Lesson 2 Lyst7709

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SOCIETY
A defining feature of human life is that humans interact, communicate and construct social groups. A social
group refers to a collection of continuously interacting persons who share common interest, culture, values
and norms within a given society.
A society is a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the
same spatial or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural
expectations.
Society is a permanent institution and is a kind of natural organization which has emerged out of natural
instincts of man. The true nature of society consists not in the external factors of interdependence or likeness
or authority but in the state of mind of the beings that compose society.
Societies are characterized by patterns of social relationships between individuals who share a
distinctive culture and institutions.
A society can be called homogeneous (e.g. Arabian nations, Japan) or heterogeneous (e.g. India, US) based
on the elements of diversity. Other types of societies are tribal, agrarian and industrial found all over this
globe. For example: The African society is primarily tribal, the Indian society is ‘agrarian’ while the American
society is mostly industrial.
INDIAN SOCIETY
The social structure of Indian society is characterized by diversities and unity. Indian society is a reflection
of multicultural, multi-ethnic and multi-ideological constructs, which co-exist. During the course of its
evolution, it has accommodated and integrated many philosophies engendered from within and outside,
communities and culture. It is an ensemble of myriad cultural stamps. But over the time, culture of each
group has undergone changes and has become the part of Indian society culture. Even the process of
economic development has brought revolutionary changes in the Indian pattern of social life.
Indian society can be understood in detail by looking at its salient features which are discussed below:
SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY
1. Unity in Diversity
2. Social Institutions – Family
3. Caste and Class Divide
4. Patriarchy
5. Co-existence of Traditionalism and Modernity
6. Balance between Spiritualism and Materialism
7. Balance between Individualism and Collectivism
8. Rural and Agrarian Society
9. Indian Ethos – Mutual respect and Tolerance
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1. UNITY IN DIVERSITY
India is a plural society both in letter and spirit. It is a synthesis of cultures, religions and languages of the
people belonging to different castes and communities has upheld its unity and cohesiveness despite multiple
foreign invasions. National unity and integrity have been maintained even through sharp economic and
social inequalities. The term ‘diversity’ emphasizes differences rather than inequalities. It means collective
differences, that is, differences which mark off one group of people from another.
Unity means integration, it is a social psychological condition. It connotes a sense of oneness, a sense of
we-ness. It stands for the bonds, which hold the members of a society together. Unity in diversity essentially
means “unity without uniformity” and “diversity without fragmentation”. It is based on the notion that
diversity enriches human interaction. When we say that India is a nation of great cultural diversity, we mean
that there are many different types of social groups and communities living here. These are communities
defined by cultural markers such as language, religion, sect, race or caste. That’s why India is considered as
salad bowl where all the cultural identities are distinctly preserved and conserved unlike the USA which is
considered as melting pot where all the distinct cultures have been assimilated in one American way of life.
A unique feature of the Indian civilization has been a complex interplay of elements of diversity and the
underlying bonds of unity which becomes evident when seen in the regional context. The Unity and diversity
of India are not opposites which can grow only at each other’s cost. They are symbiotically linked and support
and sustain each other. Any attempt to over emphasis any one at the cost of the other will disturb this
delicate balance. Hence, in social geography of India, there is a symbiotic relationship between the
centripetal and centrifugal forces producing a delicate balance of unity in diversity.
The Centrifugal forces were generated by the requirements of different ecosystems and man’s interaction
with them leading to region specific responses to varying landscape eg. Transhumance Gujjar herdsman in
the Pirpanjal range, the Moplah fisherman of the Malabar coast.
HOW GEOGRAPHY HAS CONTRIBUTED IN THE DIVERSITY OF INDIAN SOC IETY
The physical features of India its climate, mountains, hills forests, harsh climate of desert, cost lines, river
etc. have always influenced the course of its political, social and economic history. They go a long way in
moulding the life and character of the people. The culture of India cannot be understood without a careful
study of its physical features. Geographical features have provided a splendid isolation from the other
civilization and culture. Whereas, Internal Geographical diversity of the climate and physiographic have also
shaped Indian Society in different ways.
1. THE GREAT HIMALAYAS IN THE NORTH
The impenetrable Himalayan range in the north has practically isolated India from Tibet, China, Central Asia
and South East Asia. But at the same time these mountain ranges are pierced by many (Khyber, Bolan &
Gomal) passes thus forming the only gates of India . This northern wall has not been used by immigrants or
invaders due to the high elevations thus has given the continuity to the Indian civilization.
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These openings have offered an easy access to the Aryans, Persians, Turks, Mongols etc. into Indian Plains.
These mountain passes/ gateways were not only mere gates of expedition, invasion and conquest but they
fostered also a more pacific intercourse with the outside world.
The mountain roads from Nepal to Tibet have carried for ages peaceful missionaries of culture and religion
the pious pilgrims and the peaceful traders and constituted highways for the diffusion of Indian culture and
civilization through the greater part of the Asiatic continent. The natural frontier of India thus gave security,
but not immunity from invasion and while they ensured definite individuality to her people by separating
them from the rest of Asia, they never isolated them from the rest of the world. This splendid isolation
enabled her to develop peculiarities and special characteristics while constitute the differential ting marks
of a distinct type of civilization and culture.
2. THE GREAT NORTHERN PLAINS

