IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 66, NO.
11, NOVEMBER 2018
W-Band MIMO FMCW Radar System With
Simultaneous Transmission of Orthogonal
Waveforms for High-Resolution Imaging
Se-Yeon Jeon , Member, IEEE, Min-Ho Ka , Member, IEEE, Seungha Shin, Munsung Kim, Seok Kim,
Sumin Kim, Jeongbae Kim, Aulia Dewantari , Jaeheung Kim, and Hansup Chung
Abstract— This paper presents a multi-input multi-output
(MIMO) radar with simultaneously transmitted orthogonal wave-
forms. The radar operates in W-band, 93.5–94.5 GHz, with
frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) signals. The
radar is designed to be capable of simultaneous transmission
rather than switching transmit channels. A suitable orthogonal
waveform transmission method for the FMCW radar is selected
and reflected in the transceiver design. The radar consists of
a transceiver, antennas, and a signal processor. The design and
specifications of each module are described in detail. The trans-
ceiver consists of two transmitting channels and two receiving
channels. The transmitter is designed to have high transmit
power aiming at the detection and imaging of objects with small
radar cross section, up to 100–150-m range. A compact horn
antenna and two-channel analog-to-digital converter with a high
sampling rate are designed and fabricated. The performance of
each module is measured and evaluated. The performance of the
radar is tested through experiments. The MIMO capability of the
radar was verified through the acquisition of the range profiles
with respect to four distinct signal paths by distinguishing the
simultaneously transmitted orthogonal signals. The experimental
results verified that the specification of the radar system is
feasible for high-resolution imaging applications.
Index Terms— Frequency-modulated continuous wave
(FMCW), multi-input multi-output (MIMO), multichannel,
orthogonal waveform, radar, synthetic aperture radar (SAR),
transceiver, W-band.
I. I NTRODUCTION
T HE radar technologies are based on reconstructing
the information in a radar signal path from transmis-
sion to reception for detection or imaging. The multi-input
Manuscript received April 6, 2018; revised July 5, 2018; accepted
July 16, 2018. Date of publication September 10, 2018; date of current version
November 5, 2018. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and
ICT (MSIT), Korea, under the ICT Consilience Creative Program (IITP-2017-
2017-0-01015) supervised by the Institute for Information & communications
Technology Promotion (IITP); Civil Military Technology Cooperation Pro-
gram and by the Korea Government (MSIT) under a IITP grant (No. 2017-0-
00678, A Development of SAR for small sized UAV). (Corresponding author:
Min-Ho Ka.)
S.-Y. Jeon, M.-H. Ka, S. Kim, S. Kim, J. Kim, A. Dewantari, J. Kim, and
H. Chung are with the School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of
Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 21983, South Korea (e-
mail: kaminho@yonsei.ac.kr).
S. Shin and M. Kim are with the Research and Development Center, U-Tel
Company, Ltd., Gunpo 15880, South Korea (e-mail: franksab@u-tel.co.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TMTT.2018.2867003
0018-9480 © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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5051
multi-output (MIMO) radar systems obtain the information in
a distinct signal path of each combination of transmit and
receive channels. The expansion into multiple channels allows
frequency and polarization variation to radar signals, or spatial
displacements to antennas, thereby increasing the diversity or
dimension of the information. Orthogonality between transmit
signals is required to separate each signal path. The imple-
mentation of MIMO transmission using orthogonal waveforms
is commonly based on multidimensional modulation [1]. The
existing four approaches are space-time modulation, space-
frequency modulation, space-time-frequency modulation, and
orthogonal code modulation.
Space-time modulation is relatively simple to implement
through the switching operation. Each channel transmits sig-
nals at different instants, so the waveform diversity for the
transmit channels is not required. However, the total duration
of transmission increases in proportion to the number of
transmit channels. The phase center of transmit and receive
antennas may shift during switching if the platform is moving.
Therefore, simultaneous transmission is needed for applica-
tions such as moving platforms or those with high pulse
repetition frequency (PRF) requirement. Space-frequency
modulation assigns nonoverlapping subbands to separate trans-
mit antennas. This method requires a wide bandwidth of the
radar system and a high sampling rate of the analog-to-digital
converter (ADC) without improving the range resolution.
Space-time-frequency modulation uses the previous two tech-
niques. Orthogonal code modulation requires a complicated
receiver filter design and results in a lower signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR). Choosing an appropriate transmission method
considering the characteristics of the modulation schemes and
radar application is an important issue.
Small platforms such as unmanned aerial vehicles and
