netherlands
Student
Telephone
0626466986 A.S. SINGH
Email Student Card: 960223802
Singhamandeepsaini@hotmail.com
475613@student.fontys.nl Student Number: 4400437
I475613@FHICT.nl
Teacher: Papachristodoulou Louiza
Date of Birth/Place
22/02/2001 Mentor: Reuther Aljoscha
Rethymno, Crete Greece
Class: PCB06 (3)

Nationality
Greek
Adress: Rachelsmolen 10
5612 PE Eindhoven
Language

English Characteristics
⚫⚫⚫⚫⚪
Hindi 1. Perfectionist
⚫⚫⚫⚪⚪ 2. Methodical
Greek 3. Reliable
⚫⚫⚫⚫⚫ 4. Timid
Punjabi 5. Ambitious
⚫⚫⚫⚫⚫
Dutch
⚫⚫⚪⚪⚪

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 Table of Contents
PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 7 - NETWORK BASICS..................3
TASK 1: INSTALL AND TEST NETKIT TOOL.........................................................................3
Describe the steps you took and provide screenshot of the started node...............................................3
TASK 2: TCP/IP LAYERS IN WIRESHARK...........................................................................4
What is the source and destination MAC address of this HTTP packet?...................................4
Source MAC address: 08:d2:3e:dc:4f:e2................................................................................................4
Destination MAC address: 44:fe:3b:bd:65:7b........................................................................................4
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:.....................4
What is the source and destination IP address of this HTTP packet?.........................................4
Source IP address : 192.168.1.175.........................................................................................................4
Destination IP address : 85.214.212.192................................................................................................4
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:.....................4
What is the source and destination port of this HTTP packet?...................................................5
Source port : 52093.................................................................................................................................5
Destination port: 80................................................................................................................................5
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:.....................5
What is the host name of this HTTP Get packet?......................................................................5
Host name: courses.codemax.net\r\n......................................................................................................5
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the host name:.......................5
Find the HTTP Response belonging to the HTTP Get packet. How much time elapsed between
the HTTP Get and HTTP response?...........................................................................................6
Time elapsed for 1st Request – Response : 0.022807000 seconds..........................................................6
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the elapsed time:...................6
Time elapsed for 2nd Request – Response : 0.025193000 seconds.........................................................6
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the elapsed time:...................6
TASK 3: DO LINUX TUTORIAL..............................................................................................7
Provide screenshots of all exercises in section 3.4.................................................................................7

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT WEEK 8 – INTERNET PROTOCOL.........8

LINUX, STATIC IP ADDRESS/SUBNETS CONFIGURATION.....................................................................8
TASK 1A: DO LINUX TUTORIAL...........................................................................................8
Provide screenshots of all exercises 2a and 2b.......................................................................................8
TASK 1B: NETWORKING EXERCISE....................................................................................10
Provide screenshots of all exercises.........................................................................................10
1. Classful IP Addresses – Address Class............................................................................................10
2. Classful IP Addresses – Classful Subnets........................................................................................10
3. Classless IP Addresses – 8 Bit Aligned Subnets..............................................................................11
4. Classless IP Addresses – Arbitrary Subnets.....................................................................................11
5. Classless IP Addresses – Network Address Ranges.........................................................................12
6. Classful – Classless IP Addresses – Completed Exercises...............................................................12
TASK 2: BUILD A SIMPLE NETKIT NETWORK...................................................................13
A) Configure the IP addresses of the 2 nodes by using the “ifconfig” command explained in
the theory lesson......................................................................................................................13
1. Node1 has an IP address 102.10.2.1/24............................................................................................14
2. Node2 has an IP address 102.20.2.1/24............................................................................................15
What is the result of the ping? Can you explain it?..............................................................................15
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Provide a screenshot of your configured interfaces..............................................................................16

