Project Kalchas:

computer application development

measurement of biodata patien
with the help of smart beds and IoT
devices
 Contents

 The proposed Project Kalchas 3

o The creation team and its action 3

o Data to be exploited 4

 Application of new technologies in care 8

o Cloud technology 8

o Internet of things 10

o Big Data and biomarkers 12

 The application to be developed 16

o Operating mode 16

 The operation of the algorithm 16

o Technical characteristics 17

 Data collection 18

 Data Analysis 18

 Data categorization 18

 Search for templates 19

  Searching for external sources 19

 Final forecasts 19

 Evaluation system 19

o Advantages of patient care planning 20

 Personalized care 21

o Bibliography 25
 1. The proposed Project Kalchas
1.1 The creation team and its action
The company BEELIVE HEALTH IKE was founded in February 2020 with
headquarters in Heraklion, Crete, shortly before the appearance of the Covid-19
pandemic in our country. The main goal of the company is to be active in
supporting innovation in the field of Health. The company is focused on the
introduction and development of advanced technology products through the use
of 5G, IoB (Intenrnet of Bodies) and IoT (Intentet of Things) technologies.
In collaboration with EXASOLUTIONS LTD based in Heraklion, Crete,
which is active in the field of high technology and the production of applications
and software, the team of "Project Kalchas" was created.
The people of "Project Kalchas" focus on finding solutions in the field of
healthcare through the use of innovative technologies, while taking care to
respect the vision for the harmonious combination of technology and science
based on human supply.
The team aspires to gain a remarkable position in the Greek market
through technological medical applications and medical technology products,
which are considered capable of making our lives better. Today more than ever,
telemedicine and the combination of digital applications and healthcare are
called upon to provide solutions, to facilitate health professionals but also to
contribute to the proper management of healthcare.
In the current 2021, the team of "Project Kalchas" began to focus on the
development of an innovative stand-alone application, which receives data
generated by the Vitalerter system and IoT & IoB systems in general in order to
predict a series of serious chronic diseases . It is recalled that the Vitalerter
system collects data on the health status of patients during their treatment
through the use of motion sensors. In fact, the Vitalerter system, in addition to
the function of real-time alerts and the monitoring and display of vital
measurements of the patient intact, has the ability to record data 24/7, ie every
day for the whole twenty-four hours.

The members of our team are:

  Skouras Panagiotis - BeeLive Health Visioner
 Kondaxakis Georgios - Computer scientist CSD UC EXA SOLUTIONS
 Giannakopoulos Dimitris - Computer scientist CSD UC EXA SOLUTIONS
 Dr. Karabetsos Dimitrios - Manager of Neurosurgery (PAGNI)
 Dr. Mpenas Dimitrios MD-Cardiology Medical School,ATTIKON Hospital

