Exp 1 Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

[
CHM031L CHEMISTRY FOR

ENGINEERS (Laboratory)
EXPERIMENT 1
Determination of
Enthalpy of Reactions
EXP 1: Determination of Enthalpy ofReactions
[
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 describe experiments that exhibit the principles
of calorimetry and the measurement of enthalpy
changes;
 determine the calorimeter constant of the
calorimeter and use it insucceeding calculations;
 determine the enthalpy of decompositionof
hydrogen peroxide;
 determine the enthalpy of hydration of copper
(II) sulfate; and
 determine the enthalpy and entropyof
dissolution of ammoniumchloride.
HEAT
 Energy transferred from one system to another
as the result of a temperature difference
 Heat evolution is an evidence of chemical or

physical change.
ENTHALPY CHANGE, ΔH
 a.k.a heat of reaction
 Measure of heat flow into or out of a system at
constant pressure
 Endothermic (+ΔH)  Exothermic (-ΔH)
ENTHALPY CHANGE
ENDOTHERMIC (+ΔH) EXOTHERMIC (-ΔH)
 Products have more  Products have less
enthalpy than enthalpy than
reactants reactants
 Heat flows intothe  Heat flows out the
system from the system to the
surrounding surrounding
 More energy is  More energy is
consumed than released than
released in areaction consumed in areaction
SPONTANEOUS REACTIONS
 Spontaneous reactions can be either endo- or
exothermic
 Spontaneity is NOT dependent on enthalpy alone,
entropy plays a role aswell
∆𝐺 = Gibb’s free energy change
∆𝐻 = enthalpy change
∆𝐺 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇∆𝑆 ∆𝑆= entropychange
T = absolute (K)temperature
 Negative ∆𝐺  spontaneous
CALORIMETER
 Styrofoam cup calorimeter
 An insulatedcontainer
and assumes no heat
being exchanged
between its insideand
outside environment.
𝑞 ) * + , ) * . / + = −(𝑞1234 ) * . / + + 𝑞1*3)
LIST OF CHEMICALS
 2.5 M KI solution  CuSO4•5H2O
 10% H2O2  NH4Cl
LIST OFAPPARATUS
 Coffee-cup calorimeter  Wire gauze
 Crucible and lid  Hot hands
 Graduated cylinder (10 and50  Funnel
or 100 mL)  Beakers (100 and 400or
 Bunsen burner 600 mL)
 Iron ring and stand  Test tube
 Tongs  Wash bottle withdistilled
water
PROCEDURES
A. Determination of CalorimeterConstant
1 Pour 30.0 mL coldwater
2 Monitor the temp for 2-3 mins
3 Once constant, record thetemperature
4 Prepare 30.0 mL hot water(60°C)
5 Record the temperature of hotwater
6 Pour 30.0 mL of hotwater
7 Stir the water for 30seconds.
8 Record the finaltemperature.

DO 2 TRIALS.Show
9 Calculate the calorimeter constant calculations (post-lab)
 EQUATIONS/FORMULA
 𝑞 ) * + , ) * . / + = −(𝑞1234 ) * . / + + 𝑞1*3)
 𝑞= 𝑚×𝐶 : ×∆𝑇 where m = mass of the substance
𝐶: =specific heat of the substance
 𝑞= 𝐶1*3 ×∆𝑇 ∆𝑇= temperature change
𝐶1*3 = calorimeter constant or heat
capacity of thecalorimeter
 Recall: 𝐶: is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of

one gram of a substance by one °𝐶 (“one degree Celsius”)
@
 𝐶: of water is4.184 .
A °B
B. Determination of Enthalpyof
Decomposition of H2O2
1 Pour 25.0 mL of 3% H2O2 and record its initial temp
H2O2 IS A VERY REACTIVE SUBSTANCE!! EXTRA CAUTION IN HANDLING THIS SUBSTANCE!!!)
2 Add 2.0 mL of 2.5 M KI solution.

𝑲𝑰 1
𝑯D𝑶D (𝒂𝒒) 𝑯D𝑶 (𝒍) + 𝑶 + 𝑯𝑬𝑨𝑻
2 D (𝒈)
3 Swirl gently to mix thesolution
4 Record the increase intemperature with time.
5 Determine the maximum temperature ofthe

reaction mixture.
6 Pour the contents of the calorimeter into a beaker and allow to cool.
7 Measurethe volume of this solution.
8 Calculate the heat (q) evolved for 1 mole of H2O2.
𝑲𝑰 1
𝑯D𝑶D (𝒂𝒒) 𝑯D𝑶 (𝒍) + 𝑶D (𝒈) + 𝑯𝑬𝑨𝑻
2
 Since the solution in the calorimeter is mainly water, we can assume that its
@
specific heat is the same with that of water 4.184 , and the density isalso
A °B
that of water, 1.00 A .
,Q
DO 2 TRIALS. Show calculations(post-lab)

 ΔH 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= −(𝑞_23`.a2b + 𝑞1*3)

 𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= 𝑚×𝐶 : ×∆𝑇
 𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑙= 𝐶1*3 ×∆𝑇

McMurry, J.E. and Faye, R.C. (2012) Chemistry, 6ed., New Jersey, USA: Pearson Education, Inc.
C. Determination of Hydration of CuSO4

1 Weigh an emptycrucible.
2 Place 3.0 g of CuSO4•5H2O into the crucible and re-weigh to

find out the exact massof CuSO4•5H2O.
3 Gently heat the crucible with the contents using a Bunsen burner. Break
any solid lumps and avoid losing any solid.
4 Continue heating until all the blue hydrated CuSO4 has been converted
to white anhydrous powder. Cool down the crucible and content.
5 Record the temperature a 50.0 mL of water
added to the calorimeter.
6 Place the anhydrous CuSO4 intothe

calorimeter.
7 Stir the calorimeter well for about aminute.


