Immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs, it is the

defense mechanism of the body in response into germs, bacteria and virus that enters

the body (Medline Plus, 2021). Immunity can be classified into adaptive and innate

immunity which are both essential in the immune system works together through the

cytokines which serves as its means of communication (Abbas et.al., 2017). Cytokines

are a category of proteins that are generated by the immune systems which is capable

of working and complying to intercellular and intracellular responses of the immune

system (Chokroverty et.al., 2017).

Sleep is a vital period of body rest, and findings clearly show that it really is critical for

the immune system's strength (Suni, 2020). Actually, sleeping, helps both innate and

adaptive immunity (Besedovsky et.al., 2019).  It appears that several immune system

elements are more active during night time sleep (Cermakian et.al., 2013). Other than

that, according to some researches, a boost in the synthesis of cytokines related to

inflammations occurs due to sleep and circadian rhythm (Irwin, 2019).

As for the adaptive immunity, Sleep contributes to the adaptive immunity of the body in

a way that sleeps influence the immune memory body; the immune system's capacity to

memorize how to monitor and respond to harmful antigens is reinforced by interactions

between immune system components while sleeping (Suni, 2020). Furthermore,

according to recent studies, a good quality of sleep can impact the effectiveness of

vaccines (Zimmermann and Curtis, 2019). In addition, vaccines are considered to be

and effective way of teaching the body and immune system to recognize and respond to

antigens that enters the body (Medline Plus, 2020).

Zimmermann, P., & Curtis, N. (2019). Factors that influence the immune response to vaccination. Clinical
microbiology reviews, 32(2), e00084-18.

Irwin, M. R. (2019). Sleep and inflammation: partners in sickness and in health. Nature Reviews
Immunology, 19(11), 702-715.

Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019). The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and
disease. Physiological reviews.

Suni, E (2020). How Sleep Affects Immunity. Retrieved from: https://www.sleepfoundation.org/physical-

health/how-sleep-affects-immunity. Accessed November 5, 2021.
Cermakian, N., Lange, T., Golombek, D., Sarkar, D., Nakao, A., Shibata, S., & Mazzoccoli, G. (2013).
Crosstalk between the circadian clock circuitry and the immune system. Chronobiology
international, 30(7), 870-888.

Medline Plus (2020). Vaccines (Immunizations). Retrieved from:

https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002024.htm. Accessed November 5, 2021.

Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. Cellular and molecular immunology. 9a ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2017.

Chokroverty S, Ferini-Strambi L. Oxford textbook of sleep disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press;
2017.

Medline Plus. 2021. Immune system and Disorders. Retrieved from:

https://medlineplus.gov/immunesystemanddisorders.html. Accessed November 04, 2021
According to Favrat and Cornuz, 2021, Fatigue is defined as a sense of tiredness, weariness, and
exhaustion either during or after normal activities, or perhaps a sensation of lacking energy before
beginning such activities.

Favrat B and Cornuz J. 2021. Evaluation of Fatugue. Retrieved from

https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-us/571. Accessed November 4, 2021.