IoT Applications in Healthcare: Enhancing Patient Monitoring and

Treatment

Introduction

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has ushered in a new era of innovation and
transformation across various industries, none more profound than in healthcare. IoT
applications in healthcare have disrupted traditional patient care models, introducing a
paradigm shift towards personalized, remote, and real-time health monitoring. This
case study delves into the dynamic world of IoT applications in healthcare, examining
how they have reshaped patient monitoring and treatment strategies, enhancing the
quality of care, and contributing to improved patient outcomes.

The merging of healthcare and IoT technologies has given rise to a network of
interconnected devices, from wearable sensors and home-based monitoring systems to
sophisticated medical devices, all dedicated to the continuous collection and
transmission of crucial patient data. These devices have not only empowered patients
with an active role in their healthcare but also enabled healthcare professionals to
monitor patients remotely, transcending the boundaries of traditional healthcare
settings.

In this case study, we embark on a journey through the intricate landscape of IoT
applications in healthcare, exploring their profound impact on patient monitoring,
diagnosis, and treatment. Through a comprehensive analysis, we aim to provide
multiple perspectives on the subject, addressing the benefits and challenges of this
technological convergence. We will also examine real-world case studies and success
stories, illustrating the transformative potential of IoT in healthcare settings.

However, as with any technological advancement, the integration of IoT into

healthcare is not without its share of challenges. Ensuring the security and privacy of
patient data remains paramount, and addressing the associated ethical and regulatory
concerns is an ongoing endeavor.
As we journey through this case study, we aim to uncover the far-reaching
implications of IoT applications in healthcare and explore the future directions in this
rapidly evolving field. By doing so, we hope to shed light on how IoT is
revolutionizing patient care and enabling healthcare systems to provide more
efficient, accessible, and patient-centric services.

Background

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a revolutionary force, transcending

conventional boundaries and profoundly impacting various domains, including
healthcare. In essence, IoT refers to a vast network of interconnected physical
devices, sensors, and gadgets, all equipped with the ability to collect, share, and
analyze data over the internet. IoT's applications extend far beyond enhancing our
daily lives, penetrating deep into the realm of healthcare, where it has unleashed a
wave of transformative potential.

The Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare

The incorporation of IoT into healthcare settings has given rise to what is commonly
referred to as the "IoT in Healthcare" or "Healthcare IoT." This phenomenon
represents a convergence of medical devices, wearable technologies, sensors, and
communication systems, all designed to offer innovative solutions in patient care and
management.

The relevance of IoT in healthcare is multifaceted, driven by several key factors:

 Remote Patient Monitoring: IoT enables real-time and remote monitoring of

patients' vital signs, health parameters, and chronic conditions. Wearable devices
and sensors provide continuous data, allowing healthcare providers to track
patient progress and intervene promptly when necessary.
 Enhanced Diagnostics: IoT devices are being used to collect data for diagnostic
purposes. For instance, smart thermometers can track fever patterns, while
glucose monitors offer insights into blood sugar levels, both of which contribute
to early disease detection and better treatment.

 Improved Medication Management: IoT devices can aid in medication adherence

by sending reminders to patients and notifying healthcare providers when dosages
are missed. This leads to more effective treatment and management of chronic
conditions.

 Efficient Healthcare Operations: Healthcare facilities use IoT for asset

management, inventory control, and tracking the movement of medical
equipment. This not only reduces operational costs but also enhances patient care
through timely access to critical resources.

 Telemedicine and Telehealth: IoT facilitates telemedicine services, enabling

remote consultations and patient-doctor interactions, especially valuable in
situations where physical presence is challenging or impossible.

 Data-Driven Healthcare: The IoT generates a vast amount of patient data. When
analyzed, this data provides valuable insights for healthcare providers, aiding in
decision-making, treatment planning, and predictive analytics.

IoT Devices in Patient Monitoring

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in patient monitoring represents a

pivotal advancement in the healthcare landscape. These devices encompass a wide
array of sensors, wearable technologies, and home-based monitoring systems,
collectively working to transform patient care. In this section, we will delve into the
key IoT devices used for patient monitoring, shedding light on their functionality and
impact on healthcare.
1. Wearable Health Trackers:
Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness bands have become ubiquitous in
our daily lives. In healthcare, they serve as powerful tools for monitoring various
health parameters. These devices are equipped with sensors that track heart rate,
physical activity, sleep patterns, and more. They offer real-time data that individuals
can access on their smartphones, and healthcare providers can remotely monitor
patients' health. These devices are invaluable for early detection of irregularities,
chronic disease management, and general well-being.
Reference: Dobbins, C., & Whitelaw, S. (2019). The use of wearable technology in
healthcare: Benefits and challenges. Journal of Healthcare Communications, 4(3), 4.

