10

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Division of Polynomials,
Remainder, Factor, and the
Rational Root Theorem
Mathematics – Grade 10
Quarter 1 – Module 6: Division of Polynomials, Remainder, Factor and Rational Root
Theorem
First Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education – Region XI

Regional Director: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV
Assistant Regional Director: Maria Ines C. Asuncion, Ed.D., CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Jenielyn R. Torollo, Vilma E. Tanjay
Editors: Vilma E. Tanjay
Reviewers: Amelia A. Gumban
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Template Developer: Neil Edward D. Diaz
Management Team: Reynalodo M. Guillena, CESO V
Jinky B. Firman,Ph.D., CESE
Marilyn V. Deduyo
Alma C. Cifra, Ed.D.
Aris B. Juanillo, Ph.D.
May Ann M. Jumuad, Ph.D.
Antonio A. Apat

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Davao City Division

Office Address: DepEd Davao City Division, E. Quirino Ave.,

Davao City, Davao del Sur, Philippines

Telefax: (082) 224 0100

E-mail Address: info@deped-davaocity.ph

 10

Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Division of Polynomials,
Remainder, Factor, and the
Rational Root Theorem
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use
this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while
allowing them to manage their own learning at home. Furthermore, you are
expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included
in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different activities
in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be reminded of
the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part
of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module,
do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that
you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience
meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!

ii
 Let Us Learn

After going through this module, you are expected to:

➢ Performs division of polynomials using long division and synthetic division.

Proves the Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem, and the Rational Root
Theorem. (M10AL-Ig-1)

Specifically, you will;

1. divide polynomials using long division and synthetic division,
2. find the remainder using the remainder theorem and synthetic division,
3. determine whether (𝑥 − 𝑟) is a factor of a given polynomial.
4. find all the rational zeros of a polynomial.

Let Us Try

Direction: Write the letter that corresponds to the correct answer on your separate
answer sheet.

For items 1 to 5, use the illustration on the long division that follows: Divide
(𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24) 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 + 4).
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6

𝑥+4 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24
2nd line 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2
5𝑥 2 + 14𝑥
5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥
− 6𝑥 − 24
− 6𝑥 − 24
0
1. What is the remainder?
A. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 B. 𝑥 + 4 C. −6 D. 0

2. Which is the divisor?

A. 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24 B. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 C. 𝑥 + 4 D. 0

3. Which is the quotient?

A. 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24 B. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 C. 𝑥 + 4 D. 0

4. What is the process of obtaining the 2nd line?

A. Subtracting 𝑥 2 from (𝑥 + 4) C. Adding 𝑥 2 to (𝑥 + 4)
B. Dividing 𝑥 to (𝑥 + 4)
2
D. Multiplying 𝑥 2 to (𝑥 + 4)

1
5. What is the dividend?
A. 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24 B. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 C. 𝑥 + 4 D. 0

6. Gabriel used synthetic division to find the quotient if (5𝑥 2 − 16 + 4𝑥 3 − 3) is

divided by (𝑥 − 2). He obtained −19 as remainder. His solution is shown below.

2 5 −16 4 −3

10 −12 −16

5 −6 −8 −19
What is/are the error?
i. The sign of the divisor was not changed.
ii. The terms of the polynomial were not arranged according to decreasing
powers of x.
iii. The sum entries in the third row are incorrect.
iv. The numerical coefficients of the first row were not properly written.

A. i only B. ii only C. ii and iv only D. i and iii only

7. What is the quotient when 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 12 is divided by 𝑥 + 2?

A. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6 B. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6 C. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6 D. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6

8. What is the remainder when (5𝑥 100 + 5) is divided by (𝑥 − 1)?

A. 5 B. 10 C. −5 D. −10

9. Which expression gives the remainder when 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 is divided by

𝑥 − 2?
1 1
A. 𝑃(−2) B. 𝑃(2) C. 𝑃 (2) D. 𝑃 (− 2)

10. Which of the following is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 43𝑥 − 30?

A. 𝑥 + 2 B. 𝑥 + 3 C. 𝑥 − 3 D. 2𝑥 + 5

11. If 𝑃(−2) = 0, which of the following statements is true about 𝑃(𝑥)?

A. 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥) C. 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, has two negative roots
B. 2 is root of 𝑃(𝑥) = 0 D. 𝑃(0) = −2

