TRIANGLES

HANDWRITTEN NOTES
(Previous Year Questions included)
\ /

\
-

Designed with tar .

Shobhit Nisman
 ①

Basic Proportionality Theorem (BPT )

THEOREM - I

↳ line is drawn side of

If a
parallel to one
triangle
a
sides
to intersect
divided in
the other two
sides in distinct points ,
then the other two are the same ratio .

(Also called Thales Theorem)

Given :
-
A A ABC in which a line DE parallel to BC intersects AB at D and AC at Eg
A
i. e.DE/lBC .

Tote :
ADIB AI
-
=
F

D
?f
Construction: -

Join BE and CD .
and draw C-FLAB , DG LAC -
-
-

--
-
-
-

Proof :
-

know Area of Ix base

-

we D=
height
-
x B
- -

c
-
-

ara.Y.a.is#=E:::IIII=Efs-zo:aa:Y.a.zets- ¥::%÷=a± -
⑦

Since g
DBDE and D DEC stands on same base and between same parallel Deandre .

: art DBDE) o
= ar ( DDE C) -

Now , from ② g & ,

we
get
t.FI#IIuemebroove.d
K' B I both sides
→
Adding ,
FIB + I =

AE + L

ADITI =

Affect I,Aff=A£Tf
-

similarly ,

THEOREM 2
[ converse of BPD
-

↳ line divides
If a
any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio , then the
line must be parallel to third side .
A
Given : A DABO and a line Ef
intersecting AB at D and Al at t
such that
ftp.B-AI ②
-

D -
-
-
-
→

Ff
To#or DE Il BC
construction : -

Draw DF HBC intersecting AC at . F.

or Let us assume that in BABC DE is not B C

, parallel to BC .

but
'

we constructed of 11 Bc .

applying BP 7g
Ajay Api =
-

⑦
from ② A
Afdc Api
= -
 ②

sides in
adding I both
g

FI +d
Affect 1 AE.jo#=Af-FC-
=

FC

EI =

Aff ffC=fI
say point E and coincides coincides with
Thus , we can f i. e -
Df DE .

DE ABC
Hence
Boomed
,
.

Hence
-
-

* HI theorems # generally #
Type # Et maid a# For
TYPE #L : Unknown side length Hh1# I the aft 9¥; like : A

LPI In the
I given figure DEHBC . If AD -3cm , DB Yang AE
A
- -
- =
gfindfc
6cm .

D E
[CBSE 2016J

3¥
soj Given: DEH BC -

B c

by BM
,
FIB Aff =
Cas De %
p
3- # = EC =
-8cm
←

LIE In DPQRGSTHQR , =

f-
and PR 28cm -
-

,
find PT
s y

fol : Given HOR

Eggs =3
ST PR -28cm
, g g
a R
.

PT = ?
by BPI ( as Sellar) g
Pass Pty
=

3128-177=57
It pP¥ of zP÷p
= =

, ,
84=5 PT -13107
PT =
20.50mg
TYPE # 2 : Thet Results Pro ore AHH IT HTT BPH converse til use ; like :

LPL : In a trapezium show that line drawn parallel to the parallel sides of the
, any
trapezium , divides the non parallel sides -

proportionally . [CBSE 20113

SOI : Given : A trapezium ABCD g AB HDC and EFHAB A -
.
B

topee : Affj Eff ?

'
-
- s E * F
-
.

-
.

c
construction
-

: Join AC to intersect C- fat G .

D

Proofs : since AB Il DC and ABHEF

To EFHDC
Now
,
in DADC .

by BPT
A÷= Agt -
② f : EFHDC)
similarly for DABO ,
Caffe LIB -_ or
Aff Bff
-
- -
⑤
 ③

from ② k⑧ we get
gamepad
.

LII
: In the
given figure ,
BABO and DDBC have same base BC and lie on the same side
of Bb If .

PQHBAand PRHBD , then prove that QRHAD .

A D [CBSE 20153
-
-
- - - - -
-
-
- - - -

Q
R
- - - - - - - - - -
- -
-

B p a

Sdl 's given : DABC and DDBC have same base BC and lie on same side of BC .

Totoro re : OR HAD
construction : Join QR and AD .