2. Continuous Glucose Monitors:

For individuals with diabetes, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems have
revolutionized diabetes management. CGMs consist of a sensor placed under the skin,
providing real-time data on glucose levels. This data is transmitted to a receiver or
smartphone app, enabling users to monitor their blood sugar trends and receive alerts
for potential hypo- or hyperglycemia.
Reference: Prahalad, P., Tanenbaum, M. L., Hood, K. K., & Maahs, D. M. (2018).
Diabetes technology: Developing and implementing innovative applications within
pediatric and adult diabetes care. Current Diabetes Reports, 18(10), 72.

3. ECG and Heart Rate Monitors:

IoT-based ECG monitors allow for remote monitoring of a patient's cardiac health.
These devices, often in the form of patches or wearable sensors, record
electrocardiogram data continuously or on-demand. They are particularly beneficial
for patients with heart conditions, enabling early detection of arrhythmias and other
heart-related issues.
Reference: Kritt, B., Vafai, K., & Grigorie, T. L. (2016). A review of wearable
technologies for the cardiac long-term monitoring. Medical Devices: Evidence and
Research, 9, 267-272.

4. Home-Based Vital Sign Monitors:

IoT-based vital sign monitors enable individuals to measure essential parameters such
as blood pressure, temperature, and oxygen saturation at home. These readings are
sent to healthcare providers, allowing for continuous monitoring of chronic conditions
and timely interventions.
Reference: Biondi, R., Zollo, L., & Marrocco, G. (2020). A review on wearable
photoplethysmography devices for the assessment of cardiovascular hemodynamics.
Medical Devices: Evidence and Research, 13, 239-258.

5. Medication Adherence Devices:

IoT solutions are employed to enhance medication adherence. Smart pill dispensers
and medication reminder systems ensure that patients take their prescribed
medications on time. These devices can send alerts to patients and caregivers if doses
are missed, improving treatment outcomes for chronic conditions.
Reference: Osterberg, L., & Blaschke, T. (2005). Adherence to medication. New
England Journal of Medicine, 353(5), 487-497.

6. Smart Inhalers:
In the management of respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD, IoT-powered
smart inhalers have emerged. They record inhaler usage and provide data on
inhalation technique. Healthcare providers can use this information to tailor treatment
plans.
Reference: Chan, A. H. S., & Reddel, H. K. (2015). Quality in asthma care: The role
of real-world data. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 15(3), 211-
217.

These IoT devices in patient monitoring empower individuals to take an active role in
their healthcare, provide healthcare professionals with real-time data, and facilitate the
early detection of health issues.

Remote Patient Management

Remote patient management, made possible by the integration of Internet of Things
(IoT) technologies in healthcare, has revolutionized the way healthcare providers
monitor and care for patients. In this section, we will explore the concept of remote
patient management, its benefits, and the transformation it has brought to healthcare
delivery.

1. Real-time Monitoring and Early Intervention:

IoT devices allow healthcare providers to remotely monitor patients' vital signs,
medication adherence, and overall health in real time. Data from wearable devices,
continuous glucose monitors, and other IoT sensors are transmitted to a secure cloud-
based platform. Healthcare professionals can access this data, enabling them to detect
any anomalies or deteriorations in a patient's condition promptly. Early intervention is
key in preventing health crises, especially for patients with chronic illnesses.

2. Chronic Disease Management:

Remote patient management has been particularly impactful in the management of
chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart conditions. Patients with
chronic conditions can use IoT devices to monitor their health at home, reducing the
need for frequent hospital visits. This not only improves patient convenience but also
leads to better health outcomes.

3. Improved Patient Engagement:

IoT-based remote patient management encourages active patient engagement. Patients
are more involved in their healthcare as they regularly monitor their health and
receive feedback through these devices. This engagement often leads to better
adherence to treatment plans and lifestyle changes.