unmanned ground vehicles are widely used for monitor-
ing or sensing purposes because of its capability for an
immediate and frequent operation [2]. The radar systems
as a payload of such platforms should be developed com-
pactly. A suitable method is frequency-modulated continuous
wave (FMCW), which can assist in the realization of a
small, light, and low-cost radar with high resolution [3], [4].
The high operating frequencies also contribute to the
compact development of radar hardware. The shorter
the wavelength, the smaller the size of the antenna and the
5052 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 66, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2018
TABLE I
P ERFORMANCES OF M ULTICHANNEL W-BAND FMCW R ADAR S ENSORS
microwave circuit is; thus, the overall hardware size can be
reduced.
Multichannel and MIMO radars based on the FMCW sys-
tem operating in W-band have been developed for various
applications [5]–[9]. The performances and applications of
the radar systems are shown in Table I. The radar sys-
tems proposed in [5] and [6] have one transmit channel
and multiple receive channels. The radar systems presented
in [7]–[9] have multiple transmit and receive channels.
References [7] and [8] adopted space-time-modulation by
switching transmit channels. In [9], the orthogonality of the
transmit signals is obtained by frequency multiplexing. The
range resolution of the FMCW radar is determined by
the bandwidth of the transmitted signal. Larger bandwidth
should be considered to achieve a better range resolution for
applications such as imaging.
A multipurpose MIMO W-band FMCW radar system
with the simultaneous transmission for high-resolution imag-
ing is proposed. The radar operates at a frequency range
of 93.5–94.5 GHz with two transmit channels and two receive
channels. The radar is intended to be mounted on moving
platforms, thus the radar implements simultaneous transmis-
sion of orthogonal waveforms instead of switching the transmit
channels to be capable for applications that require high PRF.
The selection of orthogonal waveform and its reflection on the
hardware design adopted to achieve wide transmit bandwidth
in spite of simultaneous transmission for high resolution are
described throughout this paper. The radar targets not only
object with large radar cross section (RCS) such as vehicles
but also human with RCS of 1–3 m2 , for detection or imaging
up to 100–150-m range. Therefore, higher transmit power
was considered than that of the radar systems presented
in [5]–[9]. The MIMO radar has various applications such as
interferometry, polarimetry, digital beamforming, and imaging,
depending on its operation and the antenna arrangement. The
virtual array can be processed either in the azimuth or elevation
direction according to the orientation of the radar. To utilize
this radar for verification of radar system parameters and signal
processing algorithms, the hardware was designed to generate
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waveforms using direct digital synthesizer (DDS) to enable
the control of the waveform parameters.
This paper is based on an example where the radar system
has been used for the engineering model of the synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) system design among various applica-
tions. The radar was used for the evaluation and verification
of the designed MIMO SAR system. SAR is a technique for
obtaining high-resolution images with an active microwave
sensor [10], [11]. The radar is mounted on a moving platform
and repeats transmission and reception toward the target region
according to the PRF. The acquired signals are synthesized to
obtain a better azimuth resolution than the limit imposed by
the size of the physical antenna. The higher the frequency
of the radar signal, the shorter the synthetic length required
to obtain the same azimuth resolution. A shorter synthetic
length reduces the time required to synthesize SAR images,
providing capabilities for real-time or video SAR. A video
SAR system can simultaneously synthesize SAR images in
a short period of time and display them as video [12], [13].
A radar is less influenced by weather or sunlight compared
with an electrooptical/infrared sensor, thus SAR or video
SAR can be operated in all-weather and day and night for
military surveillance, geoscience, oceanography, agriculture,
disaster alarm, and environmental monitoring [14], [15].
Various functions can be achieved by applying the
MIMO technology to SAR, such as digital beamforming and
a high-resolution wide swath [16]–[18], ground moving target
indication [19], interferometry SAR [20], [21], polarimetric
SAR [22], and 3-D SAR [23]. A major advantage is that mul-
tiple modes can be operated using a single system, depending
on the operation and signal processing [24].
A research on a video SAR system using the advantages
of MIMO and W-band has been conducted in this research
group. A derivation of the signal model and a video SAR algo-
rithm was presented in [25] to improve system performance,
including image size and frame rate. The proposed radar is
used for the system verification. This presentation focuses on
the hardware configuration, implementation, and performance
evaluation of the radar system.
JEON et al.: W-BAND MIMO FMCW RADAR SYSTEM 5053