Proof: by Ipg Cada t POHAB) -20

-
BPT g =
'

&
¥3 CARD t PRI IBD)
'

=
.

from ② 4④ ,
we
get Aaa LTS -

so ,
by converse of BPI
10RHAIfeemePwYd
Similar Triangles [symbol )
I
→ n
p
↳ Two said to be similar if
triangles :
-

are
-

gifting.gg:9/EnnaY:ngYsfdYskasoeaYrop9ttafonae .
B " " ca " " r

i.e .
In DA BC and DPQR if LA = LP LB -

Ld LC=LR -

②
g

}MmIpt
-

, g
and
gtfo =

Bff =

FIR -

then POR
'ABC ~ D .

convexlyGtf AA Bc rasper ,
Lc LR and
LA =L P g LB La
Apba Bday Apfa
- -
-
= =
, ,

# 314T TUT entail ② HTT condition check that ETTY -

tret ! Staten
CRITERIA FOR SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES 46¥ lifted THT 311419 IT TIPI I

4) AAA similarity criterion : -

A
D
In two
triangles , it corresponding angles are
equal , then their

corresponding sides are In the same ratio ; i.e .

they are proportional

and hence the two triangles .

i. e Tf LA = LD LB Lf and LC LF

}
-
.
= -

g
Hence , BABU DDEF B f
then c f
ft Afp = =

PEE
 ⑨

K' B zH¥FhItf af corresponding angle of

equal
# # sit similar
triangle et.at# called
A- A similarity criterion (: Angle som Property) (More explanation in lecture on our Yt channel)
'

(2) SSS similarity criterion : - A

D
It in two triangles ,
sides of one
triangle are
proportional lie In .

ratio) to the sides of other

the same
triangle , then their
corresponding angles are equal and hence the two are
triangles
similar B E
.

c E
P if
e
Apte Eff Effy }
- .

= =

Hence, DABCNDDEF
then , LA =
LD g
LB= LE g
k LF
-

K' B AAA and Sss AT 91¥ GHA & converse # if It, : . et AIT ② *④ Hit
check that at Eid HIEI
A
D
(3) SAS Similarity criterion :
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of other

triangle and the sides indudingtheseangks_ are

proportional then the two triangles are similar

, .

B c E F
Fe Ff ALI Aff and LA LD
.
=
-

then , DA BCN DDE F

LII CD and GH are respectively bisector of LA CB and LEG f such that

the
D and f lies on sides AB and FE of DABC and DEFG respectively If
. .

EG then show that :

DABC N Df

cis DDCBNDHGE dis Eius

Eff =A£g DD CAN DHGF F
A

set : -

Given A ABC ~
DFE G D
H

Io LA =L f LB = LE and LACB =
Lf GE
g
CD and bisectors
since GH are
angle B CE
g
ooo LD CB =
LHGE and LACD =L f GH
So , DAC D DFGH (AA rule)
'

similarly , DDCBNLHGE CAA rule)

-
Bst proved
jig proved
Now, for D ACD and DFGH LACD =L FGH
c¥=A and

Hence , DD CAN DHGF ( SAS rule) -

Eiiisrdprooved .

K3B Types of questions :

-

o
simply at Triangles similar tha tf HH EIHT Et DF Ignis att at IIT stem
criterion tot af I

o HHT TTT anglefide # value teeth idgaf angles til equal prove till ¥ Hot 4T sides ko proportional
prove tht tf Holt ate It if simply Triangles similar tht prove UT find that Htt htt
 ⑤

¥2: shadow am on the ground and at

A veotide pole of length
tower casts
Gm cast a
shadow 28M
long
the same time a a
⑧ long
side tf valve Lqt
Height of tower ? !
.

A
Lol : Let AB be

( PEE ,Ef*¥ )
and CD be pole
tower .
→

shadow of AB B BE and shadow of is DF

Eso 't similar c
.

tt
As we know , the light
rays from sun will fall on
tower and pole at same angle and at same time .

So , LDCF =L BAE
LDFC =LBEA 7 7
D F B E
LCDF =
LABE (tower and pole are vertical to ground)
ooo BABE N
DCDF (AAA rule)
Sog AI = BI
CD DF

ooo
Alfa =

2yd A- 13=42 height of tower =

42mg .