It embraces the valleys of the Indus and its tributaries the sandy deserts of the Rajasthan as well as the fertile
regions watered by the Ganges, the Yamuna and the Brahmaputra. It has been the core of the Indian
continent and played an important part in the evolution of Indian culture. In the valley of the Indus the
earliest civilization of Harappa and Mohen-jo-daro nourished. The river of the Punjab and the Ganga
determined the nature and the course of the Aryan colonization in India. The richness and fertility of land
here also accounted for the multiplicity of big towns, centres of trade and the capitals of the modern and
ancient empires. These plains are the “cradle of Indian civilization and culture. These plains are the birth
place of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism with the centres of Pilgrims; Amritsar, Allahabad,
Varanasi, Sarnath, Bodhgaya, Kushinagar, Patliputra etc at the at the bank of the rivers. The abundance of
leisure and the absence of keen struggle for existence made it always possible for the intellectual people to
devote themselves to the progress of thought and culture.
3. THE RIVER OF INDIA

The heart of historical India is formed by its important rivers which are swollen by the tropical monsoon
rains. These rivers provided political and cultural boundaries. The Eastern part of Indian peninsular, the area
known as Kalinga covering the coastal belt of Odisha was situated between the Mahanadi on the North and
the Godavari on the South. A major part of Tamil Nadu was situated between the Krishna on the North and
the Kaveri on the South. The Chola power was extended between the Vaigai river on the South and Pennar
river on the north.
The Maharashtra can be located between the Tapi River on the North and Bhima on the South whereas
Karnataka seems to have been drained by Bhima and Tungabhadra which eventually drain in Krishna river.
The Chalukyas of Badami and the Rashtrakutas found it difficult to extend their sway to the south of the
Tungabhadra and North of the Narmada.
The River served as arteries of commerce and communication. In the ancient times it was difficult to make
roads and men and material were moved by boat. The river routes, therefore, helped military and
commercial transport. These rivers also provided rich fertile land which were always contested by great
empires.
4. THE DECCAN PLATEAU

The triangular Deccan peninsular is flanked by the Vindhyas and the Satpura in the north, the Sahyadri range
on the west and the Mahendragiri on the East. The dense impenetrable forest of the central India isolated
the southern India from the rest of the country and consequently developed a Dravidian culture and
thought, distinct from the Northern culture. But, in the difficult and troubles times the culture of the North
could always seek refuge in the Deccan. When Buddhism because dominant in the north, Brahminical
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religion and culture made their way to the south and thus, were able to survive and later to regain power
and ascendance in the north. Similarly, the Jains sought refuge in the South. The ancient Deccan kings
patronized great see faring activities. All this was responsible for the diffusion of Indian civilization and
culture throughout East Asian older days.
The forests of the central India and peninsular have offered shelter to the wild primitive tribes who were
deprived of their belonging and driven away from the plains these aborigine tribes like Bhils, Kols, Santhals,
Gonds etc. have maintained their primitive characteristics.
W E WILL DISCUSS THREE MAJOR ASPECTS OF D IVERSITY IN I NDIA