 Grigoraki Stella - Software engineer ai / ml expert

 Flouri Eirini - BeeLive Health PC CEO

1.2 Data to be exploited

More specifically, the data collected concern heart rate variability (HRV -
HeartRateVariability), heart rate volume (SV - StrokeVolume), respiration rate (RR -
RespirationRate), heart rate (HR - HeartRate), movement (Move ) and the relaxation
(Relax) of the patient using the smart bed.
According to the latest research of the medical community, the HRV index
plays an important role in helping to predict heart, neurological and other diseases
and in combination with the rest of the data recorded by the system could give very
useful conclusions for the development of health of a patient. To be precise, the
heart rate variability index (HRV) provides an indirect picture of the disorders that
can develop in the human autonomic nervous system. The index is also able to
determine the chances of a person being at risk for cardiovascular disease and
developing a related condition (Cygankiewicz & Zareba, 2013). Simply put, this
indicator is used as a diagnostic tool for possible heart disease. The HRV index is
used by researchers to diagnose the condition of patients with various other
neurological diseases, such as diabetes, stroke, multiple sclerosis, muscular
dystrophies, Parkinson's disease and epilepsy (Hayano & Yuda, 2019). HRV is done
with a special machine placed next to the patient care bed, while the Vitalerter
system incorporates this measurement in the smart bed introduced by our company
in Greece. Younger scientists have linked the need to monitor heart rate variability
with the control of the patient's breathing, gender and age (Koenig & Thayer, 2016)
At the same time, this reduced index has been associated with the development of
inflammation, obesity and psychiatric disorders (Young & Benton, 2018), while some
researchers even link it to the prediction of depression - especially in older patients
(Brown et al. , 2018).
For SV measurement, it refers to the "contraction blood volume" or "pulse
volume" (OP) of the heart. Pulse volume refers to the amount of blood that the
heart pushes each time it contracts, that is, to each pulse. It is the volume of blood in
milliliters that is ejected from each ventricle of the heart, due to the contraction of
the heart muscle that compresses these ventricles. (Magder, 2016). In the average
healthy adult, at rest, this amount is about 70 ml of blood while for an athlete it can
be 160 ml. Many factors can affect the SV. Heart rate (HR) also affects SV. Changes in
HR only adversely affect SV. Hemodynamic monitoring is an essential part of the
perioperative treatment of the cardiovascular patient, of the management of the
patient, when he is in an operating room. This monitoring helps to detect any
hemodynamic lesions, to diagnose their underlying causes and to optimize the
oxygen supply to the tissues. In addition, hemodynamic monitoring is necessary to
assess the adequacy of therapeutic interventions such as tumor growth or vasoactive
drugs (Scheeren & Ramsay, 2019). To date, functional hemodynamic monitoring for
the assessment of cardiovascular failure is performed through a wide variety of
monitoring devices next to the patient's bed (Pinsky, 2015), while the smart and
interactive bed with the Vitalerter system incorporates this measurement. It is worth
noting that when the pulse volume (SV) multiplies by the heart rate (HR = heartrate),
the cardiac output (CO - Cardiac output) results (Geerts, Aarts & Jansen, 2011). CO is
an important element in a patient's course. More specifically, the function of the
heart is to direct blood through the circulatory system into a cycle that provides
oxygen, nutrients and chemicals to the body's cells, while removing cellular waste.
this from the venous system, the amount of blood that returns to the heart
effectively determines the amount of blood that the heart pumps. This is the cardiac
output (CO - Cardiac output) (Kobeetal., 2019). This indicator can be calculated
automatically through the utilization of data collected by smart beds.
Respiratory rate (RR) is an early indicator of normal deterioration and should be
recorded with other vital signs in patients presenting with an emergency in a health
care facility (Parkes, 2011). The researchers emphasize the importance of recording
the respiratory rhythms of patients who present with concomitant heart rhythm
instability (Fleming et al., 2011). However, continuous monitoring of respiration,
although important for predicting a potential disease, is difficult to apply to patients
on an ongoing basis (Lee & Yoo, 2021). This solution is provided by the bed with the
Vitalerter system and IoT devices, recognizing the importance of respiration rate in
terms of patient outcomes, monitoring and documentation of the diagnosis (Rolfe,
2019).

Finally, with regard to HPV, quantification and interpretation of heart rate variability,
simple measurements of the patient's heart rate (HR), movement (Move) and
relaxation (Relax), the Vitalerter system also performs them and records the data.

Having in mind all the above, our company, BEELIVE HEALTH IKE, envisioned the
creation of a stand-alone, cloud-based application, which will use and combine the
above indicators and will produce an individualized result for each patient. For
example, the individual values of HRV combined with the values of RR will be equal
to the result "X", the individual values of RR combined with the values of SV and HR
will be equal to the result "Ψ", and so on. ο.κ.

