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Projekt finansowany w ramach umowy 857/P–DUN/2016

ze środków Ministra Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego


przeznaczonych na działalność
upowszechniającą naukę.
Nazwa zadania:
Stworzenie anglojęzycznej wersji publikacji
Zeszyty Naukowe
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Decentralization and Debudgeting


as Manifestations of Structural Changes
within the Public Sector in Poland

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Introduction
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1. The concept and importance


of decentralization and debudgetization
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2. Revenue and expenditure balance for the sector


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References
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