A [Woop eee Weed fratitional buildt es —_ - matena\ irae lene, verte ait, ean wox has durability and beat et hos great atl heapacre = ales pot mA. In - Suits, Pome = fram ret and aorréeion. g 7 es piv eat: \ tghsin swetont Nariety ore purposes: ie EESERRSET- oprainal tanq tre \assed| Aasiicns Qe acces metas chit are sepoeenee! atthe he end Paneth grew om ee somes prea) weouu.any tees clas: AS evergreen on thesd trees reve CROSS SECTION COPA Los See ea ee cores ay Sergiy net shed at the enh ee fac 4 vwting! Season GROTH oF Hoop; Bothy, have ads and soet Pe ey the ae Ach rand « Aventyal cove Pane The ned pee a tee can be Aetermi— need byealetring the annual rings hegre ma tee bie ean yearn a existed Auring cacy eh retinal fovemble to = temp 1 hee wi be spaced § \a ye ro one wi wil peduce SUTTING oF Loe ¢ The manner in which a piece ay Glumber ts cut trem phe aprects lits appearance an strength GUTTING PLAN oF 4 Les-F FoOuR CATEGORIES OF PHILIPPINE TIMBER: aacoming 49 its Working stress (oo “ oe THIGH STRENGTH GROUP] I~ MODERATELY Lon mia STICENSTH Group Lidsi Ma laeayatons Aiea fe Managachapui ei Molive: ee ae Navin Pyamngqasiter> Sasait Fam hres Yakal Yermane: : it MODERATELY HICH’ OR asco Heme. | \ Yes OF Heeo remsr STEBNSTH GROUP RVATIVES 5 a ange [Reservatives ured tee combat t en Pokbor: Wendl con Gee Gencenmy cidsci tell ee ve wie a perrieum ease easton AS. Buijo | vee NE,r forms an famageny me parriee aqatns \-clecay) ete ‘3 angliagects, i has an Aging Wine plema log sigeeicentiy te S To MEMCES oF PRTING LUMBER / snrar Rr ess at a weno —— ac kgictal e ‘ne Carvey \IPSIESPAINS - umber is Banas Mone Faves Bp piled ata s! sete AS opyeted yo sun SAid Foundation. This, iu vied we ates months in a angio aicte ‘circulate aroun every, s Piece ubtle nh water to ran 7 ne wera 2 (REHESPTISIE \..1>.)- expensive lumber eee rest reyutred for more. tohined uses Suchar Similure, Keming,alspKe KET - A kre sai lengtnniise . @ PIICK PooKEr and sTeeAKs STREAKS Pitch pockets Sled with piteh or partidés oF back, are sometimes found in the trunk of a annual Avee, between she mas. Hhis may be by certain insectsor bJ Wagon KHoT - as lengas ised \imbb is arening, ths layer “F wood fungi. eaznrinuaion ers inthe Ban poms of te ine @ pecay - usually called | rob er dete, caused b other inceots Om fungi o-) KNOT - as limbs die ¢] ENcasED and tre trunk over expasure to water. @ PRonoUREED comprEess~ ley PAWURE +e aww ad deren around a dead limb.© PTH FLBcKS : is a seperation alng the gmin Bokweat Fre annual ih 1 Oak running completely threagh a piece ok lumber L Fotece ener a thwugh stuke. @ che ct Lin flat grain beanct)) PSE 1S a separation of ward acwss the ving oF ANNUAL oyeawth. Checks usualy sacucs durin the! oF the wean! Seeeontng Pecos asa Peswear shrinking = @pPrmy sree Deaay STAIN isa discobration that, penetrares the Weacd ber and may be a any color oe than the weds natal cole. None: Each Lumber— may warp, Catstorrion in shape) Ibour Clengitudinal curvature), EMP Cdeviation -F tne face a bend froma plane), and TWIST C four