Fig. 1. Time–frequency diagrams of radar signals.

II. T RANSMITTER A RCHITECTURE W ITH

O RTHOGONAL WAVEFORM S IGNALS
An important function of a MIMO radar is to trans-
mit orthogonal waveforms in multiple transmission chan-
nels. Among the various methods used for ensuring the
orthogonality between simultaneously transmitted waveforms,
a method suitable for the FMCW radar should be selected.
Fig. 2. BFD demodulation. (a) Received signals before demodulation.
The main benefit of using FMCW is that the bandwidth of (b) Demodulated signals.
the beat signal is much smaller than that of the transmission
band, which considerably alleviates sampling requirements. where kr is the chirp rate, Rswath is the range swath, and c is
This advantage should be maintained when orthogonal wave- the speed of light. Unlike the space-time modulation scheme,
forms are applied to MIMO FMCW radars. Suitable orthog- simultaneous transmission using BFD does not require switch-
onal waveforms for FMCW radars include beat frequency ing network in the transmitter. In addition, the system band-
division (BFD) [26], [27], orthogonal frequency division mul- width requirement and complexity of the receiver design are
tiplexing (OFDM) [28], and chirp rate division (CRD) [29]. not increased compared to other modulation schemes.
Since the OFDM chirp waveform is more sensitive to the
Doppler shift than the linear frequency modulation wave- III. R ADAR S YSTEM C ONFIGURATION
form [28], Doppler compensation may be difficult for an
FMCW radar with a long sweep duration. A block diagram of the proposed W-band MIMO FMCW
radar system is shown in Fig. 3. The radar system con-
The proposed radar system generates waveforms in a DDS,
sists of antennas, a transceiver, and a signal processing unit.
in which waveform parameters are adjustable. Therefore,
Both the transmitter and receiver comprise two channels and
the radar system is also capable of OFDM or CRD; however,
two antennas.
BFD is used for testing and operating the radar for the
The transmitter includes a waveform generator, an X-band
following reasons. The received beat frequency band is critical
unit, and a W-band unit. The DDS generates an FMCW
to receiver design, including the selection of intermediate
signal with a center frequency of 1.25 GHz and a bandwidth
frequency (IF) band devices and sampling frequency require-
ments. The BFD is selected to maintain the advantage of an of 125 MHz. This signal is divided into two channels. In the
X-band unit, the signals are upconverted by mixing with
FMCW radar, because the bandwidth of the beat signal is
the signal generated at the phase-locked loop (PLL). For the
much smaller than that of the transmit signal. The BFD method
implementation of BFD, the PLLs of channels 1 and 2 generate
transmits signals at the same chirp rate but with a frequency
frequencies of 10.5 GHz and 10.5 −  f b /8 GHz, respectively,
offset between channels. The frequency offset is very small
such that the final frequency offset between the channels
compared with the transmission signal band; thus, most of
is  f b . The center frequency of the filtered output signals in
the transmission frequency bands between channels overlap.
channels 1 and 2 is 11.75 and 11.75−f b /8 GHz, respectively.
The backscattered signal is received with the frequency offset
maintained, and it is mixed with the reference signal for The output signal of channel 1 is sent to the receiver as
a reference signal for dechirping through the coupler. The
dechirping at the receiver. The time–frequency diagrams of
W-band unit consists of driver amplifier (DA) carriers and
the transmitted and received signals are shown in Fig. 1. It is
shown in Fig. 2 that the reflected signals of the two transmit power amplifier (PA) carriers. In a DA carrier, the X-band
signal is upconverted into the W-band by an ×8 frequency
channels coexist in the received signals but are separated in the
multiplier. As a result, the signal bandwidths in both the
beat frequency band. Orthogonality is ensured only within the
channels are 1 GHz, and the center frequencies are 94 and
range swath corresponding to the frequency offset. The desired
94−f b GHz in channels 1 and 2, respectively. The signals are
range swath determines the beat frequency offset,  f b , as
amplified by the PA carriers and then transmitted by antennas.
2Rswath The receiver includes a W-band unit, an X-band unit, and
 f b > kr (1)
c an IF unit. The received backscattered signal is amplified by

