van enormous rote in ll Metals pa ing types. rom structural steel vides used as paint pigments which can be mined and worked ‘other elements and impu ing iron) and nonferrous. Fe easier to refine, but they have to work and mast form the MODIFYING METAL PROPERTIES ost metas inher chemically pure and ot very strong. To be sutt sion and othe functions, atu orm ae ther properties must be altered, which can be done n several ways, often dependent on of the meta Alloys ng oe ty imost every component of m to sheet metal ductwork, from di Metals of most varieties occur i to extract and refine the metals sities, Metals fall under two broad cater rrous metals are generally stronger a tendency to rust. Nonferrous mete ir own thin oxide layers that protect them from corrosion, arto stay Ure @S oxide ome parting then tan fe abundant, and tend to be easier Cold-Worked Metals ‘At room temperature, metals are r thin, beaten, oF drawn, making them stronger but more brite by altering crystalline structures, Cold workes! als may be reversed by annealing Cold roling: Metal is squeezed betwee" rollers. Drawing: Drawing metol throu? inely emaller onfices produces the 0° and cables used to prestress conor which have five times the struct! strength of steel Coated Metals ‘Anodizing: A thin ox! olor and consistency is Cl@ek ‘added to aluminum to Improve face appearance. Electroplating: to steel t0 Prot cove Its a0 is coated win 2° oxidation and impr Galvanizing: Stee! protect it against corrosion ; incu other coatings: Coating® opol paints, lacquers, powce!® Fors, and porceain enamelFABRICATION TECHNIQUES WZ trade Io many shapes, such 9s faucets or pee Drawing: Wires are produced by pulling metal casting through increasingly smaller holes. Extrusion: Heated (but not molten) metals ‘squeezed through a die. producing a long metal piece with 3 shaped profile. Forging: Metal is heated until flexible and ‘then bent into a desired shape. This proves Improves structural performance by imparting 2 sg72in orientation onto the metal. Grinding: Machines grind and polish metal to create fat, finished surfaces. Machining: Material is cut away to achieve a Eausion desired shape. Processes include driling, milling I (witha rotating whee! lathing (fr ovindrical hy shapes), sawing, shearing, and punching, Sheet ‘metal is cut with shears and folded on brakes. Hl; Rolling: Metal is squeezed between rollers, Hot rolling, unlike cold, does not increase the ‘strength of metal ‘Stamping: Sheet metal is squeezed between matching dies to give it shape and texture, perature fusion, a fC melts two metals and mection ta flow together d ‘metal from a welding rod. Welded cont fare as strong as the metals ‘they join and can be used for structural work. Brazing and soldering: In these lower: temperature processes, the two metals are rot themselves melted but joined with the solder ‘of @ metal with a lower melting point: brass or bronae are used in brazing, leadtin alloy is used in soldering. Too weak for structural connections, brazing and soldering are used for plumbing pipes and roofing. Mechanical methods: Metals can also be drilled fr punched with holes, through which screws, bolts, or rivets are inserted Interlocking and folding: Sheet metal can be joined by such connections. Lv OY Stamping,Ferrous with high compressive strength and ability to sor vibra rations Cast iron: Very brittle Cat omy tngs and star components but t00 brite for structural work ateaie won roaced by casting, reheating, and slowly COOlNE 10 improve woray rab, similar to cast ifn in USE. Mild steet Ordinary structural steel with 2 low carbon content, stainless steel: Produced by alloying with other metals, primarily chromium or nickel srowon resstance and molybdenum when maximum