comers oF aweed are not w Yne Same plane. Moisture In Wood: The grvith of Wax takes Place Inthe presence oF invistue, : 25 to 5S percent epthe Be Saket, DENG tree emsists Bepore weed is used por constuction puceeses its moisture cont: Z reduced bewaeys eee Moisture content 5. i oF water ex Todas Mea \e> ven -dAry wan; As wood bases moistw i becomes \Nghter in weegn tt ; Shrinks,ana eventudliy gains Strengh . S AS Weed stinks, defects Ase Mat tends eevee siength.SPLINE / ci fees Plywood cores. 1] over aio een o A A may be vats aimed mas pe coche fibers. the coating is ured, under heat and pressuce. and is bonded tothe plyward Panel to provide q dence. surkace Phat is impervious t walker, Piyuiecd panels 5° ated ace AND ERAT Oe PLASTIC- SURFACE Piyweer. 2. Textured plywood paneling. (American Plywood Association.) PARTICLE Baace and LUMNBEe Cores 34 BLywero Box BEAMS Box beams ave an assembly Fe Plyweed and slid \umber thatdeveloes the qreakes + ereual =e each = the TI PASTe LS BOARD and LIMBER materials. OCSS , Teens Ppands ave alse made Wn se\id mathe than venea estes. Plywasd that hat cold weed and Awe veneer faces |= eared LMIIB Re corse. ue, covet! thes, - Wy Wed pe-cabinehos pore Plywood box heams. (a1 Typical hatin: ¢) typical cross sectinn‘Table 3.1 WORKING STRESSES FOR VISUALLY STRES: re (Common aif Botanical aes; 1. High Strength Group folie Fors teas vous (Biome) H, Moderately High Strength Group Antipolo (Arthocarpus spp.) BARRE frcrthopnytign exceleum (Blume) Mig. } Dao (Dracontomelon Beer Seat anne Suijo (Shores Leia Gutntobia opworthyt Elm. MilstauaySn [Decora Nurs (Pirocarpesinctes Pakutsn (fangifer pp) BO Sirens Grade zal g e Gaoxeent Dama wBsess peeERERS BoSeasce RP Seee: ai ce Bs A ree SEER SSDS Sool REAR 2 Fee eR ese aeninorum (Eim) Mere] rats ferret enntonun ) 2 ee yt kn Ee ante cn te) saem ee SSRSaee: 1 13 ie 0. i 0. i its it BESRESEESEDES! EERE SRRRGEGE ERS .D UNSEASONED STRUCTURAL TIMBER OF PHILIPPINE SeSSSErR 382 REEBSERUESERSEER Table 3.1. (continued) [ . ® © Ms Mee | ora IL Medi Stengn Groep Apteng Ditcroces rp) us 22 : SEE (eee Boman (tance) Mere] 1s | iB Sle Centruettn "PP 13 ig | is Bias Te Fayi maiptm 0g) Aisin | 18 i | ig | iB Hienans (Bit oe) Be aie 136 13 «Mea Ope HH sto] BE | bg Ea et 3) 3G | ie tun ae i ie Mis enioaten ig bo] ak | is Hopi ates rp) is Mo) aR | ig Hn ApeoEic app.) iy Bast te rtela EE ophon Toe eee ee |e rune a FEN ae | oes | aay ely Low Suen Group [Aah dammary (Lamb Rin] : one | gy teeny | Bo] ie | ig : | a] iB PP. $36 346. 97 is : ia B S| | os 3 Bo) 3B | agTable 34 (continued) aE SS oar SE seeaheto | Renate” | Mpain” P'foaraia ai al 0) aa) a3) ay as) mm | RE [| me | ah ee oe ee | scion wt | ax | ae | ag | i seat itteaatys | ae | es | | ie 2 Ee eerie lee) io {o S00 338 1a ; BAUS mmmmounom; | Be. | a | ee | | ' GEN er eiosttron ener | @ | Be | se | IL Moderately High Strength Group: i \‘¢ us 55 16 aM 677 1 es) gerkeem ule | ge | we | B Seem ime ma) | | | Bebe ounce o |e | gs | B | iB ee Er re) omcccon Be] | He] He | eee nnacinment | te | | | | E | ie | | | (a