1. Religious Diversity – India is a land of multiple religions; some have originated in her soil and few of them
came from outside.
2. Lingual Diversity - More than 1500 languages and dialects are spoken in India.
3. Racial Diversity – India is a sink of major races of the world and many races with the passage of time have
landed here and made her their abode like Negrito, Mongoloids etc.
4. Cultural Diversity – The Vast geographical diversity of India has given shaped to distinct cultural units and
India is reckoned as the mosaic of cultural landscape.
1. CULTURAL DIVERSIT Y
Culture is the sum total of expression of lifestyle of a population which is expressed through tangible and
intangible forms, such as architecture, dance, music, painting, dress pattern food habits, social institutions
and practices, value system etc.
A culture can be said to be the observable expression of existence of a region. Because of relative
geographical isolation of a region and because of a particular micro – climate and economy of a region the
people from that of another region. This gives rise to different cultures in different regions which of course,
interact with each other’s.
On the basis of language, religion, customs and traditions India may be classified into the following cultural
regions:
1. Ladakhi – Buddhist Cultural region

It is dominated by Buddhist religion and Ladakhi language. The region has many monasteries and sacred
and cultural centres like Leh & Dharamshala & Sikkim.
2. Kashmiri – Muslim Cultural Region

This region covers the valley of Kashmir and Northern Jammu (Doda district) as well as some southern
parts of Ladakh i.e. Kargil. The major religions is Islam and the language is Kashmiri. Sikhs and Hindus are
in minority.
3. Kinnauri – Dev Bhumi Cultural region

It is also known as Dev Bhumi culture and comprises mountains HP and Uttarakhand. The dominant
Languages are Hindi (Pahari – Gashwali & Kumaoni) and Kinnauri. There are numerous religions shrines
like Kedarnath, Badrinath, Haridwar, Rishikesh etc.
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4. Sikh – Gurmukhi Cultural region

It covers Punjab and Chandigarh. The Majority population is of Sikh religion who speak Gurmukhi
language. This region has many Gurudwaras including the Golden temple at Amritsar.
5. Hindu Hindi Cultural Region

It is the traditional heartland of Indian cultural and spread over Bihar, Haryana, UP, MP, Rajasthan and
Southern Parts of Uttarakhand. Hinduism religion and Hindi Language in its many variants are dominant
6. North – East Tribal Region

This region is spread over the North East states of India – Assam, Tripura, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh,
Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland. The region has great diversity in religions, Languages, customs and fold
traditions.
7. Bengali Cultural Regions

It spread over West Bengal and Parts of Jharkhand, Bihar and Odisha is dominated by the Bengali
Language. Dominant religion is Hinduism.
8. Marathi – Hindu Cultural Region

It stretches over MH, Parts of Gujarat, Goa and Some Pars of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka as well. It is
dominated by Hinduism religion and Marathi Language.
9. Peninsular Tribal Hindu Region

It covers the Chotanagpur Plateau. It is spread across parts of Odisha and Chhattisgarh as well.
10. Dravida – Cultural region
It is spread over the Southern states of India. The dominant language is Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and
Malayalam.
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2. RACIAL DIVERSITY
Races are distinguished on the basis of inherited physical characteristics. However, it is rather different to
draw a clear line between the races. Facial features and hair types are now taken to be me best guides to
race. India has a unique assemblage of human race rarely seen elsewhere in the world.
1. The Negritioes
They are probably the earliest arrivals into Indian. They are characterised by short stature (150 cm),
pepper corn or frizzy hair, bulbous forehead, flat nose, slightly protruding jaws, black colour skin, weak
hands and long arms. It is believed that the incursion of proto – Australoids completely wiped out the
evidence of their presence in any region of India. Some tribal groups like Kadars, Poligars, Kanikkars,
Andamanes and Nicobaris (Jarawa, Ongs, Shompen, Sentinelese etc) exhibits some affinity from the
Negrito stock. In appearance, culture and traditions they are very close to the tribes of the Malasian
Peninsular
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2. The Proto Australoids