The team has talked to specialized staff of the company for the production of smart
and interactive beds from Israel and based on what was discussed, the application is
able to connect to the Vitalerter system and receive to store and analyze the
collected data of each patient in real time, ie simultaneously. Our company designs
and creates this application from scratch, therefore, will be able to manage it and
add any kind of extension. For example, it may be possible to connect the application
to the system provided by the official Greek application for verification of European
digital certificates COVID (EU Digital Covid Certificate) and perform the scan of the
proof of vaccination of each citizen. The Covid-19 virus vaccination certificate is
considered a prerequisite for admission to a patient in a hospital in Greece,
according to current legislation (October 2021). The application can also be linked to
Freedom Pass, the vaccination certificate for vaccinated young people aged 15-17.
 2. Application of new technologies in care
2.1 Cloud technology
The application developed by BEELIVE HEALTH IKE is based on cloud
technology, that is, patient data, as well as the results obtained from the
combination of these data, will be stored securely in the cloud, will be accessible by
any user to any part of the country and the world - always guided by the maximum
possible data security and speed of access to it. In addition, in addition to the
analysis that the application will implement, it will be able to be connected live to all
the "smart beds" in Europe, provided that the consent of the Israeli manufacturer
Vitalerter has been given.
In Q1, the first quarter of 2022, the Vitalerter system will be introduced to
the European Union market and the BioPatch, a feature that will measure and store
additional data on the patient's condition, such as temperature, oxygen saturation.
(SpO2) using other IoT devices additional data can be measured and analyzed. The
application planned by our company is going to evolve in parallel with the new data
that will emerge from the BioPatch of the Israeli manufacturer and other IoT & IoB
devices. The application will be simple and easy to use and aspires to be a valuable
ally and tool in the hands of all doctors, health professionals and researchers.
A few words that could successfully describe cloud computing technology
today speak to an ever-changing, evolving computing system that models
"everything as a service." In Greek, the term is rendered as "cloud" or "cloud". Cloud
computing is the distributed computing model that provides computing facilities and
resources to users on demand. The goal of this model is to increase opportunities for
its users, enabling them to access leased infrastructure and software applications
anywhere and anytime (Whaiduzzaman, 2014). Therefore, cloud computing offers a
new type of information and services that expands the brand new vision of
information technology services. Developments in the field of cloud computing are
continuous and make this technology very promising for both cloud users and cloud
providers.
In the cloud, resources are hosted as software, database services, virtual
servers (virtual machines), hardware, complete workflows, or complex
configurations of distributed computing systems and applications for data provision
(Qi et al., 2014). These resources are provided as services and are offered to the
customer by the cloud service provider (CSP = cloud service provider). Therefore, CSP
utilizes cloud services in two forms: service and cloud provider. A cloud provider is
the entity that offers and supports a cloud and can offer internally developed cloud
services. A service provider is an entity that creates and maintains services for
execution and publishing in the cloud (Zhao et al., 2013).
The key features of cloud computing are (Mell & Grance, 2011):

 On the on-demand self-service

 Broad broad network access
 the resource pooling with other tenants
 the rapid elasticity and
 measurement services.
Cloud technology promises many advantages in terms of computing power or
storage capacity, as well as permanent access to resources at any time from
anywhere, high flexibility and scalability of resources. Cloud computing is now used
in several scientific disciplines, such as genomics, protein and molecular medicine,
while other fields of application seem to be under-represented at present, as the
research of Griebel et al. (2015).

Cloud computing in healthcare can help increase the quality of healthcare delivery
and reduce the financial burden on a healthcare system, allowing governments to
address healthcare challenges more effectively in a shorter time than is currently the
case. recent years. Advanced Asian countries such as Japan, South Korea and
Singapore already have many successful examples of how cloud computing can be
used to develop electronic health records databases. Some of these examples are
monitoring real-time health care for the elderly, the genetic database to support
advanced cancer research and treatment, telemedicine as well as innovative
healthcare "towns" and "villages" that support the economy through the medical
industry, tourism and of research (Raghavan, Demircioglu & Taeihagh, 2021).
Another example is that imaging examinations are now being integrated more
quickly into cloud platforms, with the aim of sharing data by physicians and speeding
up the workflow. At the same time, public health administrations use "big data"
techniques to predict and monitor outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as Ebola
(Luo et al., 2016).

Regarding Project Kalchas, the utilization of cloud computing technology by our

company is expected to cover all the security issues that are necessary for the proper
and secure management of patient data, with the main goal of giving a new meaning
to healthcare. . The app will leverage resources and data from smart beds and IoT
devices, introducing health professionals to a new era of holistic care. The complex
infrastructure of the system does not affect its usability by the treating physician.
Instead, it loosens his hands, as he can access patient data and compare it any way
he wants, using on-demand options.

2.2 Internet of things

Healthcare needs a major change and in recent years has embraced a new system,
where patients are constantly monitored on a daily basis. Portable devices based on
wireless sensor networks play a dominant role in this. The Internet of Things (IoT) is
a new example that aims to combine sensors, actuators, machines and people with
the Internet. In the field of health, the IoT has allowed the creation of mobile devices
with widespread use in healthcare.
According to available data, at the end of 2018, 22 billion devices, internationally,
were connected to the Internet, creating what is called the "ecosystem" of the
Internet of Things (IoT). Strategy Analytics forecasts increase the number of Internet-
connected devices to 38.6 billion by 2025 and 50 billion by 2030. The Internet of
Things is one of the top three technological developments of the next decade (along
with mobile Internet and the automation of knowledge work) and is the next big
step in the field of technology. The term "Internet of Things" was coined in the late
1990s by businessman Kevin Ashton. Ashton, one of the founders of the Auto-ID
center at MIT, was part of a team that discovered how to connect objects to the
Internet via an RFID tag.