oh i Soe 6a 2 1B & a a oe oe wo) # | mt | BO) | | | oe | wipes] HE be | | | Paina (Mangterspp) 10a ia oe 1 iB Tablea.t. (continued) © om | wo [a | a] a9 ° eal 1600 ee ee IL Medion Sere Group ‘apts (Diperearpst pe) ws | ag dos rere Pe eseT i lRSonen (Blanco) Mere] 13 prid aR i i Baeza Cucgyny i) ) RB PERT Bh | Be Einvtunctanys [Osaaiyue macophytlom (Mig) AiySham] | 239 xB 38 1h i " igieesees | | a) te |e . ig % : ae | ue | oo xa | SB fe 1B | fem oe 9.80, £06 S32 14 129 wits lean ab | Beer at 3 | Haptic Be | eg | 1 ‘Selakin.(Aphanamixis spp.) a 4 Me RES nc tc SB | bs | | POS) ma | a Ese Le dao IV. Moderate Low Seth crop. Aint ais comme and Ri ws | ge ee bom | on Tease Sheers Mere) fe bibl ep | te Eee Cont Ge oer a cee oe ee | (Omens eroree RB) a6 Bee oe a iBse ‘Table 31 (continued) 1 hbesbasCOviotni pp) telson Malton Cr ceggucg» Mew) 2 serena (Hopes pp.) ne apn Rael 2, via x ee spp.) inctodes: een Blac oe 4. Yatal (Stores spp.) Includes: Yaa sno AR Ye te 5. Antipolo (Artbocarpus spp.) Includes: ‘Aaipoio [A blanco (Fim) Mere} isbn A oat Wane) Ratan ‘ mae ee spp) incloder, rion (Gaerta) Rox} ieee carpe ). at oe FS aina ont) 7. Dao (Diacoatomeion tpp.) includes: Preiss 8. Guljo (Shores epp:) aE Sul Relea 9. Kammagoag (Diospyros spp.) ee i ae tee aca i arte] Fees ieee ; 10. Katmoa (Dilena spp.) Incodes: May 11. Kato (Amoora spp.) includes: Kato (a, aperians Mere) seer ((Manpifera spp.) Includes: tan (M. alsin Bi Faken ines eas) 13, Aplong (Dipterocarpus spp.) ints: D. pans ae Bicker Fa (o. ae ume eised (8: eaedates Fox) ed vert Table 3.1 (continued) 14 Dn Ceo pee rub eSciateratn ee ie 1S. Gisnw (Canariom spp.) inclades: Dalit (hsm Wille forma mutipinnstm Use) Lam nt Gerson CEE htm Per re eee cae ‘Gay 16. Lavan (Shorea spp.) includes: ‘Alnoa (6. almon Fore. ) dG Seaman Foww.) He pyapenne (ianco} See) 1. Matnunonang (Shorea spp.) include ‘ 5. hopsiote (Heim, nang pals Vig) Pm) 18. Matasaging (Aisi tpp.) i hi Kei Indes: \ sey oan tr BEES angen 0 Mer, amy 59. Maogal (ome pp) inde 20, Miau (Dysorylum spp.) includes: Taleo ogee Sino fBrcupstebhm Meret awe vote egptgene er tae eee Ia nectar Blaney 2 eee sega rene Fe attend stim Pint upeee Bice Benguet eta Ryle ex. Gordon Fine; Mindoro meundoneh Sue) in (Aphanamixis spp.) includes: Kang ko (A. perrottetians A. Juss Kango (A. perritetiana A. Juss) in [Ac omingiana (C. De} 25, Bayok (Pterospermium spp.) includes: Bayok-bayokan (P niveum Vi 26, Manggasinoro (Shorea spp.) includes: Manggasinoro [S.assamica Dyer. forma Petippinenia Brandi Sie Mangiasirong sabia (9 seifens Parijs) BELT dhrot Biepe,IMBER JOINTS. abie 22 OROUPING OF SPECIES FOR DETERMINING ALLOWABLE LOADS FORTH | 7 € | E483 SIESR Eneen geese gegcn | & | SS895 SEARS SRESy KAtng SE E 6 | SERRE RASS AIEEE aeees Sears gl & | S98 S82s Soo Bose Bass 5B | S528 3888S ang stets HesHs | £ ab $ 4 EE | 23289 B8ea9 Beary Leng B¥o55 | 5 EE : | snags easga seecg aneey zacce |i =| Sse eee Sason Basen Saas |} @ meana meena neana oeena 22R89 o fvenbe, 1991 (TROL Terminal Rogca) N SOURCE: Philippine Timber Des 355 356Table 3.5 