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5054 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 66, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2018
Fig. 3. Block diagram of the W-band MIMO FMCW radar sensor.
low noise amplifiers (LNAs) and mixed with the reference
signal for dechirping at a dc carrier in the W-band unit.
The reference signal is the replica of the transmitted signal
of transmit channel 1. The channel 1 output signal of the
X-band unit in the transmitter is input to the X-band unit in
the receiver through the 20-dB coupler with insertion loss less
than 1 dB. The signal is divided into receive channels 1 and 2
and then multiplied by 8 through the DA carrier in the W-band
unit. The signal is then input to the mixer LO of the dc carrier
as the reference signal. The dechirped signal is amplified by
operational amplifiers (OP-amps), filtered in the IF unit, and
then output as a beat signal.
The parameters of the waveform generated by DDS are
adjustable through the graphical user interface (GUI). The
main functions of GUI include waveform-type selection, trans-
mit signal center frequency and bandwidth control, pulsewidth
control, and multichannel transmission method selection. The
DDS provides a clock signal of 100 MHz, which is divided
into a 10-MHz clock signal and input to the ADC. The
two-channel ADC samples the beat signal and stores it in
the shared memory of the field-programmable logic (PL)
array. The stored data are sent to a personal computer
via TCP/IP.
IV. R ADAR S YSTEM D ESIGN
A. Transceiver Design
Based on the requirements of the MIMO video SAR
listed in Table II, the requirements of the transceiver listed
in Table III were defined from the radar range equation [30]
4 PT x G 2 λ2 σ G PC
RMAX =
(4π)3 SNR · PN L
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TABLE II
SAR S YSTEM R EQUIREMENTS
where RMAX is the maximum detection range, PTx is the
transmitted power, G is the antenna gain, λ is the wavelength,
σ is the RCS, G PC is the signal processing gain, SNR is the
required SNR, L is the loss factor, and PN is the receiver
noise. PN is determined by the noise temperature TN , and the
bandwidth  f , as PN = kTN  f , where k is Boltzmann’s
constant.
The system budget for transmit and receive paths is listed
in Table IV. It is designed to satisfy the requirements of
transmitted power higher than 18 dBm and receive a gain
higher than 40 dB. The corresponding points of the transmit
and receive paths in Fig. 3 are indicated by P1–13. A signal
of −2 dBm is output from the DDS. The gains in the
transmit path, including losses in the transmission line, wire
bonding, and transition structure, are 16 dB in the X-band unit,
0.8 dB in the DA carrier, and 5.29 dB in the PA carrier,
resulting in a final output power of 20.09 dBm. The receive
path is designed to have a noise figure (NF) lower than 20 dB
and a receive gain ranging from 40 to 50 dB. LNAs were used
for the gain of dc carrier in the W-band unit, and OP-amps
were used in the IF unit. The total gain is 43.11 dB, and the NF
(2)
is 12.65 dB.
JEON et al.: W-BAND MIMO FMCW RADAR SYSTEM
TABLE III
R EQUIREMENTS OF T RANSCEIVER
Fig. 4. PCB assemblies of (a) W-band unit and (b) waveform generator and
IF part.
The main printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies of the
transceiver are shown in Fig. 4. In the W-band part shown
in Fig. 4(a), the W-band unit of the receiver is located in
the middle and the W-band unit of the transceiver is located
on both sides. Fig. 4(b) shows the waveform generator and
IF part consisting of power, control, and communication,
IF signal processor (PS), and a waveform generator including
DDS and PLL.
The W-band unit of the transceiver shown in Fig. 5(a)
includes a DA carrier, PA carrier, and transition structure.
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5055
Fig. 5. Internal assembly of W-band unit in (a) transmitter and (b) receiver.
Fig. 6. Fabricated transceiver.
The unit is designed to output the 1-GHz bandwidth W-band
signal with an output level higher than 18 dBm at an input of
the 125-MHz bandwidth X-band signal with an input level
ranging from 7 to 13 dBm, including transition loss. The
W-band unit of the receiver, including the transition structure,
dc carrier, and DA carrier, is shown in Fig. 5(b). The unit is
designed to satisfy a conversion gain higher than 12 dB and
an NF less than 18 dB including transition loss. The input
frequency is 11.75 GHz with a 125-MHz bandwidth, and the
output frequency is 94 GHz with a 1-GHz bandwidth.
The fabricated transceiver is shown in Fig. 6. The housing
of the transceiver was designed to have extra space for
multipurpose use. The empty space on the right side is not
related to the radar system presented in this paper. The lower
5056 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 66, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2018

TABLE IV
S YSTEM B UDGET FOR T RANSMIT AND R ECEIVE PATHS

Fig. 7. MIMO antenna array and virtual array.

Fig. 9. Design of compact horn antenna.

platform height h, slant range to the scene center R, and the

Fig. 8. SAR geometry and elevation beamwidth.
part is a mount for fixing the transceiver. The dimension and
weight of the transceiver are 300 × 150 × 80 mm3 and 5.8 kg,
respectively.
B. Antenna Design
The 2 × 2 arrangement of transmit and receive antennas of
the radar is shown in Fig. 7. As a result, four virtual array
elements are created in a column. Two of these elements are
located at the same position.
The standard horn antenna for the W-band is too bulky
to be connected to the implemented transceiver. Therefore,
a compact horn antenna was designed and fabricated to be as
small as possible while satisfying the required antenna gain
and 3-dB beamwidth.
The required antenna gain is determined by (2) to be higher
than 20 dB. As depicted in Fig. 8, the elevation beamwidth
θel is determined by SAR geometry parameters such as
range swath Rswath . The minimum required θel is 12° when
h = 50 m, R = 100 m, and Rswath = 40 m. The required
azimuth beamwidth θaz is determined by the desired azimuth
resolution az, where K a is the broadening factor, [14] as
follows:
λK a
az = . (3)
2θaz
The minimum required θaz is 2° when az = 0.2 m. Con-
sidering the motion disturbance of the platform, the require-
ments for θel and θaz are defined to be larger than 14° and 4°,
respectively, with an extra margin added to the minimum
required beamwidths so that the target region is within
the beamwidth. The dimension of the designed antenna are
A = 14.7 mm, B = 11 mm, and P = 28 mm, as shown
in Fig. 9. The size of the antenna is smaller than one-third
of the standard horn antenna. Fig. 10 shows the fabricated
horn antennas. The material of the antenna is brass with gold
coating.
C. Signal Processor Design
The signal PS consists of two boards, Zedboard and
ADC board. The ADC board was equipped with ads5296a,
capable of sampling eight channels at a sampling frequency
of 80 MHz and a resolution of 12 bits [31]. The sampling
frequency was chosen to be 10 MHz, considering an operation
range of 100 m. The ADC board was also equipped with
variable gain amplifiers to make full use of the peak-to-peak