Now, in care we have available data generated by sensors (Greco et al., 2020) that
are attached to patients, doctors, caregivers, the patient's family or anyone else
interested. However, it is important to design e-health systems that offer the best
Quality of service (QoS) and allow continuous operation by monitoring the patient's
Biosignals to draw critical conclusions. Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of
technologies that operate on a network, to guarantee its ability to reliably execute
high-priority applications and traffic under limited network capacity. QoS
technologies achieve this by providing differentiated handling and capacity
allocation to specific network traffic flows ("What is quality of service? | Juniper
Networks", 2021).

Project Kalchas is developed based on the security of each patient's personal health
data, following all the new trends in the field of "smart" healthcare. Data privacy and
security is a sensitive area that our team intends to handle with great care. The IT
industry already has solutions such as data encryption, detailed access control,
authentication, confidentiality and privacy of data holders (Kibiwott et al., 2019).

2.3 Big Data and BioSignals

A large portion of the medical world speaks of the revolution brought about
by the introduction of the Electronic Health Record in the health systems of many
countries. The growing adoption of such systems worldwide makes it possible to
collect large volumes of clinical data. There is a growing number of articles on the
subject of "big data" and the concepts associated with these articles vary. The next
step is to turn the big data of healthcare into knowledge that can be applied.
"Big data" technologies are increasingly used in biomedicine and IT-specific
healthcare. Large amounts of biological and clinical data have been created and
collected at unprecedented speeds and on a large scale. For example, the new
generation of technologies DNA sequencing allows the processing of billions of data
per day and the application of Electronic Health Records documents large amounts
of patient data (Luo et al., 2016).
In the fields of medicine and healthcare, now, medical practices that focus on
treatment and practices that focus on prevention. This is partly due to portable
devices that are capable of providing patient data analysis. This data can help better
link decision-making to bio-signals. Biomarkers are time-varying measurements of
the human body (Giannakakis et al., 2017). Bio-signal is any signal in living beings
that can be measured and monitored continuously. The term “bio-signal” refers to
bio-electrical signals but can refer to both electrical and non-electrical signals
(Sullivan et al., 2007).

Biomarkers are divided into (Giannakakis et al., 2017):

Ιο Normal (vital body functions) and

 Of course
 Furthermore, the normal signals include the following:
 cardiac activity (ECG)
 blood pressure (BVP)
 brain function (EEG)
 exocrine activity, sweating (EDA)
 breathing
 muscle stimulation (EMG)

while the physical marks include the following:

Κό pupil size, eye movements (blinks)
posture and movements of the head, body and limbs
Του facial expressions and voice.

As modern researchers point out (Joo et al., 2021) all biomarker data has no
meaning on its own. For example, electrocardiogram signals and pulse wave data are
time series data and health status cannot be analyzed using data alone. In this case,
in order to investigate the state of health of a patient, it is necessary to extract
characteristic values by applying an analysis algorithm, suitable for the data. In the
next step, the synthesis of this information can extract values useful for health
professionals.

In addition, due to the fact that the development of bio-signal analysis algorithms is
performed in many languages such as MATLAB and R, the source code conversion
technology is necessary to make the development of the system independent of the
programming language (Joo et al. , 2021).

Thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT), sensors, actuators, machines and humans can
find the internet as a connection point. According to estimates, portable systems
that offer the best Quality of Service (QoS), allow continuous monitoring of the
patient's bio-signal and have a larger battery (Kelati, Dhaou & Tenhunen, 2018). For
example, great strides have been made with the highly sophisticated and relatively
inexpensive portable devices that collect data from sensors during a patient's sleep
and extract information about the patient's behaviors and course. These devices
create large data sets (de Zambotti, 2019). These data provide a strong basis for
individualized treatments for various diseases and pathologies that do not currently
have the components of medical precision (Inomata et al., 2020).

Real-time big data analyzes can be performed on stored patient measurement data,
allowing correlations and extraction of factors comparing the situation between
laboratory tests, physical activity, biomarkers, medical data standards, and clinical
evaluation (Gallos et al., 2019). . For example, evidence has been found that
monitoring biomarkers with mobile devices can predict thyroid dysfunction (Moon &
Steinhubl, 2019).