resistance is required (in see ys carter example), Though harder to form and machine than mild steel ts uses are many ircluing ashing, coping, fasteners, anchors, hardware, and finishes that can range tom matte to mirror polish Steet: ron with low amounts of carbon (carbon increases strength, but decreases duct iy and welding capabilites); used for structural components, studs, joists, and fastens, ‘and in decorative work. Wrought iron: Soft and easily worked, with high corrosion resistance, making tear tse below grade, Most often cast or worked into bars, pipes, or sheets, and fashioned ‘or omamental purposes. Other metals lke steel have virtually replaced it todoy Aluminum Alloy Series oe ulin ne 2000 | copper | Fn | Sooo | eta san | manne wee, i ‘oo ‘omy aeon oe ee Son | amet | 0 00 “magnesium ne. a 7000 zinc 708 eg ain | ci oa | ’ oo | 03 gat Ist cag is series no: 2nd 6 enor alloy, a/4 | 200%. ae fre aravary enters seguebi Nonferrous Aluminum: When pure, it resists corrosion well, but is soft and lacks strength; with alloys, it can achieve various levels of strength and stiffness, at one-third the density of steel, and can be hot: or cold-olled, cast, drawn, extruded, forged, or stamped. Sheets or foil, when polished to a mirror finish, have extremely high levels of light ‘and heat reflectivity Its uses include curtain wall components, ductwork, flashing, roofing, window and door frames, grils, siding, hardware, wiring, and coatings for ‘other metals. Aluminum powder may be added to metallic paints and its oxide acts ‘as an abrasive in sandpaper. Brass: Alloy of copper, zinc, and other metals; can be polished to a high luster and is mostly used for weather stripping, ornamental work, and finish hardware. Bronze: Alloy of copper and tin that resists corrosion; used for weather stripping, hardware, and omamental work. Cadmium: Similar to zinc: usually electroplated onto steel. Chromium: Very hard and will not corrode in air ike nickel, often used as an alloy (0 achieve a bright polish and is excellent for plating. Copper: Ductile and corrosion, impact, and fetigue resistant; It has high thermal ‘and electrical conductivity, and can be cast, drawn, extruded, hat, or cokdolled. ‘Widely employed as an alloy with other n also be used for electrical ‘wing, flashing, roofing, and piping. Lead: Extremely dense, corrosion resistant, ‘combined with alloys to improve hardness and strength. Foil or sheets ae ideal for ‘waterproofing, blocking sound and vibrations, and shielding against radiation. Can {also be used as roofing and flashing, or to coat copper sheets (lead-coated copper) for roofing and flashing, High toxicity of vapors and dust have made its use less common. Magnesium: Strong and lightweight; as an alloy, serves to increase strength and cortosion resistance in aluminum. Often used in aircraft, but too expensive for most construction. Tin: Soft and ductile: used in temeplate (80 percent lead, 20 percent tin) for plating steel. ‘Titanium: Low density and high strength; used in numerous alloys and its oxide has replaced lead in many paints. Ind easy to work; most often Zine: Corrosion resistant in water and aif, but very brittle and low in strength. Primarily used in galvanizing steel to keep it from rusting; also electroplated onto ‘other metals as an alloy. Other functions include flashing, roofing, hardware, and diecosting. EreGALVANIC ACTION yon is corrosion that occurs between metals under the cone vocecncaly conducive path between the two metals, and a conduct es rele reali he ene mae path fox metal ons to move from the les rae pod understanding ofthe material Compatibles inthe gavanve sree wi mine corosion in design. The galvanic series lists metals sar east noble (anode oF Most reactive 9 