12. Given 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 12. What is the remainder if 𝑃(𝑥) is divided by

(𝑥 − 3)?
A. 56 B. 55 C. 54 D. 53

13. Which of the following polynomials is exactly divisible by to (3𝑥 + 1)?

A. 6𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 + 5 C. 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 3
B. 9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1 D. all of the above

14. What is the quotient when (2𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) is divided by (2𝑥 2 + 1)?

A. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 C. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3
B. 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 3
2
D. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3

15. What are the roots of the 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 6?

1 1 1 1
A. 2 , 1,2,3 B. − 2 , −1,2,3 C. 2 , 1, −2, −3 D. 2 , −1, −2,3

2
 Let Us Study

A. Write the following polynomials in standard form and identify the degree (highest
exponent), leading coefficient, and the constant term.

Standard Leading Constant

Given Degree
Form Coefficient term
1. − 6 + 6𝑥 3 + 17𝑥 − 16𝑥 2
2. 12𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 8𝑥 3 − 36
3. −9𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 4 − 26𝑥 + 21𝑥 2 + 7

Guide questions?
1. How did you write the given polynomials into standard form?
2. How did you determine the degree of the polynomial?
3. How did you identify the leading coefficient and the constant term?

B. Now, look at the example below and divide the following numbers and write an
equation using the same format in the given example. This procedure is
analogous to the procedure when you divide a polynomial by another polynomial.

1
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 21 ÷ 5 = 4 + ↔ 21 = 4(5) + 1
5
1. 57 ÷ 4 = _____________ ↔ _____________
2. 63 ÷ 5 = _____________ ↔ _____________
3. 81 ÷ 2 = _____________ ↔ _____________

Guide questions:

1. Can you identify the values of your dividend? Divisor? Quotient?

2. Can you give the remainder without performing the division?

The expression 2𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 3 + 21𝑥 2 + 26𝑥 + 7 is a polynomial expression.

5 number of terms, terms are separated by plus and minus sign
2𝑥 4 leading term, 2 is the leading coefficient
4 is the highest exponent, 4 is the degree of the polynomial
7 the last term and it is known as the constant term

Dividing polynomials using long division

The procedure for dividing polynomial is similar to the procedure used in

dividing whole numbers.

Write the dividend in a standard form and insert zeros as the coefficient of any
missing term. Both dividend and divisor should be in standard form.

3
 Example 1: Let us divide (𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝟑) 𝒃𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝟓).

2𝑥 − 5 ← Quotient
When subtracting,
Steps: Divisor → 𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 23 ← Dividend remember to change all
− the signs of the
1. Divide the first term of 2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 subtrahend:
dividend and first
−5𝑥 − 23 So, from 2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 it
term of the divisor −
2 becomes −2𝑥 2 − 10𝑥.
2𝑥 −5𝑥 − 25
= 2𝑥
𝑥 From −5𝑥 − 25 it
2. Multiply the answer in 2
becomes 5𝑥 + 25
no.1 by the divisor
(2𝑥)(𝑥 + 5) = 2𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
3. Subtract:
2
− 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
2𝑥 + 10𝑥
−5𝑥
Bring down −23 2𝑥 2 +5𝑥−23 2
You can write the result as, = 2𝑥 − 5 + 𝑥+5.
4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 𝑥+5
using the new terms.

Example 2: Divide 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 𝒃𝒚 (𝒙 − 𝟐)

2𝑥 4 2𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 + 5 ← Quotient Finding the

1. = 2𝑥 3
𝑥 difference
2. (2𝑥 3 )(𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 + 2 ) 2𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 10
2𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 3. _ 2𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3
2𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 2𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3
3. 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 0𝑥 3
0𝑥 3 +0𝑥 2
0𝑥 3 6. _ 0𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2
4. = 0𝑥 2 0𝑥 3 +0𝑥 2
𝑥 0𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2
2
0𝑥 + 5𝑥 0𝑥 2
5. (0𝑥 2 )(𝑥 + 2) =
0𝑥 3 + 0𝑥 2 0𝑥 2 + 0𝑥
9. _ 0𝑥 2 + 5𝑥
6. 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 5𝑥 + 10 0𝑥 2 + 0𝑥
5𝑥
0𝑥 2 5𝑥 + 10
7. = 0𝑥
𝑥
8. (0𝑥)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 12.
_ 5𝑥 + 10
0𝑥 2 + 0𝑥 5𝑥 + 10
0
9. 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

