DOI : 10.35124/bca.2019.19.2.

4605
Biochem. Cell. Arch. Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 4605-4610, 2019 www.connectjournals.com/bca ISSN 0972-5075

SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES (ALP, AST AND ALT) OF COMMON

CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO) CAUSED BY HIGH SALINITY
Mohammed Shaker Al-Khshali1 and Hasan Ali Al Hilali2
Department of Animal Production, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
1

2
Directorate of Animal Recourse, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq.
e-mail : 1alshaker64@yahoo.com,
(Received 15 May 2019, Revised 8 August 2019, Accepted 12 August 2019)

ABSTRACT : The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of high salinity on the some physiological parameters
of common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) which gradually exposed to salt concentrationsof 5, 10 and 15 g/liter, as well as tap water
(control 0.1g/liter) for 90 days .80 fish wererandomly distributed on eight glass tanks with 2 replicates as 10 fish / replicate at
averageweight of 15 ± 3 g to study the effect of salinity on the Alkaline phosphatase enzyme(ALP), ALT and AST enzymes. Fish
were fed during the trial on commercial diet with 31.9% protein content. Results showed an increase in the alkaline phosphatase
to 43.12, 57.69 and 82.35IU/L when the salinity increased to 5, 10 and 15 g/l respectively, compared with the control treatment
(34.17 IU/L). Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) also increased to 84.18, 103.21 and 125.47 IU/L, when the salinity increased
to 5, 10 and 15 g/l respectively, in comparison with control treatment (66.06 IU/L), while Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
increased to 53.25 , 69.59 and 81.02 IU/L, when the salinityincreased to 5, 10 and 15 g/l respectively, in comparison with control
treatment (36.71 IU/L).
Key words : Cyprinus carpio, Alkaline phosphatase, AST enzyme, ALT enzyme.