They probably came from Australia after the Negritoes into the sub-continent. They along with the
Mediterranean are believed to be the builders of the IVC. They are characterised by black Skin colour,
wavy to curly hair, broad and flat nose and everted lips and short stature. They occupy mostly the hilly
and forested tracts of central and southern India. There representatives are found among the Bhils,
Mundas, Santhals, Chenchu etc.
3. Mongloids
Their original homelands were China and Mongolia. They migrated to India through the passes in the
northern and eastern mountains and spread over the Himalayan borderland. They exhibit light brown
skin colour, less body and facial hairs, broad face with protruding /pronounced check bones, slanting eyes
and medium stature. Proto-Mongloids mostly live along the fringes of the Himalaya with major
concentration along the Myanmar border. Their representatives are Nagas, Chakmas Chitgong hills,
Lepcha, Dafla, Goros, Khasis etc.
Tibeto – Mongloids live in western Himalayan and trans-himalayan regions of J&K (Ladakh), HP
(Kinmauris) UK (Jharus), Nepal Sikkim Bhotias, Gurkhas.
4. The Mediterraneans:
They have come from South West Asia in three stages during the third and the second millennium B.C.E.
They had fairly high level of civilization and were considered to be the bearers of the earliest form of
Hinduism in the Country. They were pushed into the area south of the Vindhyan mountain in relative
isolation. This ethnic stock is represented by the Tamil and Telugu Brahmins and the Nairs. They
introduced metal or bronze cultures (2500 – 1500 BCE) and were the builder of IVC. Today they constitute
bulk of the population of the lower castes throughout northern India and the upper castes in the central
and Southern India. They also represent Namboodiri Brahmins of Allahabad and Bengal. Oriental
Mediterranean’s have limited distribution and are represented by Punjabi, Khatris and Rajashthan
Banias.
5. The Nordics: -
Also known as Vedic Aryans are last one to come to India from the NW around 2nd millennium BCE. Their
physical features include long stratus, well built body, long forehead and face, fair to wheatish
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complexion. They are predominant in NWFP of Pakistan, Punjab, Haryana, RJ and the upper castes of
Rajputas and Brahmins in Uttarakhand
3. LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY
India is a country of heterogeneous ethnic and social groups which have their own language and dialects.
The reasons for a high degree of diversity in Indian languages and dialects can be traced to the intermingling
in India of heterogeneous ethnic groups drawn from the neighbouring regions. Initially, these languages and
dialects are developed in different regions of the country in a state of isolation. These languages and the
dialect thus play a significant role in defining the elements of regional identity. After independence the
linguistic reorganisation of states has given a new politics meaning to the geographical pattern of the
linguistic distribution in the country. According to 1961 census there were 1652 language spoken by different
sections of the Indian society. 24 languages have been mentioned in the eight schedules of the constitution.
The languages spoken by the people of India belong to four language families.
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1. Indo European Family (Aryan):

These languages are spoken a sizeable population (73%) of the country. Although these language are mainly
concentrated in the plains of India but their domain extends over the peninsular plateau also, reaching upto
Kankan coast. Hindi is the principal language of this group and is spoken by 40% of the Country is population.
It is spoken in HR, RJ, UP, Bihar, MP, JH, HP, UK and Delhi. The Himalayan and sub-himalayan areas are
inhabited by speakers of the various form of Pahari Nepali.
Urdu is similar to Hindi and is Popular in UP, Bihar, Delhi, AP and Karnataka. Sindhi is mainly concentrated in
western India. Marathi is the Most important language of the Southern group of the Indo –Aryan family.
Bengali, Odisha and assumes represents the eastern group in the states of West Bengal, Odisha and Assam
respectively.
2. Dravidian Family (Dravida)

These are spoken by 21% of the country’s population and are concentrated in the plateau region and the
adjoining coastal plains. Telgu is spoken in Andhra, Tamil in Tamil Nadu, Kannada in Karnataka and
Malayalam in Kerala. Dravidian languages are also spoken by the Gonds of MP and Central India and the
Oragons of the Chotanagpur Plateau. The Dravidian language are less diverse than the other language
families of India.
3. Austric family (Nishada)

These languages are spoken by 1.4% of total Indian population this family include mainly tribal language and
dialects of the central tribal belt (Munda, Santhali) Khasi and Jaintia hills of Meghalaya and Nicobar Islands
(Khasi and Nicabari).
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4. Sino Tibetian Family (Kirata)