5𝑥
10. =5
𝑥

11. (5)(𝑥 + 2) = 2𝑥 4 +4𝑥 3 +5𝑥+10

5𝑥 + 10 You can write the result as, = 2𝑥 3 + 5
𝑥+2

12. 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

4
Dividing polynomials using synthetic division
Synthetic division is a shorter method when a polynomial is to be divided by
a binomial of the form (𝑥 − 𝑟) wherein we only write the coefficients.

Example:
1. Use synthetic division to divide 𝑷(𝒙) = (𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟖) 𝒃𝒚 (𝒙 + 𝟐).

1 Arrange the coefficients of P(x) in

descending powers of x, placing 0 for the 3 4 0 8
missing terms.

2 Place the value of r in the upper left corner. −2 3 4 0 8

In this example, equate the divisor to 0,
𝑥 − 𝑟 = 0; 𝑥 = 𝑟
𝑥 + 2 = 0; 𝑥 = −2
3 Bring down the first coefficient or the −2 3 4 0 8
leading coefficient. Write it below the line.

3
4 Multiply the first coefficient (3) and the −2 3 4 0 8
value of r (−2). Write the product below the −6
2nd coefficient.
(3)(−2) = −6 3
5 Add the 2nd column: 4 + (−6) = −2. −2 3 4 0 8
Write the sum below the line on the 2nd −6
column.
3 −2
6 Repeat the procedure described in Step −2 3 4 0 8
4 and 5 until the last number in the −6 4 −8
third row is obtained.
3 −2 4 0
7 Write the quotient Q(x). Note that the
degree of Q(x) is one less than the degree of
P(x). The entries in the third row give 𝑄(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4 , 𝑅 = 0
the coefficients of Q(x) and the remainder
R.

A concise form of steps 1 to 7 is shown below:

Divisor (𝑥 + 2)
Type equation here.
𝑥 + 2 = 0; 𝑥 = −2 −2 3 4 0 8 Dividend (3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 8)

−6 4 −8
Quotient (3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4) 3 −2 4 0 Remainder: 𝑃(−2) = 0

5
 2. Find the quotient if (𝟔𝒙𝟒 + 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟕𝒙 − 𝟔) ÷ (𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)

Solution: 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 Equate the divisor to zero

2𝑥 = 1 Transpose −1
2𝑥 1
= Divide both sides by 2
2 2
1 1
𝑥=2 𝑟=2

1 Numerical coefficient and the 1

6 1 −8 7 −6
value of r 2

6
2 1
Multiply 6 and : (6) ( ) = 3
1 1
6 1 −8 7 −6
2 2 2
Add the 2nd column:1 + 3 = 4 3

6 4
3 Multiply 4 and
1
:
1
(4) ( )
=2
1
6 1 −8 7 −6
2 2 2
Add the 3 column:−8 + 2 = −6
rd 3 2

6 4 −6

4 1
Multiply −6 and 2: (−6) (2) = −3
1 1
6 1 −8 7 −6
2
Add the 4th column: 7 + (−3) = 4 3 2 −3
.
6 4 −6 4
5 Multiply 4 and
1
:
1
(4) ( )
=2
1
6 1 −8 7 −6
2 2 2
Add the 5th column:−6 + 2 = −4 3 2 −3 2

6 4 −6 4 −4
The remainder is −4.
To find the quotient, divide the 3 2 −3 2
Divide 1
third row by the first coefficient of 𝑃 ( 2 ) = −4
by 2
2𝑥 − 1 except the remainder.

6𝑥 4 +𝑥 3 −8𝑥 2 +7𝑥−6 −4
Therefore, = 3𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 +
2𝑥+1 2𝑥+1

The Remainder Theorem

If the polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) is divided by (𝒙 − 𝒓), the remainder R is a

constant and is equal to 𝑷(𝒓).

Since R is the symbol for remainder, then 𝑹 = 𝑷(𝒓).