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JEON et al.: W-BAND MIMO FMCW RADAR SYSTEM
Fig. 10. Fabricated compact horn antennas.
Fig. 11. ADC board. (a) Top. (b) Bottom.
Fig. 12. Functional diagram of signal PS.
analog input of the ADC chip. The ADC board shown
in Fig. 11 was fabricated using an FR-4 substrate with a
thickness of 1.6 mm.
The signal PS utilized the ARM-based PS, PL, and the
eight-channel direct-memory-access (DMA) of the Xilinx
Zynq-7000 chip for controlling the ADC board, storing the
sampled data, and retrieving the data via TCP/IP. The Zed-
board, equipped with a Xilinx Zynq-7000 chip, had numerous
peripherals such as the FMC connector, gigabit ethernet port,
PMOD, and 512 Mbyte DDR3 memory, for easy development
of the Zynq-7000 chip. A functional diagram of the signal
PS is shown in Fig. 12. The signal PS receives two analog
IF signals, a reference clock for the ADC chip, a trigger signal
that indicates the start of RF transmission and a start-of-beat
(SOB) signal that indicates the start of channel 1 transmission.
The two analog IF signals are first amplified by the VGA
and then sampled by the ADC chip of the ADC board. The
analog-to-digital sampling clock is kept synchronous with the
transceiver by utilizing the clock divider of the PL and pro-
viding a synchronized sampling frequency to the ADC chip.
The sampled and digitized signal is sent to the datamover
of the PL, which is responsible for the DMA functionality.
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5057
TABLE V
M EASUREMENT R ESULTS OF R ADAR S ENSOR
When a command is given from the control program of the PS,
the datamover combines the trigger signal and SOB signal with
the two 12-bit sampled data to form a single double-word and
store it into the shared memory. The stored data are then sent
to the control computer by the control program via TCP/IP.
V. P ERFORMANCE M EASUREMENTS R ESULTS
The performance of the transceiver, antenna, and signal
PS was measured to confirm that the requirements were satis-
fied. The desired and measured parameter values are compared
in Table V. All parameters satisfied the requirements.
A. Transceiver Measurement
An Agilent N1911A power meter and a Keysight Tech-
nologies PSA E4440A spectrum analyzer were used for mea-
suring performance. An Agilent 11970W harmonic mixer
was used as the W-band interlocking fixture of the spectrum
analyzer. An Agilent W8486A power sensor, which operates
in input range from −30 to 20 dBm, was used as the
W-band interlocking fixture of the power meter. The signal
generator, Keysight Technologies E8257D, was used in con-
junction with the source module for the W-band, Keysight
Technologies S10MS-AG.
The transmitted power is an important parameter that affects
the SNR and maximum detection range. Therefore, the differ-
ence of the output power between the transmit channels should
be as small as possible. The transceiver was tuned several
times to adjust the transmitted power. The output level of the
5058 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 66, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2018

Fig. 13. Measurement results of transmitter. (a) Transmitted power of channels 1 and 2. (b) Phase noise of DDS output. (c) Power of harmonics in transmitter.
(d) Power of harmonics compared with carrier frequency. (e) Spurious wave in transmit channel 1 and (f) channel 2.

TABLE VI The carrier frequency used in the radar is ×8 components;

P HASE N OISE IN T RANSMIT PATH
PA carrier, DA carrier, and the overall W-band unit of the
transmitter was measured using the power meter. The output
level of the PA carrier was higher than 18 dBm when the input
level was higher than 12 dBm. When the input level of the
DA carrier was higher than 10 dBm, the multiplier output was
higher than 11.6 dBm within a flatness of 2.5 dB. The output
power of the transmit channels 1 and 2 is higher than 18 dBm
at 93.5–94.5 GHz, as shown in Fig. 13(a). The output power
ranges from 18.49 to 19.25 dBm at channel 1 and 18.06 to
19.31 dBm at channel 2, and the overall power deviation
is 1.25 dB. Fig. 13(b) shows the measurement results of the
DDS output phase noise, for calculating the transmitter phase
noise. As listed in Table VI, the phase noise of the main blocks
was calculated along the transmit path. The phase noise of the
transmitter was −80, −82, and −85 dBc/Hz at 1, 10, and
100 kHz, respectively.
Since the frequency multiplier is a nonlinear element, other
harmonic components exist in the multiplier output as well.
thus, the other components should be sufficiently smaller
than the ×8 components. Therefore, the ×8 components and
the ×7 and ×9 components of the DA carrier output were
measured using the power meter, and the results are shown
in Fig. 13(c). Fig. 13(d) shows a comparison of the ×7 and
×9 components with the ×8 components; the comparison was
performed to confirm that they are less than −25 dBc. The
×7 and ×9 components were less than −25 and −35 dBc,
respectively, when the input level was higher than 10 dBm.
Therefore, the requirements of the output level, flatness, and
harmonic characteristics of the DA carrier are satisfied when
the input level is higher than 12 dBm. The performance of
the W-band unit including the DA carrier, PA carrier, and
transition structure was measured. When the input level was
higher than 12 dBm, the output level of the ×8 components
was higher than 20.5 dBm, within a flatness of 0.5 dB.
The measured transmitter spurious wave was −45.01 dBc
in channel 1 and −41.46 dBc in channel 2, as presented
in Fig. 13(e) and (f). The VSWR was 1.33–1.41.
The channel gain, spurious wave, and channel isolation
of the receiver were measured with the spectrum analyzer.
Fig. 14(a) and (b) shows the measured gain of receive
channels 1 and 2. The channel gain deviation was 0.4 dB.
The performance of the W-band unit of the receiver includ-
ing the transition structure, dc carrier, and DA carrier was
measured. When the LO input level was 7 dBm and the RF
input level was −50 dBm, the IF output conversion gain of
the dc carrier ranged between 6.33 and 8.98 dBm within a