Health data, through the right synthesis, can now identify and suggest possible
improvements in the provision of healthcare through the application of data mining
methods and statistics while allowing the development of a wide variety of new
applications that will make sense for patients. and medical professionals. The cost of
obtaining and analyzing biomedical data is expected to be dramatically reduced with
the help of technological upgrades and the development of new software. Big data-
based applications will pave the way for the creation of new care methods and the
improvement of the quality of healthcare. The same aspires to succeed, in this
context, Project Kalchas and his team.
The application that will be developed

3.1 Mode of operation

3.1.1 The operation of the algorithm3.1.1

3.2 Technical characteristics

 Project Kalchas focuses on clinical, research software that utilizes Artificial

Intelligence to enable it to recognize the similarities of data stored in a
Big Data system. The ultimate goal of this procedure is for the software to
be able to identify and predict any patient conditions.
 More specifically, the software includes the following sub-functions:
 Data collection
 Data analysis
 Data categorization
 Template search
 Search external sources
 Final forecasts
 Evaluation system
 3.2.1 Data collection
during data generation the software connects to a set of devices based on
the Internet of Things (hereinafter IoT) and monitors the patient's biometric data.
This data is collected on the device and / or in the cloud, depending on the
manufacturer, and entered into the software, in order to be analyzed and classified.
The data can come from certified and non-certified medical devices, while being
evaluated based on their reliability. It is worth noting that the software itself does
not generate its own data at the data collection stage.
3.2.2 Data Analysis

Data analysis is the next step in the sequence of this clinical and research
software. More specifically, the software analyzes all the necessary data of
the patient's condition (eg Heart Rate Variability), in order to lead to a
smaller in size and ready to use result. This process takes place in the
software cloud. This means that the result produced is a new component that
will remain available for expansion into large-scale installations. This process
produces the final information that will be stored in the software database.
3.2.3 Data categorization

After analysis, the data are combined with each other and finally create a
consolidated sample, which can later be matched with other data and data.
This process enables the software to identify (anonymously) a patient with a
wider group of patients who are experiencing similar or similar symptoms. All
this data is already in the database and the software is able to proceed to
categorize patient characteristics. This process is activated by the use of
artificial intelligence and in this way the software becomes able to memorize
the mode of operation during its use, to "learn" and evolve over time. As a
result,
3.2.4 Search for templates

When the template for a specific new patient is now available, the software
starts the process of searching for relevant patient cases in its database. This
mapping takes into account the data selected by the doctor as important and
shows results from previous diagnoses but also from approved predictions -
always guided by the possible diagnosis, which can help and guide the doctor
to make a safe new diagnosis for the new patient.
3.2.5 Search for external sources
In addition to searching internal databases, the software queries
internationally recognized sources for published medical articles that match the
biometrics of the new patient for whom a new search is being performed. In this
way, the software is able to predict diseases that do not exist in its database due to
lack of diagnoses or incidents.
3.2.6 Final forecasts

In the last stage, the doctor is informed about the possible diagnoses for the
specific patient, while correlations are made with possible diseases, with
which the patient can be associated or develop in the future. At this stage,
the doctor is able to record his diagnosis and register it in the system. In this
way the health system is informed about the patient's history, while at the
same time the diagnosis is recorded, so that it is available for possible future
prediction in respective patient cases.
3.2.7 Evaluation system

During the diagnosis, the doctor can evaluate - if he wishes - positively or negatively
the possible diagnoses presented to him by the system depending on whether they
were really helpful in terms of his own diagnosis. In this way, the software becomes
able to check and store the evaluations for each diagnosis and classify them based
on their type. The doctor can also access the diagnoses and evaluations he has
already submitted through the relevant specialized card.

3.3 Advantages of patient care planning

Recent scientific advances and technological advances have brought to the
fore the widespread emergence of new and up-to-date medical devices, with highly
developed built-in control features based on interactivity. Modern medical beds can
now incorporate measurement functions of various health monitoring indicators.
The explosion in mobile technology is part of the "digital health" revolution and
produces many new, highly sophisticated and fairly inexpensive consumer devices
that collect data from multiple sensors and extract information about user behavior -
in this case patients.
The current global market has already shown interest in smart medical beds.
Smart medical beds can provide complete solutions for patient care, assistance and
monitoring, based on a comprehensive, multidisciplinary care design approach.
Smart beds, when integrated into a healthcare system, provide the unique
opportunity for health professionals to work more efficiently (Ghersi, Mariño, &
Miralles, 2018).