COMMON. WIRE NAILS AND SPIKES-ALLOWABLE LOAD IN SEASONED WOOD-NORMAL DURATION Withdrawal Load from Side Grain Lateral Load in SIZE OF NAIL OR SPIKE ges aim of Penetration ot fail oF ‘Side Grain pike into the Member Holding the ( Point (N) Devguation Lpngth Diameter| SPECIES GROUP SPECIES GROUP (am) (mm) 1 I Mm Iv. I iis mL Iv Q@ @) ® o © ” @) (9) (10) (ay) (12) cos 50.680 | gos 590) S| RTS 930 77S sg 10S | 7g) Sos 200 | HRD SR 0 (695 sd HS | Go 470290 tg | 1K 7356s Sa. YTS Sse | 685 435-263 18 920 «790650540 Hd: 104 a7] | 590 400243 153 5 705 580485 ioe as | 495 340220138 6a 550 45038 ed 3789 | 458 301120 $35 430395330 of 3337 | goo 25 D108 ws 403828 50 2.870 345 235 145 0 370 320 60 220 9.525 1035-705 438 25 2020 1735 1425 1190 795 860 590 360 230 1535 1320 1085 905 7188. 730 «$35. 325 205 13251140 935 780 Wie | TS 338335208 | 1325 93588 Tass | BS 38305198] «nas 10208418 6.198 615 460 280 180 1060 910 750 625 S715 620 425 260 165 940 805 6S 555 oe ee oe tah mB | ase Wa B27 WOES sorsdniea UE * Sagrno20. 30) puapurts TPUOREN snqutysog jamionns 20) 32164 IPED" 2H POR ‘Surpesq aa ae 5 3 gees ¥) a i et aa bere | = Bo a a? 3h29)8 ¢ 3 g& BRE a | a gt B ° ae f 5s 3 Sz 2s E+4 g a2 zz zs x Sz § Gz 33 Hi 5 Pola | 8s aaa cry ys oe a ae op @ 3S 85 8 BE a 8 2 segs 8) 92 63 zs 8a as & 88 a8 8 Be e323 38 es Fe 5 3F ce gf Be GRE pe PBA Pa 2 2 iB 8 8 BB [etal se Ee 5 afore ae mntsp : conte vhs Se Gaming termine the top ana be cebatvapcoice ety fish tem © Acapdorsrted its im vse hte taped mologs Coie ne ret at net “Gamiesandlcdpoectionntcomsavitor an Iismadey spare cating Aoiesithrznaly competed pepsin AR poe nena ais he al aye loma in ithacrommaing oa sac tendering speitha unter cigs, | ther mentee —~ Petuemedingisabracetalmlingearaceing nin protec he fest. , femtih pictues canbe sispnded wthcodand HM Sn Hired ets ae ed on / too Riscertegatedntha care rnoldngs ateceror anges Covemolingsease he trasition betneen rieeting suas. Releved bac eduesthe tendency fora wide tim piece tocupard alowsict fit realy against asutace., (5106220 Hilwort it Frees. deroatve hal alate tpl aint . wal. imetiately below the coerce c he 4 Feil + Flateralis arrow sel ued along a walla yooved to bol plates or cenanento display. + Chaieralisaheizntal melding on aniteriowal placed to prevent thekacks of chairs rom rabtng against and damiagig the wil erface Boseboord * hs eehwardeonerl ad ae he ints ‘denalismert the Meo They my ba singe lind or incorporate cape an ha Thebase shots lente enna tr coler ireularties inthe Hoe uriaceFru asin, avail fsck wood moldings ae _paaie at nillwor shops. Tey arin section length, dad species of wood. They canbe used singly obe combined to orm mre comple sections. nation to these stck sections wod molings canbe miedo custom specications. ‘he yp¢ of wood used fr tim depends onthe type of frsh oe apie to the wocwor. For pine fishes, the wood should be sera, smooth ad free of itch strats or other imperfection. the woodweks torecene a transparent or natural fish, the wood shoud have a niform coo, an attractive gue, 2nd