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JEON et al.: W-BAND MIMO FMCW RADAR SYSTEM 5059

Fig. 14. Measurement results of receiver. (a) Output power of receive channel 1. (b) Output power of receive channel 2. (c) Spurious wave in receive
channel 1. (d) Spurious signal in channel 2. (e) Channel isolation in receive channel 1. (f) Channel isolation in receive channel 2.

flatness of 2.65 dB. The conversion gain and flatness of the

IF frequency band 0.1–4 MHz satisfy the requirements.
Considering the input dynamic range of the ADC board
and detection range, the appropriate range of the receive gain
is determined to be 40–50 dB. The receiving gain measured
at an RF input level of −50 dBm and IF frequency range
of 0.1–4 MHz was 47.3–48.3 dB, which satisfies the require-
ment. The measured receiver spurious wave ranged between
−46.36 and −41.71 dBc, as shown in Fig. 14(c) and (d). The
NF of the receiver was calculated using the measurement result
of the spectrum analyzer [32] as
NF = 174 dBm/Hz − GAIN + Pnoise
Fig. 15. Performance of reference clock signal. (a) Phase noise. (b) Power
= 174 dBm/Hz − 55.5 dB − 99.45 dBm/Hz of harmonics.
= 19.05 dB (4)
where NF is the noise figure, GAIN is the receiver gain, 83620B-H50 and 83602A-H50, an amplifier Agilent 83050A,
and Pnoise is the output noise power. The measured iso- and an RF amplifier unit ORBIT/FR AL-8502-4.
lation between the receive channels was 39 dB, as shown Fig. 16(a) and (b) presents the simulation and measurement
in Fig. 14(e) and (f). The receiver VSWR was 1.34–1.42. results of the E-plane and H -plane beam patterns. The sim-
Fig. 15(a) shows the measurements of the reference clock ulated antenna gain was 21.57 dB, the E-plane beamwidth
signal. The phase noise of the reference clock signal was was 15.4°, and the H -plane beamwidth was 14°. The measured
−141, −149, and −160 dBc/Hz at 1, 10, and 100 kHz, respec- antenna gain was 22.9 dB, which is higher than 20 dB.
tively. The output power of the 100-MHz signal was 1 dBm, The measured antenna E-plane beamwidth was 16°, and the
and the power of the harmonic component was −47.25 dB. H -plane beamwidth was 14.3°.
The requirements for azimuth and elevation beamwidth
B. Antenna Measurement
were defined to be wider than 4° and 14°, respectively.
The antenna beam pattern was measured in a sys- Therefore, the designed antenna can be used in both the
tem consisting of a network analyzer Agilent E8364B, horizontal and vertical polarization modes, which enables the
an LO/IF distribution unit Agilent 85309A, a mixer Agilent MIMO polarization operation of the radar.

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5060 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 66, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2018
Fig. 16. Simulation and measurement results of antenna beam pattern in
(a) azimuth and (b) elevation.
Fig. 17. Proposed W-band MIMO FMCW radar system.
VI. P ERFORMANCE OF THE R ADAR S YSTEM
The performance of the assembled radar system shown
in Fig. 17 was tested in an anechoic chamber and outdoor.
The MIMO processing capability of the radar system and the
radar specification for imaging application was evaluated from
the radar signals.
A. Chamber Experiments
The parameters of the experiment conducted in an anechoic
chamber are listed in Table VII. The beat frequency is low
because of the short distance to the target within the chamber.
Since the receiver of the radar is tuned for the IF frequency
band 0.1–4 MHz, the experiment was conducted with the
adjusted chirp rate by reducing the pulsewidth to 300 μs for
a bandwidth of 1 GHz. The two receive channels acquired
the backscattered signals from the two simultaneously trans-
mitted channels for a corner reflector with RCS of 1.5 m2
at 5 m.
For MIMO processing, all signal paths should be distin-
guished. The simultaneously transmitted orthogonal signals
can be separated through BFD demodulation. As a result,
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TABLE VII
PARAMETERS FOR A NECHOIC C HAMBER E XPERIMENTS
Fig. 18. Range profiles of distinct signal paths of the MIMO radar with a
target located at 5 m.
Fig. 19. Impulse response to a target from the experiment in an anechoic
chamber.
four range profiles from a combination of two transmit
channels and two receive channels can be obtained sepa-
rately as shown in Fig. 18. All four range profiles show a
peak of a target located at a range of 5 m. The impulse
response function to the corner reflector is shown in Fig. 19.
To evaluate the radar specification for high-resolution imaging,
the range resolution and peak characteristics were analyzed
from the impulse response function. As expected from the
theoretical range resolution of 0.15 m for a 1-GHz bandwidth
FMCW radar, the range resolution is 0.15 m.
In addition to the range information, the angle information
of a target position can also be obtained using the multiple
signal paths of the MIMO radar. The target position was varied
in the elevation direction. At a distance of 5 m, the height
of the target was increased by 0.1 m for each measurement.
The estimation of the elevation angle of the target is shown
in Fig. 20. The position of the targets was plotted using
JEON et al.: W-BAND MIMO FMCW RADAR SYSTEM 5061

Fig. 20. Elevation estimation of a target using the MIMO radar.