INTRODUCTION characteristics of fish (Ostrowski et al, 2011). Common

Salinity is considered an important factor in the
environmental status of fish through its direct or indirect
impact on the osmosis pressure and metabolism. It also
causes a set of changes to the activity, physiological
function and the hormone, enzymes composition, as well
as affecting its survival and habits (Wang and Zhu, 2002).
Fish cultured in farm systems are exposed to tiring and
unstable conditions in a cumulative manner. These
conditions include factors like temperature, congestion,
pesticides and salinity (Collingsworth et al, 2017). These
factors may have huge negative effects which include
reduced growth, immune and various physiological
disturbances, and may cause the loss of the fish in the
end,where any negative environmental status the fish may
be subjected to will lead to a kind of challenge to their
abilities in maintaining the balance (Akhtar, et al, 2010).
Salinity occupies the first place in this list of factors as it
has a great influence on most aquatic organisms starting
with the egg phase to adulthood stage, early embryonic
development and larval growth; as all these phases on
the level of salinity (Boeuf and Payan, 2001). All the
previous studies refer to the fact that changes in the level
of salinity may affect the immune responses and blood
carp are generally considered as fresh water fish, and
they are hyper osmotic, which means that the ions inside
their blood are more than those outside their bodies, so
they need a higher energy in order to keep the body liquids
at levels that are higher than their outer surroundings to
fit in the different levels of salinity (Marti’nez-Alvarez et
al, 2002). Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme (ALP) takes a
part in the process of active transport in the cell
membrane, it is found on the simple epithelial cells and
vertical cells in certain parts of the fish body in general
(Bucher and Hofer, 1993). This enzyme has a role in the
metabolism of carbohydrates, growth, cells differentiation,
protein synthesis and the manufacturing and releasing of
certain types of enzymes (Savova and Kirev, 1992;
Pizauro et al, 1993). Moreover, there is an increasing
interest in the ALP Enzyme because of its role in the
processes of cells regeneration and wound healing, as an
increase in this enzyme has been noticed when fish are
subjected to stress or injury, yet, these studies have not
been authenticated (Rai and Mittal, 1983). The
effectiveness of ALP increases with the high
concentrations of monovalent ions like Na+, K+ and the
divalent ions especially Mg++ (Utida et al, 1968). ALT or
4606 Mohammed Shaker Al-Khshali and Hasan Ali Al Hilali
alanine amino transferase and AST or aspartate amino
transferase are not just enzymes that work on the
connection between proteins and carbohydrates in
metabolism, but also work as indicators of a change in
the physiological status or stress and these enzymes were
used to prove the damage in the liver and fish tissues
(Asztalos and Nemcsok, 1985). It is well known that there
is a lack of available information and research to identify
the effect of the increase in salinity on the physiological
status of fish; especially on fresh water fish. This has led
us to conduct the current study, as among all the fresh
water fish, common carp is one of the most enduring fish
speciesto salinity, it has been chosen on account of its
economic value and the easiness in its abundance and
consuming by people. Thus, the current study aims
toinvestigate the impact of salinity rising on the levels of
liver enzymes ALT, AST and the Alkaline Phosphatase
enzyme ALP in common carp.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment
Common carp at the average weight of 15±3 g were
obtained from a local fish farm, south of Iraq. They were
safely brought to the laboratory and acclimatized for 14
days in a large plastic tank (80×40×55 cm) prior to the
experiment. During the acclimatization period, fish were
fed on artificial diet once daily (Table 1).
Water was renewed (1/3) daily and feeding was
stopped 24 h before beginning of the experiment. Tap
water free of chlorine was used and the water had the
following physicochemical characteristics (APHA, 1998);
temperature (27.5±2°C), pH (7.2), dissolved oxygen (6.5
mg l–1). Before the start of the experiment, fish were
randomly divided into 4 treatments and every group has
two replicates.
Salt concentrations were prepared by dissolution of
specific weight of salt in liter of tap water and fish were
exposed to gradual salt concentration of 5, 10 and 15g/l.
while the tap water concentration (0.1g/l) was represented
control treatment.
AST and ALT activity determinations
ALT serumenzyme activity was determined by using
ALT kit Supplied by Randox (French company) depending
on the Concentration of pyruvate hydra zone in 2, 4-
dinitrophenyl Hydrazone formula. AST serum enzyme
activity wasDetermined by using AST-kit depending on
the concentration of oxaloacetate hydra zone in 2, 4
Dinitro phenyl-hydrazine. Absorbance of ALT and AST
were measured by spectrophotometer at 546 nm
wavelength. Experiment run under completely
Randomized Design (CRD), data were statistically
analyzed and mean significant differences compared at
0.05% probability (Duncan, 1955).
Alkaline phosphatase
A total of 3.5 mL of reaction liquid, including 2 mL of
0.5% casein solution, 0.1 mL of 0.04 mol/L EDTA-Na2,
0.4 mL of buffer pH 10.3 of borax-NaOH buffer solution
according to Pan et al (1997). 0.4 mL of enzyme solution,
and 0.6 mL of redistilled water was placed into a test
tube and incubated in a 37°C water bath for 15 min before
the addition of 1 mL 30% trichloroacetic acid to terminate
the reaction. The solution was then centrifuged at 4,000
r/min for 15 – 20 min and approximately 1 mL of
supernatant in 5 mL 0.55 mol/L sodium carbonate solution
and 1 mL forint reagent was added before.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Alkaline phosphates
Fig. 1 refers to the activity of the Alkaline Phosphates
enzyme in the blood serum of the common carp, which
have been gradually transferred from tap water (free of
chlorine) to the salinity concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 g/
l, it shows that the level of the enzyme has started to rise
as the salinity was rising to the concentrations mentioned
above, where the levels of the enzyme reached 43.12,
57.69 and 82 controlled sample (34.16 IU/L). Results of
the statistical analysis indicated that there 35 IU/L in the
salt concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 respectively, in
comparison with the c were significant differences
(0.05≤P) in the levels of the enzyme between the
controlled sample and the rest of the salt concentrations