dearee harness Interior trims nomully applied after the finish wall celing, an Boorng ae in place. Although decorative ature, interior tin als serves to conceal fnsh, 3nd perfect the joints between inter materals += Shaped moUings must join ata mitered ont Cap molding may terminate the ead ofa window o doorway. + Jamborside casing buts intoa square-cut head casing special when the ead casing is thicker than the side casing. ‘ig wy (6 4010) reveal typical --— reveals tothe parol aan) Err that isnot covered bya window or door casing Side casing shuld be at least as thick thier than the baseboard woop mowpines & TRIM {I (0.27 + Head and jamb casings for windows ‘and doorways are generally wreatedin asimlar manne, Cosings = Head ad jamibcasings conceal a fish be jot or gap betncen door and window frames and the surrounding wal surtace. = Windows eters tothe horzonts} ledge formed bythe stool at thease ofa window opening. The sill my be cut tofitbetwzen the anbsof a window o door opening or entre beyond the jamb casings Apronisa lat pice of trim immediately ereath the otoo! ofa windowsill ‘Acorer block cn be wsed toi ore complex casing sections The term architrave refers tothe casing that surrounds a wndon or doorway. especialy when tis continous withthe same prof + Aplinth black may be wscd to termine a jamb casing above the oor1.24 wooo :oints ee + Seartjint + Square spe + Finger ont The strength and lg of ordinary wood framing ae mare Important tan ts appearance because ts normaly covered vith a finish surface, In frsh ri, cablncry. 2nd furniture work, however the appearance af « wood oi becemes jst as Inportan site strength, Small-scale wor requires more sophisticated andrefined joints that presenéa clean appearance. Wood joints can express the manerin which the members are Back atten connected, ur they can ereltiely inconspicuous. Wether Batten cate, they must remain tight, they open du othe shrinkage Filet orstructure moverentof the wood, they become both neater Spline and more nticeabl, Shipap Tengue and groove Indesgning and constructing a wood Jon, ti important to Dowel understand the basic nature ofthe compressive, tens sear forces ating on the Joint and to comprehend tathe deci ofthe wood grain Set + Buttery wedge cuting echt the butting surscestoan Edge Joins sroove separating ove Senta ame Sheuiderniterhasa raised arfacatoliit mation between the ied pares + Dadojont. —. + Dadoisarecanglar geoeaatina nenbertoreene theendot another Stopped dois rab cata the fo vidch of amenbec. — }— ongued miter RS Angle Joints Miter Joints * Dad, vongue al rabbet. SN (5106200 Finish Capenirywooo Joints |i ().25 + Halving refers to cutting away half afeach ener at the plceotfoning : so that ash t surtace results + Laporhalf-bind dovetail + Secretdovetailorblind miter + Doveteithaving Dovetail Joins * Blind mortise and stub tenon -—* Through tenon + Fortallwedge spreads and = Keyed secures a stub tenon when driven into a blind mortise, —~~~ + Fone ent + Maunched tenon is regen by a beved wera Mi. Moctisn-and-Tenon Joints