WEEK 2-6

TOPIC 2
Energy Balance for Non-Reactive
System

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q Elements of energy balance calculations
q Procedure for energy balance calculations
q Changes in pressure at constant temperature
q Changes in temperature
q Sensible heat and heat capacity
q Balances on phase operation
q Estimation & correlation of latent heat
q Psychometric chart (Dry air)
q Heat of solutions and mixing
q Balances on dissolution & mixing processes
q Enthalpy – concentration charts – single liquid phase

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WEEK 2

Energy balance – closed system

∆U + ∆Ek + ∆Ep = Q – W

Energy balance – open system

H  E K  E P  Q  W S

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q Reference state

To determine Heat, Q through calculating ΔU or ΔH,

reference state should be introduced as basis of
calculation.
Reference state should consists of compound,
temperature, pressure and phase.
How to choose reference state? You have three choices:
Compound in the Input stream, outlet stream or
standard condition

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 before calculating
heat, Q.
Consider the change,
change, change and the .

Phenol (solid, 25oC, 1 atm) Phenol (vapor, 300oC, 3 atm)

open system
outlet stream
inlet stream Heat, Q ? Phenol (vapor, 300oC, 3 atm)
Phenol (solid, 25oC, 1 atm)

Process Flow Diagram

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 Phenol
Tm = 42.5oC
Tbp = 181.4oC
Reference state: inlet stream outlet stream
Phenol (solid, 25oC, 1 atm) Phenol (vapor, 300oC, 3 atm)
Δ Ĥ
ΔĤ1
ΔĤ6
Phenol (solid, 42.5oC, 1 atm)
ΔĤ 2 Phenol (liquid, 300oC, 1 atm)

Phenol (liquid, 42.5oC, 1 atm)

ΔĤ5
Δ Ĥ 3
Phenol (liquid, 181.4oC, 1 atm) Phenol (vapor, 181.4oC, 1 atm)
Δ Ĥ 4

Δ Ĥ  Δ Ĥ 1  Δ Ĥ 2  Δ Ĥ 3  Δ Ĥ 4  Δ Ĥ 5  Δ Ĥ 6
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 Phenol
Tm = 42.5oC
Tbp = 181.4oC

inlet stream Reference state: outlet stream

Phenol (solid, 25oC, 1 atm)
Δ Ĥ Phenol (vapor, 300oC, 3 atm)

ΔĤ1
ΔĤ6
Phenol (solid, 42.5oC, 1 atm)
ΔĤ 2 Phenol (liquid, 300oC, 1 atm)

Phenol (liquid, 42.5oC, 1 atm)

ΔĤ5
Δ Ĥ 3
Phenol (liquid, 181.4oC, 1 atm) Phenol (vapor, 181.4oC, 1 atm)
Δ Ĥ 4

Δ Ĥ  Δ Ĥ 1  Δ Ĥ 2  Δ Ĥ 3  Δ Ĥ 4  Δ Ĥ 5  Δ Ĥ 6
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 open system
ΔĤ1 ΔĤ 2 outlet stream
inlet stream Heat, Q ? Phenol (vapor, 300oC, 3 atm)
Phenol (liquid, 50oC, 1 atm)

Standard condition: 2 hypothetical process paths

phenol(solid, 25oC, 1 atm) ΔH1 and ΔH2

ref state inlet stream

Phenol (solid, 25oC, 1 atm) Phenol (liquid, 50oC, 1 atm)
ΔĤ1
ΔĤ1a ΔĤ1c
Phenol (solid, 42.5oC, 1 atm) Phenol (liquid, 42.5oC, 1 atm)
ΔĤ1b
Δ Ĥ 1  Δ Ĥ 1a  Δ Ĥ 1b  Δ Ĥ 1c

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 Q̂  Δ Ĥ  Δ Ĥ 2  Δ Ĥ 1
2 hypothetical process paths
ΔH1 and ΔH2

Reference state outlet stream

Phenol (solid, 25oC, 1 atm) Phenol (vapor, 300oC, 3 atm)
ΔĤ2a ΔĤ2
ΔĤ2f
Phenol (solid, 42.5oC, 1 atm)
Phenol (liquid, 300oC, 1 atm)
ΔĤ 2b
Phenol (liquid, 42.5oC, 1 atm)
ΔĤ2e
Δ Ĥ 2c
Phenol (liquid, 181.4oC, 1 atm) Phenol (vapor, 181.4oC, 1 atm)
Δ Ĥ 2d

Δ Ĥ 2  Δ Ĥ 2a  Δ Ĥ 2b  Δ Ĥ 2c  Δ Ĥ 2d  Δ Ĥ 2e  Δ Ĥ 2f

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 open system
gas, 500oC, 1 atm
gas, 50oC, 1 atm
Heat, Q ? outlet stream
inlet stream carbon monoxide Ĥ 3
carbon monoxide Ĥ1 carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide Ĥ 2 Ĥ 4

1. Label the entalpy, H for each component.

2. Select the reference state for each component, inlet or outlet.
Take inlet stream as Reference State:
Ref condition: (CO, gas, 50oC, 1 atm; CO2, gas, 50oC, 1 atm)
Hence, H1 and H2 are set as ref conditions.
3. Draw hypothetical path for each component (each entalpy, H).

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Ref : (CO, gas, 50oC, 1 atm; CO2, gas, 50oC, 1 atm)

ref state
CO, gas, 50oC, 1 atm CO, gas, 50oC, 1 atm
Ĥ1 Ĥ 1  0

ref state
CO2, gas, 50oC, 1 atm) CO2, gas, 50oC, 1 atm)
Ĥ 2 Ĥ 2  0

ref state
CO, gas, 50oC, 1 atm CO, gas, 500oC, 1 atm
Ĥ3 Ĥ 3  0
ref
CO2, gas, 50oC, 1 atm) CO2, gas, 500oC, 1 atm)
Ĥ 4  0
Ĥ4
4 hypothetical process paths
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To determine enthalpy with different process conditions:
q Change in ΔP, Constant T (Sec 8.2)
q Change in ΔT, Constant P (Sec 8.3)
q Estimation of Cp, (Sec 8.3c)
q Phase change Δphase, (Sec 8.4)

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