 Look at the ARP entries of your Node1 and Node2.............................................................................17
Which command do you use?...............................................................................................................17
Which ARP entries are there?..............................................................................................................17
B) Configure the IP addresses of the 2 nodes by using the “ip” command explained in the
theory lesson............................................................................................................................18
1. Node1 has an IP address 102.10.2.1/10............................................................................................19
2. Node2 has an IP address 102.20.2.1/10............................................................................................20
What is the result of the ping? Can you explain it?..............................................................................20
Provide a screenshot of your configured interfaces..............................................................................22
Look at the ARP entries of your Node1 and Node2.............................................................................23
Which ARP entries are there?..............................................................................................................24
The Arp Table Explanation..................................................................................................................24
C) Configure both nodes to have a subnet mask 255.255.255.0, and change the IP address of
Node2 in such a way that the ping between them is successful................................................25
Provide a screenshot of your configuration and successful ping..........................................................28
After successful ping ARP entries of both nodes should be changed. Provide a screenshot of the new
ARP situation........................................................................................................................................29
Explain the new ARP situation.............................................................................................................29
The Arp Table Explanation..................................................................................................................30
What is the command to clear the ARP cache again?..........................................................................30
TASK 3: CONFIGURING NETWORK.....................................................................................31
The network of the lab is as follows:....................................................................................................31
Provide the network flow chart - Diagram of your lab.........................................................................31
Provide screenshots of the pings which are possible WITHIN LANA, LANB and LANC (PC1A to
PC2A, PC1B to PC2B and so on)........................................................................................................31
TASK 4: CIDR IP ADDRESSING EXERCISES......................................................................36
1. Suppose we have IP address 122.33.196.145/24..................................................................36
1. Network Address: 122.33.196.0.......................................................................................................36
2. Broadcast Address: 122.33.196.255.................................................................................................36
3. Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0............................................................................................................36
2. Suppose we have IP address 163.249.223.229/25................................................................36
1. Network Address: 163.249.223.128.................................................................................................37
2. First Host: 163.249.223.129.............................................................................................................37
3. Last Host: 163.249.223.254..............................................................................................................37
4. Broadcast Address: 163.249.223.255...............................................................................................37

APPENDIX – RESOURCES...........................................................................37
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Practical Assignment Week 7 - Network Basics

Task 1: Install and Test Netkit Tool

Consult this week’s theory presentation and use the Netkit commands to start and halt a network node
as described in the presentation. Netkity and Wireshark are already installed in the preconfigured
Linux. If you installed the Linux yourself, then you need to install these tools yourself. (there is a
guideline in the Canvas)
Describe the steps you took and provide screenshot of the started node.

Create and Start 2 Virtual Machines: vstart command

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Task 2: TCP/IP Layers in Wireshark
Start capturing the network traffic of the website: http://courses.codemax.net/w2.html

What is the source and destination MAC address of this HTTP packet?

Source MAC address: 08:d2:3e:dc:4f:e2

Destination MAC address: 44:fe:3b:bd:65:7b
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:

What is the source and destination IP address of this HTTP packet?

Source IP address : 192.168.1.175

Destination IP address : 85.214.212.192
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:

 
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What is the source and destination port of this HTTP packet?

Source port : 52093

Destination port: 80
Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight these addresses:

What is the host name of this HTTP Get packet?

Host name: courses.codemax.net\r\n

Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the host name:
 

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Find the HTTP Response belonging to the HTTP Get packet. How much time
elapsed between the HTTP Get and HTTP response?

Time elapsed for 1st Request – Response : 0.022807000 seconds

Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the elapsed time:

Time elapsed for 2nd Request – Response : 0.025193000 seconds

Provide a screenshot below with the Wireshark snapshot and highlight the elapsed time:

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Task 3: Do Linux Tutorial
Go to http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/index.html and do the tutorial three.
Provide screenshots of all exercises in section 3.4

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Practical Assignment Week 8 – Internet
Protocol
LINUX, STATIC IP ADDRESS/SUBNETS
CONFIGURATION

Task 1a: Do Linux Tutorial

Go to http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Teaching/Unix/unix2.html and do the 2nd basic Unix tutorial.
Provide screenshots of all exercises 2a and 2b.

2a) I created a backup of my  science.txt file by copying it to a file called science.bak

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2b) I created a directory called tempstuff using mkdir and then I removed it using
the rmdir command.

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Task 1b: Networking Exercise
Do the networking online exercises via this link https://courses.codemax.net/w8.html.

Provide screenshots of all exercises.

1. Classful IP Addresses – Address Class

2. Classful IP Addresses – Classful Subnets

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3. Classless IP Addresses – 8 Bit Aligned Subnets

4. Classless IP Addresses – Arbitrary Subnets

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5. Classless IP Addresses – Network Address Ranges

6. Classful – Classless IP Addresses – Completed Exercises

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Task 2: Build A Simple Netkit Network
Read the explanation of the basic Netkit commands and use them to build a simple network of two
nodes connected to a LAN interface.