Undoubtedly, healthcare needs a major change and must embrace developments in

the field of patient monitoring. In this context, patients will be monitored on a daily
basis, while portable devices based on wireless sensor networks for patient
monitoring are an attractive technological solution for disease monitoring and
prognosis. Now, more than ever, digital medicine has the potential to influence all
aspects of medicine, including disease prediction, prevention, diagnosis, treatment,
and post-treatment management.
3.3.1 Personalized care
Every person is unique and in many ways, so are diseases. The digital
revolution in healthcare provides new ways both to collect high quality data from
each patient and to link it to data from large groups of other patients for analysis
with algorithms based on artificial intelligence. This enables us to reach a deeper
understanding of how to behave in a person. Only then can we see what
distinguishes each of us as an individual and translate it into individualized and -
consequently - improved care for each individual. Real-time data, information
generated by next-generation technology systems, data from mobile devices, mobile
applications and new clinical trials are capable of transforming the future of care.
Real-world data not only helps us understand existing drugs and when to use
them, but can also guide us in developing future therapies. Information coming from
a patient's bed informs researchers and health professionals and vice versa. In turn,
this data pushes healthcare, medicine and the pharmaceutical industry forward.
Early detection of an illness and individualization of treatment are likely to have a
high and positive impact on people's lives and health care providers, ie to improve
people's health and reduce the cost of health services.
Globally, governments are trying to keep healthcare spending sustainable,
while providing equal access to high-quality care. This fact fuels discussions about
what constitutes a valuable health care intervention in a health care system and
what governments are willing to pay for a particular health care intervention. Until
recently, the value of general information in general and the value of specific
diagnostic information were not part of this discussion (Wurcel et al., 2019).
However, investing in diagnostic information can be a pivotal development, as
information can guide personalized health care more effectively and help maintain a
financial health system.

1. Greater personalization of healthcare represents a strong driving

force for innovation and research and for healthcare systems. The
European Union has already paved the way for the issue of
personalized medicine, starting with the Personalized Medicine
(PerMed) initiative launched in 2014 by the European Commission. At
the same time, the International Consortium for Personalized
Medicine (ICPerMed) brings together more than 30 European and
international partners representing ministries, funding agencies and
the European Commission (EC). Together, they work to coordinate
and promote research into the development and evaluation of
personalized medical approaches (International Consortium for
Personalized Medicine - ICPerMed, 2021). Despite efforts, only a
limited number of personalized medical approaches have so far come
a long way from basic biomedical research to clinical application.
However, research efforts in this highly innovative and rapidly
changing field have a promising future.
2. In October 2016, together with international experts in health, public
policy, public health, law and ethics from the European Union, the
United States and Canada, they met in Ickworth, UK, under the
auspices of the PHG Foundation, for to discuss the future of health
and healthcare, with a view at least 15–20 years ahead. The meeting
specifically discussed the benefits and consequences that would bring
to light a greater personalization of health care but also some of the
issues that health policy makers and professionals should consider.
During the meeting, the experts listed the potential benefits and
challenges (Ricciardi & Boccia, 2017):

3. Regarding clinical practice:

 . Improved confidence in clinical decision making

  Bridging the intuitive personalization of medical practice with evidence-based
 medicine
 Rational reclassification of diseases.

4. Regarding patients:

 . Improved results in the course of their health

 Optimization of the benefit / harm ratio for interventions at individual level
through:
 . Reduction of misdiagnosis or unnecessary interventions in patients' health
 . Improved personal autonomy
 Enhance informed decision making
 . Greater customization of services for each patient.

5. Regarding the health systems of each state

 . Greater predictability of future health that allows for more effective

prevention
 Increased effectiveness and efficiency of interventions by targeting more
responsive subpopulations / individuals
 Cost savings
 . More efficient and effective interactions between health systems and
industries

6. As for the social whole

 Normalization of genetics for citizens

 Reducing illiteracy for health in the sense that citizens will be able to be
informed about complex information related to their health (eg disease
prediction through affordable technology)
 A sound social basis for the concept of "equality" of citizens' rights in care
 Encourage patients to create communities to take action and control their
 health or to inform other stakeholders through their actions
 More comprehensive and equitable distribution of health benefits.

Wurcel, V., Cicchetti, A., Garrison, L., Kip, M., Koffijberg, H., & Kolbe, A. et al.
(2019). The Value of Diagnostic Information in Personalised Healthcare: A
Comprehensive Concept to Facilitate Bringing This Technology into Healthcare
Systems. Public Health Genomics, 22(1-2), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1159/000501832

International Consortium for Personalised Medicine - ICPerMed. Icpermed.eu.

(2021). Retrieved 3 November 2021, from https://www.icpermed.eu/

Ricciardi, W., & Boccia, S. (2017). New challenges of public health: bringing the
future of personalised healthcare into focus. European Journal Of Public Health,
27(suppl_4), 36-39. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckx164
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