used in the experiment.
The rise in the levels of the ALP enzyme could be
caused by the increase in the salinity concentrations
because the Alkaline Phosphates (ALP) enzyme is one
of the important enzymes in the osmoregulation process;
it plays a role in the transferring of the ions. The entry of
big quantities of water into the fish body may encumbers
the osmotic pressure and causes a high permeability
between the cells membrane inside the fish body, hence
the spreading of the ALP in all parts of the fish body in
order to try to regulate the osmosis is expected.
The transfer of fresh water fish to salt water
increases the water intake by the fish as well as the
intestinal absorption of sodium, chloride and water. As a
result of this process, fish compensate the loss of water,
which leads to a disruption of the osmoregulation, so they
assimilate the liquids in the intestines; while the extra
ions get rid by the chloride cells in the gills (Hirano et al,
1976). The fluctuation of salinity often brings about many
 Some physiological changes of common carp caused by high salinity
physiological stress responses, which disturbs the balance
of serum hormone, energy metabolism and electrolyte in
aquatic animals (Choi et al, 2008). The ALP enzyme
found in the membrane of the intestinal epithelium, it plays
an important role in adapting fish to the saline water, as
an increase in the level of this enzyme has been noticed
to 2-3 times when fish exposed to saline water (Oide,
1970). Besides ALP can be used as a biological indicator
to the success of the salinity adaptation process (Ahmed
et al, 2004). However, as ALP found in the membrane
of the epithelial cells, it may suppose that it has a big role
in transferring ions and hormones (Yusufi et al, 1983). It
may also suggest that the phosphatase enzyme also takes
part in the process of transferring Sodium and Calcium
(Gunther et al, 1979) and phosphate (PetitClerc and
Plante, 1981). There were also notices about a change in
the amount of the enzyme and its activity during the
osmoregulation process to 250% and to 200% with the
increase of liquids assimilation and to 100% in the process
of transferring the sodium and the chloride ions through
the regulation of the osmosis (Hirano et al, 1976 ). Results
have also shown the activity of the enzyme and its
existence along the gut after the process of adapting to
the saline water in the Salmo gairdneri. They also
showed that the plasma has a role in transferring the
enzyme to the guts (Gasser and Kirschner, 1987). These
results match with what (Alkhshali and Al shawi, 2013)
has mentioned, as he noticed an increase in the ALP
enzyme in the guts of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon
idella when salinity was raised to 4,8 and 12 g/l and it is
found that when Anguila japonica eel were transferred
from fresh water to sea water, the activity of the ALP
enzyme in the guts increased dramatically during the first
week of the transformation, which means that the activity
of the ALP enzyme in sea fish is greater than it is in the
fresh water fish (Utida et al, 1968). This rise in the enzyme
activity in the high saline concentrations is due to drinking
saline water and assimilating this water with sodium
chloride through the guts; as the level of water drinking
in the first week of transferring into the saline water
(Utida and Oide, 1968). Johnston et al (1994) found that
the level of thyroxin in the blood plasma during the process
of adapting to salinity leads to a rise in the efficiency of
the Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme. Ahmed et al (2004)
recorded an increase in the activity of the Alkaline
Phosphatase enzyme in the guts of Liza abu which were
moved into a saline concentration of 7 g/l, while there
has been a decrease in the fish moved to salinity level of
15 g/l; while the enzyme level fell when the fish were
starved in both concentrations. On the other hand, Sultan
(2007) indicated to a rise in the Alkaline Phosphatase
4607
enzyme in the intestines of the young Acanthopagrus
latus at the saline concentrations of 7 and 15 g/l, and
decreased at the concentrations of 23 and 30 g/l when it
is compared to the concentration of 3 g/l in tenth day of
the process of transferring to the mentioned saline levels.
Also, Sui et al (2016) found that the level of ALP
activitiesdoes not change in parrotfish (Cichlasomasyn
spilum × Cichlasomacitrinellum ) after transferred
from freshwater to water with four salinity levels (0.16,
2.5, 5 and 7.5%) for 168 h, and physiological responses
were evaluated at 0, 6, 12, 24 and 168 h. Khairnar et al
(2016) indicated that increase in ALP in liver, muscle,
gills and kidney when Transferred juvenile tongue sole
Cynoglossuss emilaevis to four salinity levels 2, 4, 6
and 8 g/L for (2, 4 and 8 days). Liu et al (2017) recorded
the increase in ALP when transferred the American shad
(Alosasa pidissima) to 0 (control), 7, 14, 21 and 28 ppt
for 60 days, the highest increase happened in Salinity
group 14 and 21 ppt compared to control group.
ALT and AST
It is shown clearly in Table 2 the concentration of
the ALT and AST enzymes during the gradual transport
of the common carp from the tap water to the different
salinity concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 g/l. The
concentration of the AST rose to 84.18, 103.21 and 125.47
IU/L in the salinity concentration of 5, 10 and 15
respectively, compared to the control sample (66.06 IU/
L). Results of the statistical analysis referred to significant
differences (P<0.05) between the control sample and the
different salinity concentrations and among all the salinity
concentrations. As for the concentration of the ALT, they
also rose; as they reached 53.25, 69.59 and 81.02 IU/L
in the salinity concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 g/l
respectively, compared to the control sample (36.71 IU/
L). Results of the statistical analysis referred to significant
differences (P<0.05) between the control sample and the
different salinity concentrations, and among all the salinity
concentrations.
ALT and AST are categorized among stress enzymes,
their rise in the common carp when the salinity
concentrations rise is an indicator that the fish were under
stress; in addition to the process of the protein breaking
down especially in the liver that would lead to a rise in
both enzymes.
ALT and AST enzymes are considered as indicators
to the deterioration of tissues like liver, kidneys and gills.
When high activity occurs in the concentration of the
enzymes, this means an increase in aspartate and alginate
by using sugar to produce the glucosefor the adapting to
the stress status, which fish may encounter (Gowda et
4608 Mohammed Shaker Al-Khshali and Hasan Ali Al Hilali