A) Configure the IP addresses of the 2 nodes by using the “ifconfig” command

explained in the theory lesson.

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1. Node1 has an IP address 102.10.2.1/24

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2. Node2 has an IP address 102.20.2.1/24

Check whether your configuration was successful by using ping command between these two nodes.

What is the result of the ping? Can you explain it?

The result of the ping was: connect: Network is unreachable. First of all, we have to understand the
ping and how it works. “ The ping works by sending an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
request to a interface on the network and then sent out replies to validate the connection ~ Sabeer
Ali, IT Systems Engineer, Department of Transport Abu Dhabi ”. By this I mean, “that you can’t find
a route for that destination (you don’t have Gateway Or your Gateway can’t find a route for that
destination ~ Ahmed Sami, Servers and Systems Administrator, Saudi Electricity Company”. From the
above quotation, I have understood that they are not actually connected with the same router and they
both have a different Network Id. That’s the main reason why they can’t ping together. Another
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reason will be “When we try to ping unknown network which is not available in our routing table
~Ahmed Abdul Aziz, System Administrator, Saudi Binladin Group”. Then this message shows up:
connect: Network is unreachable. (Appendix – Resources 1.*)

Provide a screenshot of your configured interfaces.

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Look at the ARP entries of your Node1 and Node2.

Which command do you use?

I used the arp command which is used for manipulating the system arp cache. It shows the current
ARP cache entries.

Which ARP entries are there?

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For the Node 1: 102.10.2.1 there is no entry
For the Node 2: 102.20.2.1 there is no entry

B) Configure the IP addresses of the 2 nodes by using the “ip” command

explained in the theory lesson.

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1. Node1 has an IP address 102.10.2.1/10

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2. Node2 has an IP address 102.20.2.1/10

Check whether your configuration was successful by using ping command between these two nodes.

What is the result of the ping? Can you explain it?

The ping application allows a computer system to send a number of test message to another system on
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a network. The receiving computer system is obliged to reply to this message. The ping application
command can be started from the command prompt of a PC. In order to send a test message to another
system you must know the other computer's IP address.

Here below we have the Pings statistics for "102.10.2.1" (IP address of the PC1) and "102.20.2.1" (IP
address of the PC2)

PC1:# ping 102.20.2.1

PING 102.20.2.1 (102.20.2.1) 56(64) bytes of data
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=11.9 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.307 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.214 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.195 ms

--- 102.20.2.1 ping statistics ---

4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packets loss

PC2:# ping 102.10.2.1

PING 102.10.2.1 (102.10.2.1) 56(64) bytes of data
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.433 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.249 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.096 ms
64 bytes from 102.20.2.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.100 ms

--- 102.10.2.1 ping statistics ---

4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packets loss

In this case, ping command is really useful to prove that the connection between these 2 PC’s is
successful. If the ping command does not get a reply, for example from PC1 to PC2 there might be:

“ A Destination Host Unreachable: This message indicates one of two problems:

1. Either the local system has no route to the desired destination or

2. A Remote Router reports that it has no route to the destination.

If the message is simply “Destination Host Unreachable” then there is no route from the local
system, and the packets to be sent were never put on the wire. If the message is “Reply From < IP
Address >: Destination Host Unreachable,” then the routing problem occurred at a remote, whose
address is indicated by the “< IP Address >” field.

Request Timed Out: “This message indicates that No Echo Reply messages were received within the
default time of 1 second. This can be due to many different causes:
1. The most common include:
2. Network Congestion
3. Failure of the ARP request
4. Packet Filtering
5. Routing Error
6. Silent Discard. ~ Ranjna Aggarwal, Senior Consultant in IT Industry”
(Appendix – Resources 2.*)
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Provide a screenshot of your configured interfaces.