Fig. 23. SNR comparison of targets with different RCSs.
TABLE VIII
PARAMETERS FOR O UTDOOR E XPERIMENTS

Fig. 21. Range profiles of distinct signal paths of the MIMO radar with a
target located at 100 m.

Fig. 24. SAR imaging result plotted in (a) 2-D and (b) 3-D.

Fig. 22. Impulse response to a target from the outdoor experiment.
the detected target range in the range profile and estimated
elevation angle. The height step calculated from the elevation
angle is 0.1134 and 0.1075 m.
B. Outdoor Experiments
Experiments were conducted outdoors to test the 100-m
performance of the radar system. The parameters for the
outdoor experiment are listed in Table VIII. The chirp rate was
adjusted by increasing the pulsewidth to 1 ms at a bandwidth
of 1-GHz bandwidth for the radar to operate at a distance
of 100 m. The corner reflectors of RCS of 100 and 10 m2
were used.
A target with RCS of 100 m2 was placed at a range of
100 m to obtain the range profiles. The range profiles of
four signal paths of the 2 × 2 MIMO radar were obtained by
BFD demodulation, as shown in Fig. 21. The range resolution

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5062 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 66, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2018
Fig. 25. Impulse response to a target in (a) range axis and (b) cross-range
axis.
and peak characteristics were analyzed from the impulse
response to a target shown in Fig. 22, to evaluate the radar
specification for high-resolution imaging. The range resolution
is 0.15 m, as expected from the theoretical range resolution of
a 1-GHz bandwidth FMCW radar. Fig. 23 shows a comparison
of the SNR for the target RCS of 10 and 100 m2 at 100 m.
The SNR of the 100-m2 target was 10 dB higher than the
10-m2 target.
VII. A PPLICATION OF H IGH -R ESOLUTION I MAGING
A SAR image was obtained using the radar system. A corner
reflector with an RCS of 100 m2 was located at a range
of 100 m as a target. The experimental parameters were the
same as those provided in Table VIII. A synthetic aperture
length of 1.1 m is required to obtain an azimuth resolution
equal to a range resolution of 0.15 m. The range migration
algorithm was used to generate the SAR image. The 2-D and
3-D plots of the imaging result are shown in Fig. 24(a) and (b),
respectively. The impulse response on the range axis is shown
in Fig. 25(a). The measured range resolution is 0.145 m,
the peak sidelobe ratio (PSLR) is −17.35 dB, and the inte-
grated sidelobe ratio (ISLR) is −15.79 dB. The impulse
response on the cross range axis is shown in Fig. 25(b).
The measured azimuth resolution is 0.139 m, the PSLR
is −13.28 dB, and the ISLR is −10.88 dB.
VIII. C ONCLUSION
A W-band MIMO FMCW radar system using simultane-
ously transmitted orthogonal waveform signals which target
high-resolution applications has been developed. The proposed
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radar system offers the possibility for applications on moving
platforms, overcoming the limitations of the switching method
through the simultaneous transmission. BFD was selected as
a suitable orthogonal waveform for testing and operating the
radar system. The feasibility of the system architecture as a
MIMO radar for high-resolution imaging has been evaluated
through measurements and experiments.
The transceiver, antenna, and signal PS were designed and
implemented according to system requirements. The trans-
ceiver consisted of two transmit channels and two receive
channels. The measured transmit power ranged between
18.49 and 19.25 dBm in channel 1 and 18.06 and 19.31 dBm
in channel 2 for a frequency band of 93.5–94.5 GHz.
Both the transmit channels achieved a transmit power higher
than 18 dBm. Compact horn antennas were fabricated, whose
gain was 22.9 dB and azimuth and elevation beamwidths were
16° and 14.3°, respectively. The signal PS including a high-
speed two-channel ADC was implemented. The radar signals
were acquired using the signal PS at a sampling frequency
of 10 MHz.
The performance of the radar system was tested through
experiments in an anechoic chamber and outdoors. The
MIMO capability was verified through the range profile acqui-
sition using BFD demodulation and elevation angle estimation.
The simultaneously transmitted orthogonal signals were sepa-
rated through BFD demodulation, and respective range profiles
for the four distinct signal paths were obtained. The target at
a 100-m range was detected in all four range profiles. The
range resolution and peak characteristics were analyzed from
the impulse response to a target. The range resolution of the
radar is 0.15 m. The requirements of range resolution and
detection range were satisfied.
The feasibility of the radar system for high-resolution imag-
ing applications was verified through the 2-D SAR imaging
results using the radar system. The range resolution and
azimuth resolution were measured to be 0.15 m from the
impulse response to a target at a 100-m range.
The proposed radar system provides the possibility for
various studies on MIMO radar applications. Taking advantage
of its W-band operation and the diverse functions provided
by the MIMO technology, the radar system can be utilized
in various applications. In addition, it can be operated on
both stationary and moving platforms due to its capability for
simultaneous transmission.
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Se-Yeon Jeon (GS’16–M’18) received the B.S.
degree in IT convergence technology from Yonsei
University, Seoul, South Korea, in 2014, where
she is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at the
School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of
Convergence Technology.
Her current research interests include the develop-