4. Telemedicine and Telehealth:

The concept of telemedicine and telehealth has gained prominence through IoT
technologies. Patients can consult with healthcare professionals via video calls, access
medical advice through mobile apps, and even receive remote diagnoses. This has
proven invaluable, especially during emergencies or when in-person consultations are
impractical.
5. Care for Elderly and Homebound Patients:
Remote patient management caters to the needs of elderly or homebound patients. IoT
devices help maintain their health and safety while aging in place. These devices can
detect falls, monitor vital signs, and enable timely assistance or medical interventions.

6. Reduced Healthcare Costs:

The integration of IoT in remote patient management can lead to cost savings for both
patients and healthcare institutions. Fewer hospital admissions, reduced travel costs,
and early detection of health issues all contribute to cost efficiency in healthcare.

7. Personalized Healthcare:
IoT data collected from remote patient monitoring allows for personalized healthcare.
Healthcare providers can tailor treatment plans and interventions based on individual
patient data. This personalized approach often leads to more effective treatments.

8. Data Analytics and Predictive Health:

The wealth of data collected through remote patient monitoring can be analyzed using
data analytics and machine learning. This analysis can identify trends, predict health
issues, and contribute to more proactive healthcare.

Remote patient management, facilitated by IoT devices, is changing the healthcare

landscape. Patients now have more control over their health, healthcare providers can
deliver more personalized care, and the potential for early intervention and prevention
has never been greater. As we continue to explore the transformative impact of IoT in
healthcare, the benefits of remote patient management become increasingly evident.

Data Security and Privacy in IoT Healthcare

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in healthcare has ushered in
numerous benefits, but it also brings forth significant concerns related to data security
and privacy. In this section, we delve into the challenges and solutions regarding the
security and privacy of patient data collected through IoT devices in healthcare.
1. Data Encryption:
IoT devices in healthcare should employ robust encryption protocols to protect data
during transmission and storage. This ensures that patient health information remains
confidential and inaccessible to unauthorized parties.

2. Secure Authentication and Access Control:

Implementing strong authentication mechanisms is crucial. Only authorized personnel
should access patient data. Access control measures, such as role-based permissions,
further enhance security.

3. Regular Software Updates and Patch Management:

Regularly updating IoT device software and applying security patches is essential to
protect against vulnerabilities. Outdated software can be exploited by malicious
actors.

4. Secure IoT Network:

Securing the network infrastructure that connects IoT devices is critical. This includes
firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and network segmentation to isolate healthcare
IoT traffic from other network traffic.

5. HIPAA Compliance (or Relevant Regulations):

In the United States, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
(HIPAA) mandates strict standards for protecting patient data. IoT healthcare
solutions must adhere to these regulations and standards to ensure data security and
patient privacy.
Reference: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Health information
privacy. [HIPAA]. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html

6. Ethical Data Usage:

Healthcare providers and IoT solution providers must establish ethical guidelines for
data usage. Patients' data should be used solely for healthcare purposes, and any
secondary usage should require explicit consent.
7. Informed Consent:
Patients should be informed about how their data will be collected and used through
IoT devices and should provide informed consent. This transparency is essential for
maintaining patient trust.
Reference: Largent, E. A., Miller, F. G., & Joffe, S. (2017). A prescription for ethical
learning. Hastings Center Report, 47(1), 15-18.

8. Privacy by Design:
Implementing "privacy by design" principles from the outset of IoT healthcare
solutions can help build privacy-conscious devices and systems. This approach
considers data protection at every stage of development.
Reference: Cavoukian, A. (2011). Privacy by design: The 7 foundational principles.
Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario, Canada.

9. Data Anonymization and Pseudonymization:

Anonymizing or pseudonymizing patient data, particularly in research and data
sharing, can help protect patient privacy. This involves replacing identifiable
information with pseudonyms or aggregating data to make individuals unidentifiable.

10. Security Audits and Penetration Testing:

Regular security audits and penetration testing can identify vulnerabilities and
weaknesses in IoT healthcare systems. Addressing these issues proactively is crucial
to maintaining data security.

While the benefits of IoT in healthcare are substantial, protecting patient data is
paramount. As the healthcare industry increasingly adopts IoT solutions, addressing
data security and privacy concerns is vital to ensure patients' trust and the continued
success of these innovations.

Case Studies and Success Stories in IoT Healthcare

The successful application of Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare is best
exemplified through real-world case studies and success stories. In this section, we
will explore some notable examples that highlight the transformative power of IoT in
healthcare settings.