Areas of similar Triangles

↳ theorem: The ratio is equal to the square of the ratio of
of the areas of two similar triangles A
their corresponding sides .
p

aa.ria.az#=HBaHErt--KaaT
B C 9 R
XY is parallel to side AC of DABC A
E : In the given figure ,
line segment ×
and ft divides the triangles into two parts of equal areas .

find AI °

AB
B c

Lol :-
Since XYHAC ,
LBXY =L BAC
(corresponding angles )
Y

L BY #Bca
o
: A ABC NDXBY CAA rule)
As we know the ratio
, of two similar triangles is equal to the
square of the ratio of
their
corresponding sides .

i.
aar.Y.EE#=HxFs5 ②
-

Mtg
a¥fgA_×B¥ 2g ④ (
= -
°o° ATO
gas @ ABC)
=
EarlDXB'D
)
from ② a ④ '

9,73 Ey
faffs) I
-

g = -

org
ABABAX I-
=

AB = IAB -
EAX
(J2 DAB - =
FAX
AI
AB
=

TIZI or IE
Z
f .
 ⑥

¥2 : prove that the area of the equilateral

triangle described on the side of an
isosceles right angled triangle is half the area of equilateral triangle described
.

on its hypotenuse .
E

sat : Let ABCD be a square of side a To Ea .

diagonal - a
a

Aed , two desired triangles are formed as BABE and DDBF a

a
B
.

As we know all
angles of equilateral triangles are 60 .

Fa
BABE N BBFD ( AAA Rule)
'

- a a
%
.
.

As we know the ratio

, of two similar triangles is equal to the
square of the ratio
their
corresponding sides a
.
D c
"
( BABE)
(Ffa)
Ea
Io ar =

TEH
a

= I

Pythagoras Theorem and its converse %

AWE It .
perpendicular Is drawn from the vertex of right
a

angle of a right angled triangle to the hypotenuse , then triangles B

on both sides of the perpendicular are similar to the whole D
y
and to each other .

ie it right angled
.

in
right angled DABC , at BGBDLAC
then g Is AADBNDABC A B E
dB DBDC N DABC

Ciii , DADBN DBDC

↳ of theorem pytha theorem tf prove that A tin 3111*1

#
Pythagoras Theorem : In a
right angled triangle square of the ,
the hypotenuse
is equal
to the sum of the squares of the other two sides B .

Gheen: A right angled AABC , right angled at B Yl

To prod : -

ACK AB't BE 1

Construction : Draw BDLAC -

A 17 c

Proof : By above theorem , DADBNDABC

- -
② D

and DBDCNDABC -
⑤
from ② AAIB AIN =

ABE AD AC - -

①
from ④ Dfg =B€
BCI DC AC
-

-130
adding ① and ⑨ ACCADTDC)
-
Now AB't BC =

'
AB + BE = AC AC -

IABZ-BCKAC.TT
-
Roared
Hence A
 ⑦

Theorem : In a triangle , if square of one side is equal to sum

# Converse of
Phythagoras
-

of the squares of the other two sides , then the angle opposite to first side is right angle .

IPI 's In the figure , DABC is drawn such that ADLBC , then show that
AT =
AB't BE-213C BD .
.
( CBSE 20167 -

Self Given : In DABC ,

ADLBC 7

70¥19
B C
ACE AB2tBC- 2B C BD -
D

Pntof 's In DADC g

I;E=AD2tDC2 by pytha ( )
A- DE AE Do ② -
-

BD't AD
pytha)
'
( by
'
In D ABD g AB =

⑤
'
AD! AB -13132 -

from ② 9
' ' '
AC - DC ←
AB -
BD
'

A C' = ABIDE -
BDZ

further AB't CBC

' '

,you
At =
-
BD) - BD

fog
explavisit
nation
YT ACK ABZTBCZTBDZ 2. BC BD B D2
our
- -
-

Act ABZTBCZ-213C BD -

Proved
can
channel Hence
-

LII : In an isosceles right angled D.gif hypotenuse is 552 ,then find the length of
the sides of triangle . CCBSE 2015T
Sdf: -
A AB -
BC C : Isosceles D)
'
-
②
by pythag
'
=
552 Now AE = ABZ + BC
A- a = ZABZ (from
7
(5542=2 AB
'
B " C

A- BE 25 IAB=5cmT
→
# 3¥ # tis Itta Isf in right angled triangle , HT tht et Right
'

et side
k3B at
D # tacket equation prove a# FIAT att Irf IIHF square # terms of
angled
( like in LPL above) .

; 541917T suet af Hink Fadil Pythagoras Theorem MT use

etat fi

AB THODE SAWAI KARLO

t
 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
2020
④ Given DABO -
DPQR , if ABIPQ -
-
43 then
aagfg¥BI, =
?