The language and dialects of this groups are spoken by the tribal groups of the NE and of the Himalayan and
sub Himalayan region of the North and NW. This family is divided into 3 main branches.
a. Tibeto Himalayan - Tibetan, Ladakhi , Lahuli, kashmiri, Lepcha.
b. North Assam - Dafla, Abor, Miri, Mishmi.
c. Assam Myanmar - Bodo, Naga, Kuki, Myanmar etc.
On the basis of the principles India may be divided into 12 linguistic regions; Kashmiri, Punjabi, Hindi, Bengali,
Assamese, Odhiya, Gujarati, Marathi, Kannada, Telegu, Tamil, Malayalam region. These linguistic regions are
well corresponding with the states of the Indian union. Despite this linguistic diversity Sanskrit during ancient
period, Persian during medieval period the modern period act assam link language helping he cause of
national integration and unity.
PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE SPEAKING DIFFERENT LANGUAGES IN INDIA AS PER CENSUS OF
2011.
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4. RELIGIONS DIVERSITY
Religion can be used as a basis for identifying cultural regions. A religion is characterized by its own set of
beliefs, concepts, values, myths and symbols. It refers to sacred objects and places, images, writings, rituals
and experiences all of which represents a group identity and cultural affinity. The interaction between
religion landscape is significant therefore, religion emerges as in important basis for demarcation of cultural
regions. India is a Multi –ethnic land of diverse religions. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism emerged
here. While Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Zoroastrianism have come from the outside.
According to 2011 census, about 80% of the total population of India is Hindu by faith. They are
predominantly distributed throughout the country, but in few areas, like the Kashmir valley, Punjab, parts of
Kerala, Mizoram, Nagaland and Meghalaya they are in minority. It is one of the religions of the world. It is
polytheistic religion; Proportion of Hindu is highest in HP (95%) and lowest in Mizoram (3.5%)
Muslims account for 14% of the country’s Population and are well spread out in the country, but their
concentration is high in (Sunni muslims are more in no.) J&K, Kerala, Bengali, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and
Assam. There has a constant in the % age share of Muslims fromm 10.7% in 1961.
Christianity is a universal religion which has the largest number of followers in the world. It came to India
in 1st century C.E. in Kerala, which constitute 30% of the total Christian population in India. They have high
number in Andhra, Tamil, Karnataka. The Population is significant large in Nagaland (90%), Mizoram (87%),
Meghalaya (70%) Manipur (34%) Goa (27%), AP (18.7%). Christianity (2.34%)
Sikhs they constitute 1.7% of the total population of the country. They are the largest religions community
in Punjab (60%) Chandigarh (16%), Haryana (5.5%) and Delhi (2.5%)
Buddhist Constitute 0.77% of the country’s population. Nearly 80% of the Buddhist live in MH other states
with sizeable % age of Buddhist are Sikkim (28%) AP (13%), Mizoram (8%) Tripura, Himachal and J&K (Ladakh)
India is a homeland of Jainism which is a minority religion (0.4%) and has no perceptible following in other
countries. Majority of them are concentrated in MH, RJ, GJ, Delhi. It is mostly a business community mostly
inhabiting the urban areas of the country.
Parsis are the followed of Zoroastrianism and was the dominant religion during the peak of Persian empire.
About 80% of the Parsi Population is concentrated in greater Mumbai, Surat, Ahmedabad. They population
is decreasing at an alarming rate.
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UNITY IN DIVERSITY
1. Geographical Unity - From the ancient time the entire land is called by a single name that is Bharatvarsha.
This very name is given to the whole country in the Epics and the Puranas. The term is not associated with
only geographical continuity but also political unity. Even, today this geographical unity is reinforced by the
conception of common motherland – Bharatmata.
2. Religious Unity - There is an undercurrent of religious unity among the various religious sects in the
country. The worship of vishnu and shiva though under different names is as widespread in the north as in
the south. The ancient epics, the ramayana and Mahabharata are studied from north to south. The stories
of Rama and Krishna are sung in unison and devotion from the Indo-Gangetic plains to the kaveri plains in
the far south. The cow, the vedas, the Gita and the puranas and other scriptures are respected equally
throughout this country. The religious shrines and sacred places are scattered equally all over this country
Badrinath, Jaggant puri , Rameshawaram and Dwarka are among the prominent one.
3. Political and Administrative Unity - Time to time different rulers have brought the entire subcontinent
under the aegis of single political empire like Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samundra Gupta and
established their suzerainty over the entire India. Even in medieval ages Allaudin and Aurangzeb sought to
established their lordship over the whole country. The Mughals created an imperial system which deepened
the conception of oneness of rule and sameness of political experience with centralized administration
system, uniform laws and common coinage and one official language – Persian, extensive roads etc. At the
time of British rule, the concept of political unification emerged to make India free from the clutches of the
British colonial empire. After independence India adopted democratic system of politics which demands
political unification at all its levels.
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4. Cultural Unity - In spite of different languages, customs and political disunity, a uniform cultural stamp
was printed upon the literature and thought of all the different units of India. The thread of spirituality has
tied India for long which is the underlying cornerstone beneath all aspects of diversities across this
subcontinent. The cultural unity and homogeneity are also reflected in the social ceremonies and the
religious rites- Sanskars, festivals and the modes of life which are same in both north and the south. The
festivals such as Diwali, Dussehra and Holi are celebrated throughout the length and breadth of this country.
5. Constitutional Arrangements: The entire country is governed by one single Constitution. Even, most of
the states follow a generalised scheme of 3-tier government structure, thus imparting uniformity in national
governance framework. Further, the Constitution guarantees certain fundamental rights to all citizens
regardless of their age, gender, class, caste, religion, etc. Moreover, concept of Federalism and Linguistic
organization of the states further strengthen this unity amidst diversity.
6. Religious co-existence: Religion tolerance is the unique feature of religions in India due to which multiple
religions co-exist in India. Freedom of religion and religious practice is guaranteed by the Constitution itself.
Moreover, there is no state religion and all religions are given equal preference by the state. The Secularism
model of India including Freedom to profess religion and religious practices which is guaranteed by the
Constitution itself. Moreover, there is no state religion and all religions are given equal preference by the
state.
T HREATS TO I NDIAN UNITY IN DIVERSITY
1. Regionalism: It tends to highlight interests of a particular region over national interests. It can adversely
impact national integration, law and order situation and peace and harmony in the society. For example:
Bodoland movement, Greater Nagalim demand, Gorkhaland issue etc.
2. Communal and Divisive politics: Sometimes, identities like caste, religion, region etc. are used by
politicians in order to garner votes. This type of divisive politics can result in violence, feeling of mistrust and
suspicion among minorities.
3. Regional Developmental imbalance: Uneven pattern of socio-economic development, inadequate