2
Look at the ARP entries of your Node1 and Node2.

2
Which ARP entries are there?

“ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used on Ethernet (LAN) to find the MAC address of another
host. When a host on the network doesn't know the MAC address of the device it wants to reach, it
will broadcast an ARP request. All hosts on the segment will receive this ARP request and one of
them will respond with an ARP reply. In this ARP reply, you will find the IP address and MAC
address of the destination host. Once the host that sent the ARP requests receives this information, it
will be able to reach the destination. ~ René Molenaar, Networklessons.com” (Appendix –
Resources 3.*)
The PC1 will sent an Arp Request which is a broadcast, so each computer connect to this network
either it is (LAN, WAN, WLAN etc) will receive this Arp request. The Arp request from PC1 to PC2
“arp 102.20.2.1” basically contains the IP Address of PC1, the MAC Address of PC1.
The PC1 then asks the PC2 through “arp 102.20.2.1” (since this IP Address 102.20.2.1 is for PC2),
the MAC Address of that IP Address “102.20.2.1”. In case the PC2 knows the IP address
“102.20.2.2”. Then the PC2 will sent an ARP reply to PC1 and an Arp Table as below will be shown
up.

The Arp Table Explanation

From Node 1 (102.10.2.1) we have requested an arp cache for Node 2 (102.20.2.1).
This is the Entry
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
102.20.2.1 ether 36:5f:5e:38:15:e3 C eth0

From Node 2 (102.20.2.1) we have requested an arp cache for Node 1 (102.10.2.1).
This is the Entry
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
102.10.2.1 ether f2:81:23:4d:f5:29 C eth0

Address  This is the IP Address of the arp we have requested. (102.10.2.1)

HWtype  ether  Ethernet
HWaddress  Mac Address (36:5f:5e:38:15:e3)
Flags Mask  “ The address has been learned, manually set by the user ~Tyler Carrigan, Community
Manager, Enable Sysadmin ) C
Iface  “ The name of the interface that is listed ~Tyler Carrigan, Community Manager, Enable
2

Sysadmin) eth0
(Appendix – Resources 4.*)

C) Configure both nodes to have a subnet mask 255.255.255.0, and change the
IP address of Node2 in such a way that the ping between them is successful.

Default Configure IP Address: Node 1 : 102.10.2.1, Node 2: 102.20.2.1, Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0
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I Configured the IP Address: Node 1 : 102.10.2.1,/24 Node 2: 102.20.2.1/24 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
2
I Configured the IP Address: Node 2: 102.10.2.2/24 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
2
Provide a screenshot of your configuration and successful ping.

2
After successful ping ARP entries of both nodes should be changed. Provide a screenshot of the
new ARP situation.

Explain the new ARP situation.

“ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used on Ethernet (LAN) to find the MAC address of another
host. When a host on the network doesn't know the MAC address of the device it wants to reach, it
will broadcast an ARP request. All hosts on the segment will receive this ARP request and one of
them will respond with an ARP reply. In this ARP reply, you will find the IP address and MAC
address of the destination host. Once the host that sent the ARP requests receives this information, it
will be able to reach the destination. ~ René Molenaar, Networklessons.com” (Appendix –
2

Resources 3.*)
The PC1 will sent an Arp Request which is a broadcast, so each computer connect to this network
either it is (LAN, WAN, WLAN etc) will receive this Arp request. The Arp request from PC1 to PC2
“arp 102.10.2.2” basically contains the IP Address of PC1, the MAC Address of PC1.
The PC1 then asks the PC2 through “arp 102.10.2.2” (since this IP Address 102.10.2.2 is for PC2),
the MAC Address of that IP Address “102.10.2.2”. In case the PC2 knows the IP address
“102.10.2.2”. Then the PC2 will sent an ARP reply to PC1 and an Arp Table as below will be shown
up.

The Arp Table Explanation

From Node 1 (102.10.2.1) we have requested an arp cache for Node 2 (102.10.2.2).
This is the Entry
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
102.10.2.2 ether 36:5f:5e:38:15:e3 C eth0

From Node 2 (102.10.2.2) we have requested an arp cache for Node 1 (102.10.2.1).
This is the Entry
Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface
102.10.2.1 ether f2:81:23:4d:f5:29 C eth0

Address  This is the IP Address of the arp we have requested. (102.10.2.1)

HWtype  ether  Ethernet
HWaddress  Mac Address (36:5f:5e:38:15:e3)
Flags Mask  “ The address has been learned, manually set by the user ~Tyler Carrigan, Community
Manager, Enable Sysadmin ) C
Iface  “ The name of the interface that is listed ~Tyler Carrigan, Community Manager, Enable
Sysadmin) eth0
(Appendix – Resources 3.*)

What is the command to clear the ARP cache again?