1. Philips Healthcare:
Case Study: Philips Healthcare, a global leader in healthcare technology, has
implemented IoT solutions to improve patient monitoring and management. Their
HealthSuite digital platform connects various medical devices and sensors to collect
patient data. In one notable case, they collaborated with Radboud University Medical
Center in the Netherlands to develop a wearable IoT device that continuously tracks
the vital signs of patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD). This device helps patients manage their condition and allows healthcare
providers to remotely monitor their health, leading to early intervention and reduced
hospital admissions.

Reference: Philips Healthcare. (n.d.). HealthSuite digital platform.

https://www.usa.philips.com/healthcare/resources/landing/healthsuite-digital-platform

2. St. Jude Medical:

Case Study: St. Jude Medical (now part of Abbott) developed the Merlin@home
remote monitoring system, which uses IoT technology to connect implantable cardiac
devices, such as pacemakers and defibrillators, with healthcare providers. The data
collected from these devices is transmitted securely, allowing physicians to monitor
their patients' heart health without requiring frequent in-person visits. This case study
illustrates how IoT enables remote patient management for individuals with implanted
medical devices, enhancing their quality of life.

Reference: Abbott. (n.d.). Merlin@home transmitter.

https://www.cardiovascular.abbott/us/en/hcp/products/cardiac-rhythm-management/
cardiac-monitoring/merlin-home.html

3. Asthma Management with Propeller Health:

Case Study: Propeller Health, a digital health company, uses IoT technology to
improve asthma management. They provide patients with sensors that attach to their
inhalers, allowing them to track their medication usage and inhalation techniques. The
data is collected and analyzed, and patients receive feedback through a mobile app.
The results have shown improved asthma control and a reduction in hospital
admissions, demonstrating the positive impact of IoT on chronic disease management.

Reference: Propeller Health. (n.d.). Asthma.

https://www.propellerhealth.com/asthma/

4. Biofourmis' Remote Monitoring Platform:

Case Study: Biofourmis, a digital therapeutics company, developed a remote
monitoring platform that uses IoT devices and artificial intelligence to predict and
prevent heart failure exacerbations. The system continuously monitors patients' vital
signs, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and activity levels. It then analyzes this
data to provide early warnings of potential health issues. The solution has
demonstrated success in reducing heart failure-related hospitalizations.

Reference: Biofourmis. (n.d.). Our platform. https://www.biofourmis.com/our-

platform

5. Connected Diabetes Care with Livongo:

Case Study: Livongo, now part of Teladoc Health, offers a connected diabetes care
solution. Patients with diabetes receive a connected glucose meter that transmits blood
sugar readings to a secure cloud. The system provides personalized insights and
coaching to help patients manage their condition. Studies have shown improvements
in glucose control and reduced healthcare costs, underlining the potential of IoT in
chronic disease management.

Reference: Teladoc Health. (n.d.). Livongo for diabetes.

https://www.teladochealth.com/solutions/livongo-for-diabetes/

These case studies and success stories emphasize the tangible impact of IoT in
healthcare, demonstrating how it enhances patient care, reduces hospital admissions,
and empowers individuals to take control of their health. As IoT continues to evolve,
the healthcare industry can look to these examples for inspiration and guidance in
implementing similar solutions while maintaining the data security and patient
privacy measures.

Challenges and Future Directions in IoT Healthcare

While the application of Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare has shown remarkable
promise, it is not without challenges and uncertainties. In this section, we will explore
the challenges faced by IoT healthcare solutions and outline potential future directions
for this dynamic field.
Challenges:

1. Data Security and Privacy Concerns:

IoT healthcare devices generate vast amounts of sensitive patient data, raising
concerns about data security and privacy. Safeguarding this data from breaches and
ensuring compliance with regulatory frameworks is a persistent challenge.

2. Interoperability Issues:
The healthcare industry comprises various devices and systems from different
manufacturers, often lacking interoperability. Integrating these disparate IoT devices
into cohesive healthcare solutions can be complex.

3. Regulatory Compliance:
Ensuring that IoT healthcare solutions comply with regulatory standards and
healthcare laws, such as HIPAA in the United States, presents an ongoing challenge
for both device manufacturers and healthcare providers.

4. Ethical and Consent Dilemmas:

Balancing the ethical use of patient data collected through IoT devices and securing
informed consent from patients is an ethical challenge. Patients must have trust in
how their data is used and shared.

