Introduction to Energy Balance

(Chapter 7)

1.1 Forms of Energy: Heat, Work, Kinetic,

Potential.
1.2 Energy Balances: Closed Systems
and Open System
1.3 Tables of Thermodynamic Data
1.4 Energy Balance Procedures
1.1 Forms of Energy: Heat, Work, Kinetic, Potential.
(7.1 page 315)

q Kinetic Ek - motion, rotation

q Potential Ep - position towards gravity, level

q Internal U - motion of molecules, towards rotation,

vibration and electromagnetic interactions
q Heat – energy that flow due to temperature difference
between the system and surrounding
+ve (to the system from the surrounding)
q Work – energy that flows due to a force, a torque or a
voltage (other than temperature difference)
+ve (work done by the system on the surrounding)
q Closed Systems
U  E K  E P  Q  W  eq 7.3  4
  ( final  initial )
U  0,
In closeds system, no temp. change, no phase change,
no chem reaction, almost no pressure change
E K  0, E p  0
No acceleration, no rising and falling, respectively
Q  0, adiabatic
no heat transfer between surrounding and system, perfect isulation
W  0,
no moving part or electrical current or radiation at the system boundary
q Open Systems at steady state

 H   E K   E P  Q  W s  ( 7 .4  15 )
W  shaft work : (W
s
 W   W )
s fl

 H  enthalpy
 H  m  Hˆ
Notation :
 H  J / s (rate)
 Hˆ  J/mol (specific)
1.3 Tables of Thermodynamic Data
qReference state and state properties
Basis of calculation in calculating enthalpy,
which consist of (temperature, pressure,
phase) of the compound.
Example:
CO( g ,0o C ,1 atm)  CO( g ,100o C ,1 atm) : Ĥ1  2919 J
mol
CO( g ,0o C ,1 atm)  CO( g ,150o C ,1 atm) : Ĥ 2  15,060 J
mol
CO( g ,0o C ,1 atm)  reference @ basis of calculation
1.3 Tables of Thermodynamic Data

qFor thermodynamic data refer Appendix

B.1, B.2, B.5, B.6, B.7
1.4 ENERGY BALANCE PROCEDURES

qDraw and label the process flowchart

qSolve the material balance
qWrite appropriate energy balance
qSolve the required answer