④ In a
triangle , it square of one side is equal to the ¥the
squares of the other two sides then prove that the ,
angle opposite
to first side is
right angle
aretz : we know that area of similar triangles are equal to the
proportion of the squares of proportional sides .

So ,
aayfft.ae =

Apj .
=

I
←

an Given :
In DABC, DEHAC
To
BI Bpf
:
peeve =

solution : A ABC HAC

BIA Bff
In DE so
②
f.
from
=

②e
, g
-

DABP g DC HAP
In
Rydz Bcg Bff Beep
Henceforth
g = =

ans or Cliven : LD = LE
,
which means AE- ED .

7573 AEC
-

as A D= A E : . DB

Now ADT DB = AETEC

g
AB AC - - Io DA BC Ps an isosceles d .

Given : ABC is triangle

-

ans o
a
ACE AB't Be
To pave : 43=900
construction: construct a DPQR right angled at 9 such that , Pa AB and QR -43C
- .

Poyet : -
In DPQR
,
PRI Pce' + ORL ( by pytha)
as AB Pa and QR BC
- = .

I . PR2= ABZTBCZ -

②
 A- E- AB
' '
⑤ (
t BC -

given )
from ② & ④ ,
we have ACE PR
'

→ ACE PR -

Now ,
in DABC and DPQR
AB=pQ
Bc = OR
AC -
PR (from)
DPQR ( congruency)
:O DABC I
by SSS
is
by CPCT g
LB=LQ
Ld 900

pqnuethord
-

43=900 .

2019 AB AD + BD H2 3cm

goings
-

- = -

→ Also , DEHBCC given)

LADE = LABC -

② (corresponding angles)
In DA BC and DADE

LA - LA (common)
LABC = LADE ( by③)
AA rule)
: -
4ABc~ DADE ( by
↳ Now , AHDABC)
a¥e5FTn55
'

↳ theorem (Pg 6)
-

f) I
Pythagoras -

2018

Is NCERT Question .

Is Pythalpg -6 )

⑥ Given
aagffttpBY-g-f.BG
' ABC Dear &
ans
Afg I so ,
-
= s

¥2 f
t
 A P

amf⑦
B C d R

Given DABCNDPQR , Arlo ABC) -

ar IDPQR)
To
prover DABC ⇐ DPQR
ask.at:7, Hati Bata
.ae#l:s:ual: eotna::aotot:: :Y:n: asgno'9
.
- -

But arlAAB#
,
as
given ,
=L
AND peer)
=P A
'
AB
=P¥j
-

' '
→ Bl =
OR = OR
By

Ofi
→ ACE =
PR

o
:
By SSS
congruence axiom ABC EPQR
Hewett'oYd A

2016
D E
value of X .

8- In DABC , right angled at B ,

prove ACZZAB .
B C

② Dell BC by thales the08mg

FIB Afc
In DABC , so =

(AD) ( EC ) =
CAE) ( DB)
n ca -
L) =
@ 2) Cut 2)-

R2 -
K = 22-4
⑧ Given : DAB Cg 43=90 2=91
T o
To Pave : ACE ZABZ
Now , by Pythagoras theorem AB't BC 'EAC2
g
by isosceles triangle property g
AB = BC
( : AB -43C)
r
'
Sog A# + AB AC
ooo 2A BE AC
2

Proved
Flume←

⑤ As BABE is right angled triangle ,

CAEJE 't
CAB) @E)
2
-

③
similarly ,
DDBC is
right angled B .
 So
,
EDIE ④ D)
'
t ( BC)
'
-

⑤
On adding 9. ② d ④ '
fagot ftB) 2+4342-143135+4302
Z

CAE)
'
t (CDT (AB't Ba) t ( BEZ + BDD
- -

In ACK AB 't BC
'
D ABC
g
In DDB DEZ BE 't B D2
Eg
-
=

putting values of in
CAEJ-ICCDY-f-ACDTCDeyunwpmfl.tl
④ Join A to midpoint of BC at D .

So ⑤
E D= BE
# BC
= -

④
-
In DA ED g AE = AD't EDL -

A 132 BD2
'
In DABD , AD ⇐ -
-

Putting value of A- D2 from into ⑤ AE

'
-
ABZ -
BD
'
+ fD2=AB2 -

(BI)'t FBI)2
@ BD -

E) BC and C- D=
# BC from 20 )
so we
get ftbAEZ.BA#
-