economic policies and consequent economic disparities can lead to backwardness of a region. Consequently,
this can result in violence, waves of migration and even accelerate demands of separatism. For example:
insurgency problem in North East region is largely associated with economic backwardness in the region.
4. Inter-religious conflicts and communal tensions

Continuing conflicts over language, caste identity, and pervasive inequality posed threat to Indian unity.
5. Inter-state conflicts over sharing of resources specially sharing of water resources. For example: Cauvery
Water dispute between Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.
P REVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
1. What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss.
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2. Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with examples.
3. In the context of diversity of India, can it be said that the regions form cultural units rather than the
States? Give reasons with examples for your viewpoint.
4. The spirit tolerance and love is not only an interesting feature of Indian society from very early times,
but it is also playing an important part at the present. Elaborate
5. Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance in building
a national identity.
6. Has the formation of linguistic States strengthened the cause of Indian Unity?
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SALIENT FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIETY

HOW GEOGRAPHY HAS CONTRIBUTED IN THE DIVERSITY OF INDIAN SOC IETY

1. THE GREAT HIMALAYAS IN THE NORTH

2. THE GREAT NORTHERN PLAINS

3. THE RIVER OF INDIA

4. THE DECCAN PLATEAU

W E WILL DISCUSS THREE MAJOR ASPECTS OF D IVERSITY IN I NDIA

1. Ladakhi – Buddhist Cultural region

2. Kashmiri – Muslim Cultural Region

3. Kinnauri – Dev Bhumi Cultural region

4. Sikh – Gurmukhi Cultural region

5. Hindu Hindi Cultural Region

6. North – East Tribal Region

7. Bengali Cultural Regions

8. Marathi – Hindu Cultural Region

9. Peninsular Tribal Hindu Region

10. Dravida – Cultural region

2. The Proto Australoids

1. Indo European Family (Aryan):

2. Dravidian Family (Dravida)

3. Austric family (Nishada)

4. Sino Tibetian Family (Kirata)

T HREATS TO I NDIAN UNITY IN DIVERSITY

3. Regional Developmental imbalance: Uneven pattern of socio-economic development, inadequate

4. Inter-religious conflicts and communal tensions

P REVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss.

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