ЛОМО_2_ПФАЯ

The textbook: English Pronunciation in Use (Advanced)

(pp. 48–51)

WEAK FORMS OF FUNCTION WORDS

(SOME, THE, FROM, ETC.)

Grammatical words are words that help us construct the sentence but
they don't mean anything: articles, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary
verbs, etc.
These words have no stress, and so they are weakened. That weakened
form is called "weak form". A weak form is the pronunciation of a word or
syllable in an unstressed manner. Of course, the difference between the
strong form (stressed) and the weak form (unstressed) of a word is not
apparent in writing, but in speech these two variations in pronunciation can
be drastically different. (I think it’s very clear).
 Step 1. Study the table on p. 48 (A_B15) and make some notes if it is
necessary for you
Some of these function words have a weak form and a strong form.
The weak form is the usual pronunciation, but the strong form is used when
the word is -
• prominent
• said on its own
• at the end of the sentence
Step 2. Table B is for your attention (p.49)
Tip: It is not always necessary to produce weak forms in your own
speech in order to be understood, but they help to make your English sound
more fluent and natural .
Step 3. I’d like to recommend your watch the video just in order to
expand your knowledge on the point https://youtu.be/I2JZICF2uH8
Step 4. Do Ex. 1.2 on p. 49
Step 5. Do a little quiz to broaden your horizons
Question 1
The personal pronouns, prepositions and the conjunctions are always
made prominent.
o True
o False
Question 2
The strong forms of function words are used when:
o They are not prominent
o They are said on their own
 o They are said at the beginning of the sentences
o Thet are said at the end of the sentences
Question 3
It's extremely easy to hear the weak forms of function words in fast
speech.
o True
o False
Question 4
Producing weak forms can help us to sound more fluent and natural.
o True
o False

WELL , YO U D O IT THEN !
PROMINENT FUNCTION WORDS
The function words listed in Unit 21A are not usually prominent.
However, there are a number of exceptions.
Function words are usually made prominent when a contrast is
expressed or implied:
A: I'll leave it on the table, shall I?
B: No, put it UNder the table.
A: That looks pretty easy.
B: Well, YOU do it then! (because I can't)

Some is often prominent (and pronounced /sΛm/) when -

 it means 'some people'
      SOME consider him to be the best golfer in the world.
 it means a large number or amount
       I didn't see her again for SOME YEARS.
 it means a particular person or thing, without saying exactly which
       There must be SOME time we're all free for a meeting.

Any is often prominent (and pronounced /'eni/) when -

 it means 'it's not important which'
      ANY of the camera shops in town will sell them.
 it is used for emphasis after a negative verb
      Haven't you done ANY of your homework yet?

Somebody, anybody, etc. are often prominent when they are the subject of a
sentence:
       A: Apparently, there were no witnesses. B: But SOMEbody must have seen
it.
 The is prominent (and pronounced /ði:/) when we say that something is
the best, most important, etc. of its kind:
            You should go to the Maldives. It's THE place to see coral.
The auxiliary verbs be, have and do and the modal verbs are often prominent -
in negative forms    I CAN'T wait.
for special emphasis    I SHOULD have left earlier.
in contradictions    A: You HAVEn't ironed your shirt. B: I HAVE ironed it.
in time contrasts    It WAS in the cupboard, but it ISn't there now.

Do, did  and does are ofen made prominent for emphasis with the present and past simple:
        I DO like this cheese.    We DID warn you.

In a piece of new information or a question made up only of function

words, the last function word is often made prominent:
There was nothing I could DO.
A: I've just finished a really good book. B: what was it aBOUT?
Step 6. Do ex. 2.1. on page 51

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