The command to delete or clear the ARP cache entry is : arp -d

The arp -d 102.10.2.1 deletes the ARP Cache entry for the IP Address 102.10.2.1
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Task 3: Configuring Network
The network of the lab is as follows:

1. PC1A, PC2A and RouterAC are connected to LANA

2. PC1B, PC2B and RouterBC are connected to LANB
3. PC1C, PC2C, RouterBC, RouterAC and Gateway are connected to LANC

Provide the network flow chart - Diagram of your lab.

Provide screenshots of the pings which are possible WITHIN LANA, LANB and LANC (PC1A
to PC2A, PC1B to PC2B and so on).

Author’s Note: It is clearly indicated that we need to provide screenshots within LANA, LANB AND
2

LANC. My Pair Group Number is 3.

LANA Possible Pings: 1) PC1A to PC2A or PC2A to PC1A
2) PC1A to RouterAC or RouterAC to PC1A
3) PC2A to RouterAC or RouterAC to PC2A

LANA 10.3.0.0/16
Router AC 10.3.0.1/16 255.0.0.0
PC1 A 10.3.0.2/16 255.0.0.0
PC2 A 10.3.0.3/16 255.0.0.0
2
LANB Possible Pings: 1) PC1B to PC2B or PC2B to PC1B
2) PC1B to RouterAC or RouterAC to PC1B
3) PC2B to RouterAC or RouterAC to PC2B

LANB 172.16.3.1/24
Router BC 172.16.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
PC1 B 172.16.3.2/24 255.255.255.0
PC2 B 172.16.3.3/24 255.255.255.0
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 IP Address Configuration for LANC

LANC 192.168.3.0/24
Gateway (eth0 = LANC) 192.168.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
Gateway (eth1 = LANA) 10.3.0.1/16 255.255.0.0
Gateway (eth2 = LANB) 172.16.3.1/24 255.255.255.0
Router AC (eth1 = LANA) 10.3.0.2/16 255.255.0.0
Router BC (eth2 = LANB) 172.16.3.2/24 255.255.255.0
PC1 C (eth0 = LANC) 192.168.3.2/24 255.255.255.0
PC2 C (eth0 = LANC) 192.168.3.3/24 255.255.255.0
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LANC Possible Pings: 1) PC1C to PC2C or PC2C to PC1C
2) PC1C to Gateway or Gateway to PC1C
3) PC2C to Gateway or Gateway to PC2C
4) Router AC to Gateway or Gateway to Router AC
5) Router BC to Gateway or Gateway to Router BC

Assignment Note: “You don’t need to be able to route between all nodes of this network; that is the
second part of the assignment, which will be done next week. ~ Fonty’s Teacher Said”
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Task 4: CIDR IP Addressing Exercises

1. Suppose we have IP address 122.33.196.145/24

Fill in the following items for this address:

122 .33 .196 .145 /24
01111010 00100001 11000100 10010001

The Subnet Mask – Network Mask:

11111111 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
255 .255 .255 .0

The Network Address:

01111010 00100001 11000100 00000000
122 .33 .196 .0

The Broadcast Address:

01111010 00100001 11000100 11111111
122 .33 .196 .255

1. Network Address: 122.33.196.0

2. Broadcast Address: 122.33.196.255
3. Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

2. Suppose we have IP address 163.249.223.229/25

Fill in the following items for this address:

163 .249 .223 .229 /25
10100011 11111001 11011111 11100101

The Subnet Mask – Network Mask:

2
11111111 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
255 .255 .255 .128

The Network Address:

163 .249 .223 .128
10100011 11111001 11011111 10000000

The Broadcast Address:

163 .249 .223 .255
10100011 11111001 11011111 11111111

The First Host Address:

163 .249 .223 .129
10100011 11111001 11011111 10000001

The Broadcast Address:

163 .249 .223 .254
10100011 11111001 11011111 11111110

1. Network Address: 163.249.223.128

2. First Host: 163.249.223.129
3. Last Host: 163.249.223.254
4. Broadcast Address: 163.249.223.255

Appendix – Resources
1. https://specialties.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/41890/what-does-quot-network-unreachable-quot-
amp-host-quot-unreachable-quot-and-amp-quot-request-time-out-mean-in-ping-reply-command/
2. https://virtualization24x7.blogspot.com/2015/05/request-timed-out-vs-destination-host.html
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTOyZ6TWQdM
4. https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/arp-versus-ip
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