corTOSION) to Most Noo retnoce. oF last reactve to corresion). Generally the farther apart two the greater the corrosion of the less noble onc metals are onthe list als that will be in electrical contact sould Therefore, combinations of met ar elected fom groups as close together in the series as possi note thatthe ranking of metals may differ, based on variations in alloy omposition and nenuniform conditions. When specifying and detailing metals, always consult the manufacturer of the metal product. Galvanic Series Magnesium, magnesium toys The series listed here Is for general Ze, ane alloys and plates Intrmaton only ane a does not consider ee the anodie index of any metals. The an Alarm (on ioon fale nde (V) of each Cast og cami metal determines sees more precisaly ts Aun ru to Compatoity test cigs with ‘ron (wrought, malleable). other metals. on caten ad Accurate anodic index —_ numbers should be aaa ee Sbtained fam the ey Specine metal manu: facture Lead soi pated tad alloys Tin pat, tead solr Crromum pate Hien brasses and bronzes Brases ond ones ‘Copper ow brasses and ‘bronzes, siver solder, cope nice! alloys Nickel, ttanium alloys, monel Sher Gove, platinum PTET RUMEN» PECAN 890K Same gouge but at. ferent thicknesses, AS the gauge nunter increases, the sheet becomes thinner: ‘sheets thicker tan Va" (6), about 3.gauge, are refered to as plates. ‘Most steel manutae turers are adapt © mils. This street ‘ward system allows the actual tiekess lof the sheet to ceP= its mil designa0™ There is no equate for a strict 0Smiis considered ‘material allowable for | ‘structural cold formes Stee framing Gauge 2 22 2B 24 3 Standard Stee! 02391 0.2242 02092 01943 01793 1644 0.1495 0.1345 0.1196 0.1086 0.0897 0747 0.0673 0.0598 0.0329 “00299 “00269 0.0239 0.0208 00179 (6073) 6.695) 6314 (4935) 4554 4.176) a797 e416) (3.030) 2657 2278) (1879) 0.709), (1519) (0531) (0.455) oai7) (0378) (0343) (0305) (0267) (0.245) (0229) -_ (0.208) “oi (0.170) Gauge Reference Chart Galvanized Steet {mm} ons Gas) ['onseasio Yonsei) 0.1084 et 53) 00934 (2.372) auras son coro a) ness 63) ass aon 06.00 oases 0050 oasie 25 oan 729 o0ie 70 cour 067 t (0.551) (00202 (0513) cater 5 oor72 (0437) 00157 (0399) 00142 (0361) 00134 (0.340) ‘Aluminum i 02 0.2043 oxi 0.1620 ona 0.1285 ona 1019 0.0907 0808 0720 0.0641 00571 0.0508 0453 0403 00359 00320 o02es 0.0253 00226 ‘0201 00179 00189 0142 00126 00113 0100 0.0089 0.0080 oor 0.0063 0.0056 (6620) 4115) (3.264) (2.906) (2588) (2304) (2052) (1.829) (1.628) (0.450) (1.290) sn) (1.024) (012) (0813) (0724) (0643) (0574) (os) (0.055) (0.404) (0361) (0320) (0287) (0254) (0226) (0.203) (0.180) (0.160) (0142)HT-GAUGE FRAMING ust n Meta studs ore gene = te sores ewe, or apg rrosnresistant ste! ih Grater standard sizes. They work inbat ead beating and remoadbeang c2pa0 tes ad as foo and ot teing elements. Suds are spoued 16° 406) 0241610) (6 insite top and bottom trot, Metal sts wth fpsum sheatting provide seatyreded conbus ty, and canbe bul tal tan wood std wal, chou ¢puncouts are broad at regular intervals {ballon for beng between T= track sections or = coldroled studs or forthe passing '8 = stud or joist rough of electrical conduit channel (without ‘through of electrical conduit coos tah aot cere, flange stitfeners) oad-bearing Studs 174,20 a) 35 (92, 4° 10216" (152) #6 Ils; 25 118), 22 (271,20 30), ontoad-bearing Curt ths: 22" (64, 336 js mils}: 2639), 5) Curtain Wall Studs (621.4°(102),6"(152) 18143), 16154}, 14 (68) uctural € Studs 22168) 34% (92),4" 103, eos: 20133) ay oz 1521.8 (203), 10 (254). 12° (305) 16 a) 143), 16 [5 41,14 (68) 054, it (02).6 (152)8°(203),10" 5), 12" (305) MUL Ieise ayy | ee ARNE ee 4Sheet Thickness (actual size) aM 210 mils 97 mils 33 mils 18 mits Forms and Sheets Ribbed Decking