The remainder can be obtained by using the two methods:

1. Substitution: substitute the value of r in the polynomial expression 𝑃(𝑥).

2. Synthetic Division: you can find the quotient not only the remainder.

6
Examples:
1. Find the remainder when (𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟏) is divided by (𝒙 − 𝟑).

Divisor: 𝑥 − 3 = 0; 𝑥 = 3

Solution:
a. Using the Remainder Theorem: b. Using synthetic division:
𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 1 , 𝑟=3
3 2 −5 −1
𝑃(3) = 2(3)2 − 5(3) − 1
6 3
𝑃(3) = 2(9) − 15 − 1
2 1 2
𝑃(3) = 18 − 15 − 1
𝑃(3) = 2
𝑃(3) = 18 − 16
𝑃(3) = 2

Therefore, the remainder when 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 1 is divided by 𝑥 − 3 is 2.

𝑃(3) =
2. Find the remainder when 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑𝟔 is divided by
2
(𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏).
Divisor: Solution:
2𝑥 − 1 = 0 a. Using Substitution:
2𝑥 = 1 𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑𝟔
2𝑥 1 1 1 3 1 2 1
= 𝑃 ( ) = 8 ( ) − 12 ( ) + 36 ( ) − 36
𝑥 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
𝑥= 𝑃 ( ) = 8 ( ) − 12 ( ) + 36 ( ) − 36
2 2 8 4 2
1 1
𝑟= 𝑃 ( ) = 1 − 3 + 18 − 36
2 2
1
𝑃 ( ) = 19 − 39
2
1
𝑃 ( ) = −20
2
1
Since, 𝑃 (2) = −20, then remainder is −20

b. Using synthetic division:

1 8 −12 36 −36
2
4 −4 16
1
Since, 𝑃 ( ) = −20,
2
8 −8 32 −20 then the remainder is
−20
Using synthetic division, you can also find the quotient. Since the coefficient
of the leading term of the divisor 2𝑥 − 1 is 2, divide the last row by 2, therefore the
−20
quotient is 𝑃(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 16 + 2𝑥−1

7
The Factor Theorem

The polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) has (𝒙 − 𝒓) as a factor if and only if 𝑷(𝒓) = 𝟎,

conversely, if 𝑷(𝒓) = 𝟎, then (𝒙 − 𝒓) is a factor of 𝑷(𝒙).

The following methods can be used in determining whether the binomial is a factor
or not.
1. Substitution
2. Synthetic Division.

Examples:

1. Show that (𝑥 − 2) is a factor of 2𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 48.

Solution: Using Substitution, we have:

𝑥−2=0 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 48

𝑥=2
𝑃(2) = 2(2)3 + 15(2)2 − 14(2) − 48
𝑃(2) = 2(8) + 15(4) − 14(2) − 48
𝑃(2) = 16 + 60 − 28 − 48
𝑃(2) = 76 − 76
𝑃(2) = 0

Since, 𝑷(𝟐) = 𝟎, then 𝒙 − 𝟐 is a factor of 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟒𝟖.

The Rational Root Theorem

𝑝
If 𝑃(𝑥) is a polynomial with an integer coefficient and if 𝑞
is a zero of 𝑃(𝑥) that
𝑝
is 𝑃 ( 𝑞) = 0, then p is a factor of the constant term of 𝑃(𝑥) and q is a factor of the
leading coefficient of 𝑃(𝑥).
Steps in finding the rational zeros or roots of a polynomial:
i. Arrange the polynomial in descending order.
ii. Lists down all the factors of the constant term. These are all the
possible values of p.
iii. Lists down all the factors of the leading coefficient. These are all the
possible values of q.
𝑝
iv. Write down all possible values of 𝑞 and simplify each value.
𝑝 𝑝
v. Use synthetic division to determine the values of 𝑞
for which 𝑃 ( 𝑞 ) = 0.
These are all the rational zeros or roots of 𝑃(𝑥).

The degree of the polynomial determines the number of roots or rational zeros.
The polynomial expression of degree n has at most n number of roots.