Fig. 1 : Alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP) levels in the common carp blood serum within the different salt concentrations.

Table 1 : Chemical analysis of diet used in the experiment.

20g/l, which was higher than in fresh water. Akhtar et al
Constituent % (2013) indicated the rise in the ALT and AST enzymes
Protein 31±09 when raising the salinity for the young of Labeo rohita
Fat 9.0±0.2 after they were fed on the amino tryptophan acid, as
Moisture 8.66 ± 0.21 there was a rise in the concentrations of ALT and AST
Ash 11.4 ± 1.2 when the salinity was raised and the temperature had a
Fiber 40.88 ± 0.12 cooperative effect with salinity in raising up the levels of
Table 2 : AST and ALT enzymes concentrations in the blood of the the two enzymes. AL Khshali and Alshawi (2013) also
common carp. noticed a rise in the two enzymes when salinity was raised
Concentration (g/l) AST ALT in the gold fish Carassius auratus when they were
Tap water (0.1) 66.06+0.46 d 36.71+0.32 d gradually subjected to the salinity concentrations of 4, 8
5 84.18+076 c 53.25+0.66 c and 12 g/l, compared to the control treatment (0.1 g/l.).
10 103.21+0.94 b 69.59+0.77 b Gaudet et al (1975) that the natural level of the two
15 125.47+1.05a 81.02+0.84 a enzymes in the plasma in the natural case of rainbow
Trout Salmo gairdneri fish ranges between 51-433 and
al, 2009). Hegazi (2011) mentioned that the rise in the 136-17 IU/L, respectively. The natural level of the two
levels of these enzymes while the fish under stress could enzymes in the tissues and blood plasma is affected by
lead to the secretion of ketonic acids in the cycle of tri- several factors like pollution, toxicity and infection by
carboxylic acid. In the current study the rise in the diseases and the change that happens to the quality of
concentration of ALT and AST of common carp might water plus some other factors like temperature and
be caused by the fish stress leading to increased internal salinity. Liu et al (2010) noticed that there was a huge
oxidative stress that works to alter permeability of cellular difference in the concentrations of the ALT and AST
membranes, causing an increase in enzymatic leaks AST enzymes in the Oncorhynchus keta at the saline water
and ALT to blood (Bahjat and Shaban, 1985). On the when they are compared to their existence in fresh water.
other hand, Vijayan et al (1996) found that moving of Hejazi (2011) mentioned a rise in the ALT and AST
Tilapia (Oreochromis noliticus) from fresh water to sea enzymes in the tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus, and
water for two weeks caused a significant rise in the liver referred to the continuous stress and the ongoing saline
enzymes activity, as an increase in the process of protein stress in addition to rearing fish in a high density,where
breaking down is noticed in the fish, which are found in the continuous subjection to stress led to an increase in
the salt water more than those in fresh water. Jürss et al the breaking down of proteins in the cells, and thus led to
(1985) recorded an ALT and AST enzymes activity in a drop in the fish growth rate.
the kidneys of the Salmo gardneri in a saline water of
 Some physiological changes of common carp caused by high salinity
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study has been supported by University of
Baghdad. I appreciate the invaluable technical support
of the Ministry of Science and Technology in Iraq.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors have no conflict of interest.
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