ment for microwave sensors, electromagnetic wave
signal processing, and synthetic aperture radars.
Min-Ho Ka (M’06) received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees in electronics engineering from Yonsei Uni-
versity, Seoul, South Korea, in 1989 and 1991,
respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in radio engineer-
ing from the Moscow Power Engineering Institute,
Moscow, Russia, in 1997.
From 1997 to 2000, he was with the Agency for
Defense Development, Ministry of Defense, South
Korea, for the development of microwave imaging
sensors and spaceborne and airborne synthetic aper-
ture radar (SAR). From 2002 to 2010, he was a
Professor with Korea Polytechnic University, Siheung, South Korea, where
he was the Head of the Department of Electronic Engineering, the Dean
of Planning Office, and the Deputy Director of the Korea–Russia Industrial
Technology Cooperation Centre. He is currently an Associate Professor with
the Radar Systems and Wave Sensing Laboratory, School of Integrated
Technology, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology, Yonsei University,
and a Chairman with the Radar Group, Korean Institute of Electromag-
netic Engineering and Science. His current research interests include the
system design and development of microwave sensors and spaceborne and
airborne SAR.
Seungha Shin received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical and electronics engineering
from Kyunghee University, Seoul, South Korea,
in 1992, 1994, and 2012, respectively.
He is currently a Principal Engineer with the
U-Tel Company, Ltd., Gunpo, South Korea. His
current research interests include integrated circuits
and systems for radar and EW field from L-band to
millimeter wave.
Munsung Kim received the B.S. degree in telecom-
munication engineering from Hanyang Cyber Uni-
versity, Seoul, South Korea, in 2012.
He is currently a Principal Engineer with the
U-Tel Company, Ltd., Gunpo, South Korea. His cur-
rent research interests include high-frequency active
circuit and transceiver and digital radar transceiver
hardware design.
Seok Kim received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in
electrical engineering from Korea Aerospace Uni-
versity, Goyang, South Korea, in 1998 and 2000,
respectively. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D.
degree at the Integrated School of Technology,
Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
From 2000 to 2006, he was a Digital Signal
Processing Software Engineer with STX Engine,
Yongin, South Korea. Since 2006, he has been
a Radar System Engineer with Hanwha Thales,
Yongin. His current research interests include radar
system engineering, advanced synthetic aperture radar (SAR) techniques,
such as digital beamforming and orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing
waveform design, and multi-input multi-output SAR systems.
5064 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 66, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2018
Sumin Kim received the B.S. degree in IT con-
vergence technology from Yonsei University, Seoul,
South Korea, in 2016, where he is currently pursuing
the Ph.D. degree at the School of Integrated Technol-
ogy, Yonsei Institute of Convergence Technology.
His current research interests include high-
resolution radar, synthetic aperture radar, and real-
time radar signal processing.
Jeongbae Kim received the B.S.E. degree from
Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea, in 2017.
Since 2017, he has been with the Combined
Master’s and Doctor’s Program, Radar Systems
and Wave Sensing Laboratory, School of Integrated
Technology, Yonsei University. He was participating
in several projects including small drone-based syn-
thetic aperture radar systems. His current research
interests include SAR, its motion compensation, and
radar-based exploration.
Aulia Dewantari received the B.S. degree in
telecommunication engineering from the Institut
Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia, in 2012.
She is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at the
School of Integrated Technology, Yonsei Institute of
Convergence Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul,
South Korea.
Her current research interests include microwave
radar imaging, thermoacoustic imaging, and antenna
and transmission line design.
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Jaeheung Kim received the B.S. degree in elec-
tronic engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul,
South Korea, in 1989, and the M.S. and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical and computer engineering from
the University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO,
USA, in 1998 and 2002, respectively.
From 1992 to 1995, he was with the DACOM
Corporation, Anyang, South Korea, where he was
involved with wireless communication systems.
From 2002 to 2006, he was with the Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Kangwon
National University, Chuncheon, South Korea. From 2006 to 2008, he was
with KAIST, Daejeon, South Korea. In 2008, he joined Yonsei University.
His current research interests include lens antennas, beam-forming arrays,
millimeter-wave sensing and imaging, and radar front ends.
Hansup Chung received the B.S. degree in elec-
tronic engineering from Yonsei University, Seoul,
South Korea, in 1994.
From 1994 to 1997, he was with the Han-
wha Information and Telecommunications Company
Ltd., South Korea. From 1998 to 2001, he was
with the Hyper Information and Telecommunications
Company Ltd., South Korea. He is currently the
President of Gain Technology, South Korea. His cur-
rent research interests include radar sensor hardware
and DSP with field-programmable gate arrays for
radar systems.