8
Examples:

1. Find all the rational zeros of 𝑃(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 4 + 2𝑥 4 − 12𝑥.

Solution:

𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟒 + 𝟑𝒙𝟑 − 𝟕𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒

Degree: 4 (highest exponent)
Factors of constant term(4): 𝑝: {±1, ±2, ±4}
has at most 4 rational roots
Factor of leading coefficient (2): {±1, ±2}
𝑝 1 1 2 2 4 4
Possible values of : {± , ± , ± , ± , ± , ± }
𝑞 1 2 1 2 1 2

𝑝 1
These can be simplified to 𝑞
: {±1, ± , ±2, ±4}
2

Use synthetic division:

1 2 3 −7 −12 −4 Since 𝑃(1) ≠ 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑥 + 1) is not

a factor.
2 5 −2 −14
1 is not a rational zero
2 5 −2 −14 −18

Since 𝑃(−1) = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑥 + 1) is a

−1 2 3 −7 −12 −4 factor.
−2 −1 8 4
−1 is a rational zero
2 1 −8 −4 0

1
1
2 2 3 −7 −12 −4 Since 𝑃 (2) ≠ 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (2𝑥 − 1) is
not a factor.
5 29
1 2 − − 1
2 4
is a not rational zero
29 45 2
2 4 −5 − −
2 4

1
− 1
2 Since 𝑃 (− 2) = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (2𝑥 + 1) is
2 3 −7 −12 −4
a factor.
−1 −1 4 4
1
2 1 −8 −8 0
− is a rational zero
2

2 2 3 −7 −12 −4 Since 𝑃(2) = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑥 − 2) is a

4 14 14 4 factor.

2 7 7 2 0 2 is a rational zero

9
 Since 𝑃(−2) = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 (𝑥 + 2) is a
−2 2 3 −7 −12 −4 factor.

−4 2 10 4 −2 is a rational zero

2 −1 −5 −2 0

Thus, the rational roots of 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 4 are

1
𝑥 = − 2 , −1, −2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2.

We can further say that the factors of 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 4 are

(2𝑥 + 1). (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 2).

Remember:
A root or zero of a function is a number that when plugged in for the variable,
makes the function equal to zero. Thus, the roots of a polynomial 𝑃(𝑥) are values of
x such that 𝑃(𝑥) = 0.

Let Us Practice

I. Perform the indicated division using long division and write your answers in the
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅(𝑋)
form = 𝑄(𝑥) + as shown in the following example. Write your
𝐷(𝑥) 𝐷(𝑥)

complete solution on a separate sheet of paper. The terms inside the box below
can help you find the quotient using long division.

(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 2 − 5) ÷ (𝑥 − 5)

𝑥4 + 𝑥2 − 5 645
= 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 26𝑥 + 130 +
𝑥−5 𝑥−5

1. (5𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 − 15) ÷ (𝑥 − 4)

2. (6𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 6) ÷ (3𝑥 − 2)

−4𝑥 5𝑥 2𝑥 2 3 −7 2

10
 II. Find the remainder if the given polynomial is divided by the given divisor using
synthetic division and decipher a secret message by determining the letter that
matches the correct answer.

A. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3

Divisor 𝑥+2 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥−3 𝑥−5

Remainder
letter

B. 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 − 1

Divisor 𝑥+2 𝑥+1 𝑥−1 𝑥−2 𝑥−3

Remainder
letter

A. 0 B. 32 D. 2 E. 27 F.12 H. 0
I. 35 N. 0 P. 5 R. 140 S. −6 T. −4

MESSAGE:

______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______

Let Us Practice More

I. Which of the following binomials is/are factor/s of the given polynomial

expressions? Show your solution using any method and write the letter/s that
corresponds to your answer.

_______ 1. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 27

a. (𝑥 + 1) b. (𝑥 − 9) c. (𝑥 − 3)

_______ 2. 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 3 + 21𝑥 2 − 26𝑥 + 12

a. (2𝑥 + 3) b. (2𝑥 − 3) c. (𝑥 + 2)

_______ 3. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8
a. (𝑥 + 3) b. (𝑥 − 2) c. (𝑥 + 4)

_______ 4. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10
a. (𝑥 − 2) b. (𝑥 + 1) c. (𝑥 − 5)

11
 _______ 5. 𝑃(𝑥) = 4𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 3
a. (2𝑥 + 1) b. (𝑥 − 1) c. (𝑥 − 2)

𝑝
II. List all the possible values of 𝑞
and find all the rational zeros/roots of the
following polynomials. The binomial on the right will help you fine the rational
roots. Write the letter that corresponds to the factors of the given polynomial.
Show your answer completely in a separate sheet of paper.