5. Device Reliability and Accuracy:

IoT devices must be reliable and accurate, as medical decisions may rely on the data
they provide. Ensuring the precision and durability of these devices remains a
challenge.

5. Data Overload and Analysis:

The sheer volume of data generated by IoT devices can be overwhelming. Effectively
managing, analyzing, and making meaningful use of this data is a challenge, requiring
advanced data analytics and machine learning solutions.

Future Directions:

1. Enhanced Data Security and Privacy Measures:

The healthcare industry will continue to prioritize data security and privacy. This
includes the development of advanced encryption methods, blockchain technology,
and secure cloud storage for healthcare data.

2. Improved Interoperability:
Efforts to standardize IoT protocols and promote device interoperability will enhance
the integration of various devices and systems, allowing for more seamless healthcare
solutions.

3. Advancements in AI and Predictive Analytics:

The use of artificial intelligence and predictive analytics will become more
widespread in IoT healthcare. These technologies can provide real-time insights,
predict patient health issues, and streamline healthcare delivery.

4. Telemedicine Expansion:
The expansion of telemedicine and telehealth services will continue, offering patients
greater access to healthcare professionals and reducing geographical barriers to care.

5. Edge Computing for Real-time Data Processing:

IoT healthcare solutions will increasingly leverage edge computing, allowing for real-
time data processing and reducing latency in decision-making.

6. Remote Monitoring for Chronic Conditions:

Remote patient management for chronic conditions, such as diabetes and heart
disease, will become more sophisticated and personalized, further improving patient
outcomes.

7. Ethical Frameworks and Education:

Healthcare institutions and IoT solution providers will focus on developing clear
ethical frameworks for data usage and patient consent. There will be a greater
emphasis on patient education regarding data privacy and security.

8. Healthcare IoT Ecosystem Expansion:

The IoT healthcare ecosystem will expand to include a broader range of devices, from
smart home healthcare technologies to innovative wearable devices for various
medical conditions.

9. Global Collaboration and Standards:

Collaboration between countries and standardization bodies will become more crucial
to ensure that IoT healthcare solutions meet universal standards and regulations.

IoT in healthcare continues to evolve and promises to bring significant benefits in

terms of improving patient care and reducing healthcare costs. However, addressing
the associated challenges and guiding the field towards a future marked by enhanced
data security, interoperability, and ethical practices will be pivotal in realizing its full
potential. As IoT healthcare matures, it is imperative to maintain a strong focus on
patient-centered care, data protection, and regulatory compliance.
Conclusion

The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into healthcare has ushered in
a new era of patient care and management. This case study has explored the
transformative power of IoT in healthcare, shedding light on the profound impact it
has had on patient monitoring, remote management, and healthcare delivery. It has
also discussed the challenges and potential future directions for this dynamic field.
IoT devices have revolutionized patient monitoring, with wearable health trackers,
continuous glucose monitors, and smart inhalers providing real-time data that
empowers both patients and healthcare providers. These devices have not only
enabled early disease detection and efficient chronic disease management but have
also improved patient engagement and outcomes.

Remote patient management, facilitated by IoT, has become a cornerstone of

healthcare. Real-time monitoring, telemedicine, and remote consultations have not
only improved access to healthcare but have also reduced hospital admissions and
healthcare costs. This approach has been particularly impactful in the care of elderly
and homebound patients, allowing them to age in place with dignity.

However, with the tremendous potential of IoT healthcare solutions come significant
challenges. Data security and privacy concerns, interoperability issues, and ethical
dilemmas pose ongoing challenges. Ensuring that patient data is secure and used
ethically is paramount, and adhering to regulatory standards is essential to maintain
patient trust.

As we look to the future, IoT healthcare is poised for continued growth and
innovation. Advanced data security measures, improved interoperability, and the
expansion of telemedicine services are on the horizon. Artificial intelligence,
predictive analytics, and edge computing will play pivotal roles in enhancing patient
care and decision-making.
IoT healthcare is a global endeavor, requiring collaboration, standardization, and
ethical frameworks to ensure that these technologies benefit patients worldwide.
Patients and healthcare providers can look forward to an IoT-enabled future marked
by personalized care, improved patient outcomes, and more accessible healthcare
services.

To sum it up, the collaboration of IoT and healthcare is transforming patient care in
unprecedented ways. By addressing the challenges, adhering to ethical principles, and
embracing technological innovations, the healthcare industry is poised to provide
patient-centric, data-secure, and efficient care that holds great promise for the future
of healthcare.