8 Measure and record the temperature of the solution to the nearest 0.1°𝐶.
9 Calculate the heat (q) evolved in the hydration of solid anhydrous salt.
𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒(𝒔) + 𝟓𝑯𝟐𝑶 (𝒍) →𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒• 𝟓𝑯𝟐𝑶 (𝒂𝒒) ∆𝐻p
10 Repeat steps 5-8for the hydrated CuSO4 (CuSO4•5H2O).
11 Calculate the heat (q) in the dissolution of the pentahydrate.

𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒• 𝟓𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝒔+ 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓→𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒• 𝟓𝑯𝟐𝑶 (𝒂𝒒) ∆𝐻D
12 Calculate the heat released in the over-all reaction.

𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒(𝒔) + 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓→𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒• 𝟓𝑯𝟐𝑶 (𝒔) ∆𝐻q
Show calculations (post-lab)


 ΔH = −(𝑞_23`.a2b + 𝑞1*3)
 𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑙= 𝐶1*3 ×∆𝑇
 ∆𝐻q = ∆𝐻p − ∆𝐻D

D. Determination of Enthalpyand
Entropy of Dissolution ofNH4Cl
1 Place 0.5 g NH4Cl crystals in a test tube, then add a
few mL of water. Feel the outside of the test tube.
Isn’t that cool?
2 Weigh a dry calorimeter and record.
3 Measure 50.0 mL of water and record its temperature.
4 Pour the water into thecalorimeter.

5 Place about 3.0 g NH4Cl into calorimeter. Re-weigh to find out
how much exactly of NH4Cl you added.
6 Swirl the solution inside the calorimeter for about a minute.
7 Measure the temperature of the solution (nearest 0.10 °C).

8 Calculate the ∆𝐻 associated with the dissolution of a mole of NH4Cl.
9 Calculate the minimum possible value of∆𝑆 for the dissolution ofa
mole of NH4Cl.
DO 3 TRIALS. Show calculations(post-lab)

 ΔH = −(𝑞_23`.a2b + 𝑞1*3)
 𝑞= 𝐶1*3 ×∆𝑇
 ∆𝐺 = ∆𝐻 − 𝑇∆𝑆
Experiment 1
POSTLAB QUESTIONS
To be written on a short bond paper

and to be submitted on next week.
Experiment 1
POSTLAB QUESTIONS
To be written on a short bond paper

and to be submitted next week.
• Answer in complete sentences.

• Diagrams or illustrations can be used to
explain some concepts.
Experiment 1
POSTLAB QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of determining the heat
capacity (calorimeter constant, Ccal) of a
calorimeter?
2. Compare a coffee-cup calorimeter and a bomb

calorimeter.
3. Aside from the dissolution of NH4Cl (endothermic)

and CaCl2 (exothermic), enumerate other
endothermic and exothermic solution formation.
Experiment 1
POSTLAB QUESTIONS
4. Explain in terms of thermodynamics why solution
formation can either be endothermic or exothermic.
5. Cite applications of endothermic and exothermic

solution formation.
6. Explain in terms of thermodynamics why

neutralization is an exothermic process.
7. Cite applications of endothermic and exothermic

reactions.

Exp 1 Determination of Enthalpy of Reactions

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[

CHM031L CHEMISTRY FOR

 Heat evolution is an evidence of chemical or

3 Once constant, record thetemperature

4 Prepare 30.0 mL hot water(60°C)

5 Record the temperature of hotwater

6 Pour 30.0 mL of hotwater

7 Stir the water for 30seconds.

8 Record the finaltemperature.

 Recall: 𝐶: is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of

2 Add 2.0 mL of 2.5 M KI solution.

3 Swirl gently to mix thesolution

4 Record the increase intemperature with time.

5 Determine the maximum temperature ofthe

DO 2 TRIALS. Show calculations(post-lab)

 ΔH 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= −(𝑞_23`.a2b + 𝑞1*3)

 𝑞𝑐𝑎𝑙= 𝐶1*3 ×∆𝑇

C. Determination of Hydration of CuSO4

2 Place 3.0 g of CuSO4•5H2O into the crucible and re-weigh to

6 Place the anhydrous CuSO4 intothe

7 Stir the calorimeter well for about aminute.

C. Determination of Hydration of CuSO4

𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒(𝒔) + 𝟓𝑯𝟐𝑶 (𝒍) →𝑪𝒖𝑺𝑶𝟒• 𝟓𝑯𝟐𝑶 (𝒂𝒒) ∆𝐻p

10 Repeat steps 5-8for the hydrated CuSO4 (CuSO4•5H2O).

11 Calculate the heat (q) in the dissolution of the pentahydrate.

12 Calculate the heat released in the over-all reaction.

Show calculations (post-lab)

C. Determination of Hydration of CuSO4

C. Determination of Hydration of CuSO4

 ∆𝐻q = ∆𝐻p − ∆𝐻D

3 Measure 50.0 mL of water and record its temperature.

4 Pour the water into thecalorimeter.

7 Measure the temperature of the solution (nearest 0.10 °C).

DO 3 TRIALS. Show calculations(post-lab)

To be written on a short bond paper

To be written on a short bond paper

• Answer in complete sentences.

2. Compare a coffee-cup calorimeter and a bomb

3. Aside from the dissolution of NH4Cl (endothermic)

5. Cite applications of endothermic and exothermic

6. Explain in terms of thermodynamics why

7. Cite applications of endothermic and exothermic

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