_____, _____, _____ 1. 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 A. 2𝑥 − 3

B. 𝑥 + 3
_____, _____, _____ 2. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 12 C. 𝑥 − 2
D. 𝑥 − 3
_____, _____, _____ 3. 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 18
E. 𝑥 + 2
F. 2𝑥 + 1
G. 𝑥 + 1
H. 𝑥 − 1

Rubrics for Scoring

Score Descriptors
5 Computations are complete and accurate
4 Computations contain small error(s), but still, answer most of the
important parts.

3 Computations have errors that affected the answer, missed the

important parts.

2 Computations are not accurate and/or did not result in a solution that
answered the problem

1 Attempt to answer

Let Us Remember

➢ The procedure for dividing polynomial is similar to the procedure used in

dividing whole numbers.

➢ Write the dividend in a standard form and insert zeros as the coefficient of any
missing term. Both dividend and divisor should be in standard form.

➢ Synthetic division is a shorter method in dividing a polynomial by a binomial

of the form (𝑥 − 𝑟), wherein only the coefficients are written.

➢ If the polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) is divided by (𝒙 − 𝒓), the remainder R is a constant and

is equal to 𝑷(𝒓).

12
 ➢ The polynomial 𝑷(𝒙) has (𝒙 − 𝒓) as a factor if and only if 𝑷(𝒓) = 𝟎, conversely,
if 𝑷(𝒓) = 𝟎, then (𝒙 − 𝒓) is a factor of 𝑷(𝒙).
𝑝
➢ If 𝑃(𝑥) is a polynomial with an integral coefficient and if 𝑞
is a zero of 𝑃(𝑥) that
𝑝
is 𝑃 ( 𝑞 ) = 0, then p is a factor of the constant term of 𝑃(𝑥) and q is a factor of
the leading coefficient of 𝑃(𝑥).

➢ The degree of the polynomial determines the number of roots or rational zeros.
The polynomial expression of degree n has at most n number of roots.

Let Us Assess

Direction: Encircle the correct answer in each question or write it in a separate

answer sheet.

For items 1 to 5, use the illustration on the long division that follows: Divide
(𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24) 𝑏𝑦 (𝑥 + 4).
𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6

𝑥+4 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24
2nd line 𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2
5𝑥 2 + 14𝑥
5𝑥 2 + 20𝑥
− 6𝑥 − 24
− 6𝑥 − 24
0

1. What is the remainder?

A. −6 B. 0 C. − 𝑥 + 4 D. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6

2. Which is the divisor?

A. 0 B. 𝑥 + 4 C. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 D. 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24

3. Which is the quotient?

A. 0 B. 𝑥 + 4 C. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 D. 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24

4. What is the process in obtaining the 2nd line?

A. Multiplying 𝑥 2 to (𝑥 + 4) C. Subtracting 𝑥 2 from (𝑥 + 4)
B. Adding 𝑥 to (𝑥 + 4)
2
D. Dividing 𝑥 2 to (𝑥 + 4)

5. What is the dividend?

A. 0 B. 𝑥 + 4 C. 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 D. 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 24

13
6. Gabriel used synthetic division to find the quotient if (5𝑥 2 − 16 + 4𝑥 3 − 3) is
divided by (𝑥 − 2). He obtained −19 as remainder. His solution is shown below.

2 5 −16 4 −3

10 −12 −16

5 −6 −8 −19

What is/are the error?

i. The sign of the divisor was not changed.
ii. The sum entries in the third row are incorrect.
iii. The numerical coefficients of the first row were not properly written.
iv. The terms of the polynomial were not arranged according to decreasing
powers of x.