Recommendations

In light of the transformative potential and the associated challenges of integrating

Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in healthcare, the following recommendations
are provided for healthcare institutions, technology providers, and policymakers:

1. Prioritize Data Security and Privacy:

Healthcare institutions and IoT solution providers must make data security and patient
privacy their utmost priority. Implement robust encryption, secure authentication, and
access control measures. Regularly update software to patch vulnerabilities, and
ensure compliance with healthcare data protection regulations, such as HIPAA.

2. Invest in Interoperability:
To facilitate the seamless integration of diverse IoT devices and systems, prioritize
investments in interoperability standards. Standardized protocols and interfaces will
enable various devices to work together cohesively.

3. Develop Ethical Data Usage Guidelines:

Create and adhere to ethical guidelines for the usage of patient data collected through
IoT devices. Ensure transparency in data handling and obtain informed consent from
patients regarding data usage and sharing.

4. Embrace Artificial Intelligence and Predictive Analytics:

Invest in AI and predictive analytics solutions to make sense of the vast amount of
data generated by IoT devices. These technologies can provide real-time insights,
detect patterns, and predict health issues, leading to more proactive healthcare.

5. Expand Telemedicine and Telehealth Services:

Continue to expand telemedicine and telehealth services to improve patient access to
healthcare. This is particularly important for remote and underserved areas, enabling
patients to receive medical consultations and monitoring without geographical
limitations.

6. Focus on Edge Computing:

Embrace edge computing for real-time data processing, especially for time-sensitive
medical decisions. Edge devices can analyze data on-site, reducing latency and
enhancing healthcare delivery.

7. Standardization and Collaboration:

Collaborate on a global scale to establish standards for IoT healthcare solutions.
Standardization will ensure that devices and systems meet universal requirements and
compliance.

8. Educate Patients and Healthcare Professionals:

Provide comprehensive education to patients and healthcare professionals regarding
IoT devices, data security, and the benefits of remote patient management. Informed
patients are more likely to engage with and trust IoT healthcare solutions.

9. Encourage Research and Development:

Encourage ongoing research and development in IoT healthcare. Foster innovation,
encourage the creation of new devices and systems, and provide incentives for the
development of solutions that address current healthcare challenges.

10. Maintain a Patient-Centric Approach:

Throughout the implementation of IoT healthcare solutions, maintain a patient-centric
approach. Prioritize the well-being and preferences of patients in the design and
deployment of these technologies.

In summary, the successful integration of IoT technologies in healthcare relies on a

comprehensive approach that encompasses data security, interoperability, ethical
practices, and embracing advanced technologies. By implementing these
recommendations, healthcare institutions, technology providers, and policymakers can
navigate the challenges and seize the opportunities presented by IoT in healthcare,
ultimately improving patient care and outcomes.

References

 Verma, A. (2018). Internet of Things (IoT) in healthcare: A comprehensive study.

Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences.

 Dobbins, C., & Whitelaw, S. (2019). The use of wearable technology in

healthcare: Benefits and challenges. Journal of Healthcare Communications, 4(3),
4.

 Prahalad, P., Tanenbaum, M. L., Hood, K. K., & Maahs, D. M. (2018). Diabetes
technology: Developing and implementing innovative applications within
pediatric and adult diabetes care. Current Diabetes Reports, 18(10), 72.

 Kritt, B., Vafai, K., & Grigorie, T. L. (2016). A review of wearable technologies
for the cardiac long-term monitoring. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research,
9, 267-272.
 Biondi, R., Zollo, L., & Marrocco, G. (2020). A review on wearable
photoplethysmography devices for the assessment of cardiovascular
hemodynamics. Medical Devices: Evidence and Research, 13, 239-258.

 Osterberg, L., & Blaschke, T. (2005). Adherence to medication. New England

Journal of Medicine, 353(5), 487-497.

 Chan, A. H. S., & Reddel, H. K. (2015). Quality in asthma care: The role of real-
world data. Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 15(3), 211-
217.

 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Health information

privacy. [HIPAA]. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/index.html

 Largent, E. A., Miller, F. G., & Joffe, S. (2017). A prescription for ethical
learning. Hastings Center Report, 47(1), 15-18.

 Cavoukian, A. (2011). Privacy by design: The 7 foundational principles.

Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario, Canada.