A. i only B. ii only C. ii and iv only D. iii and iv only

7. What is the quotient when 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 12 is divided by 𝑥 + 2?

A. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 6 B. 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 6 C. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 6 D. 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6

8. What is the remainder when (5𝑥 100 + 5) is divided by (𝑥 − 1)?

A. −5 B. −10 C. 10 D. 5

9. Which expression gives the remainder when 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 5 is divided by

𝑥 − 2?
1 1
A. 𝑃 (2) B. 𝑃 (− 2) C. 𝑃(2) D. 𝑃(−2)

10. Which of the following is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 20𝑥 2 + 43𝑥 − 30?

A. 𝑥 − 2 B. 𝑥 − 3 C. 𝑥 + 3 D. 2𝑥 + 5

11. If 𝑃(−2) = 0, which of the following statements is true about 𝑃(𝑥)?

A. −2 is a remainder C. 𝑃(𝑥) = 0, has two negative roots
B. 2 is root of 𝑃(𝑥) = 0 D. 𝑥 + 2 is a factor of 𝑃(𝑥)

12. Given 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 12. What is the remainder if 𝑃(𝑥) is divided by

(𝑥 − 3)?
A. 53 B. 54 C. 55 D. 56

13. Which of the following polynomials is exactly divisible by to (3𝑥 + 1)?

A. 6𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 + 5 C. 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 − 3
B. 9𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 1 D. all of the above

14. What is the quotient when (2𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) is divided by (2𝑥 2 + 1)?

A. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 C. 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3
B. 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 3
2
D. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3

15. What are the roots of the 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 13𝑥 + 6?

1 1 1 1
A. − 2 , −1,2,3 B. − 2 , 1, −2,3 C. 2 , 1, −2, −3 D. 2 , −1, −2,3

14
 Let Us Enhance

1. Find an empty box in your home.

2. Measure the length, width, and height.
3. Find the volume of the box using 𝑉 = 𝐿𝑊𝐻.
4. Decorate the box and make this box your organizer. Take a picture and submit
it.
5. Suppose you reduce the length and width by x, what is the volume of the box?

Let Us Reflect

Wow, Love and Thinking Reactions

On the Wow React, write three things that you have learned about the lesson.
On the Love React, write two real-life situations where you can apply the concept
of polynomials.
On the Thinking React, write one question that you want to ask about the topic.

______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________ ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________

15
 Answer Key

Let Us Try
Let Us Study
1. D
2. C A.
3. B
4. D Standard Form Degree Leading Constant
5. A Coefficient Term
6. C 1. 6𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 17𝑥 − 6 3 6 −6
7. D 2. 8𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 − 36 3 8 −36
8. B 3. 2𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 3 + 21𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 4 −2 7
9. B − 26𝑥 + 7
10. C B.
11. A
1 1
12. C 1. 14 + 4; 57 = 14(4) + 1 3. 40 + 2; 81 = 40(2) + 1
13. D
3
14. A 2. 12 + 5; 63 = 12(5) + 3
15. B

Let Us Practice Let Us Practice More

I.
−7
1. 5𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥−4 I.
2. 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 3 1. b, c 2. b 3. b
II.
1. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 4. a, c 5. a

Divisor 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥−3 𝑥−5 II.

R 5 0 −4 0 12
List of Possible roots:
letter P A T H F
1. D, F, H 𝑝 1 3
2. 𝑃(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 1
4 3
: ± 1, ± , ±3, ±
𝑞 2 2
Divisor 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1 𝑥−2 𝑥−3 2. B, C, E 𝑝
: ± 1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, ±12
R 35 0 2 27 140 𝑞
letter I N D E R 3. A, D, E 𝑝 1 3 9
: ± 1, ± , ±3, ± , ±9, ±
Message: PATH FINDER 𝑞 2 2 2

Let Us Assess
1. B 6. D 11. D
2. B 7. A 12. B
3. C 8. C 13. D
4. C 9. C 14. B
5. A 10. B 15. A

16
 References

Chu, Tom N. Mathematics for the 21st Century Learner 10. Diwa Learning Systems
Inc.,2015.
Callanta, Melvin M, et.al. Mathematics-Grade 10 Learner’s Module, Department of
Education, 2015, pp 57-81

17
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Davao City Division

Elpidio Quirino Ave., Poblacion District, Davao City, 8000 Davao del Sur

Telefax: (082) 224-3274, (082) 222-1672

Email Address: davao.city@deped.gov.ph