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1. Since April 2017, a canoe powered solely by solar energy travels back and forth along the 42-
mile stretch of the Capahuari and Pastaza rivers that connect the nine isolated settlements that
live along their banks. The boat, named Tapiatpia after a mythical electric eel in the area, is the
Amazon’s first solar powered public transport system.

A. NO CHANGE
B. has traveled
C. would travel
D. traveled

2. Protection from ultraviolet (UV) rays is nothing new: many organisms, including microbes,
plants, and animals, have developed the ability to shield themselves by producing
small molecules that absorb UV rays, and block radiation, from entering cells and damaging the

C
DNA.

IN
A. NO CHANGE

G
B. molecules, that absorb UV rays and block radiation
C. molecules that absorb UV rays and block radiation IN
D. molecules that absorb UV rays and block radiation,
N
AR

3. Deep twilight settles in over Wales, Alaska. As the last traces of sunset orange give way to
blue black on the western horizon, the icy Bering Strait and Siberia beyond are invisible in the
LE

night. All is quiet in the tiny village—a cluster of buildings with a single string of streetlights,
tucked between frozen hills and frozen sea.
O

Which of the following is the LEAST acceptable alternative to the underlined portion?
EZ

A. village, a cluster
W

B. village: a cluster
U

C. village and a cluster

D. village; it is a cluster

4. Unlike his peers, the architect Frank Lloyd Wright also had a rare artistic passion that was
very unusual: Japanese art. Wright first became interested in his early twenties, and within a
decade, he was an internationally known collector of Japanese woodblock prints.

A. NO CHANGE
B. a rarely unusual artistic passion
C. a rare and unusual artistic passion
D. a rare artistic passion

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5. Spam has become a sought-after product in many countries around the world since its
introduction in the 1930s, especially those that have faced economic hardship. Because it’s
cheap, filling, and long-lasting, it addresses a genuine need.

A. NO CHANGE
B. Since its introduction in the 1930s, Spam has become a sought-after product in many
countries around the world,
C. In many countries around the world, Spam has become a sought-after product since its
introduction in the 1930s,
D. Around the world, in many countries, Spam has become a sought-after product since its
introduction in the 1930s,

6. In the 1840s, the travel writer Alexander Mackay described the “extraordinary number” of

C
newspapers that travelers would encounter everywhere they went. Henry David Thoreau, on the

IN
other hand, was more appalled than dazzled. In fact, he loathed newspapers, denouncing them for
a variety of offenses, including “servility” and outright baseness.

G
A. NO CHANGE IN
B. However,
N
C. Likewise,
AR

D. Subsequently,
LE

7. When he published The Sun Also Rises in 1926, Ernest Hemingway was already well-known
among expatriate writers in Paris and cosmopolitan literary circles in New York and Chicago.
However, it was his second novel A Farewell to Arms, that truly made him a celebrity. With this
O

newfound fame, Hemingway learned, came fan mail, and lots of it.
EZ

A. NO CHANGE
W

B. novel: A Farewell to Arms

U

C. novel, A Farewell to Arms,

D. novel, A Farewell to Arms

8. In the late 1970s, a group of researchers set out testing the improbable idea of making
computers “talk” to one another by using digital information packets that could be traded among
multiple machines. The project, called ARPANET, went on to fundamentally change life on
Earth under its more common name: the Internet.

A. NO CHANGE
B. in testing
C. for testing
D. to test

9. You are invited into Do Ho Suh’s apartment. You put down your bag, remove your coat and
step inside. The hallway changes color as you proceed, first pink, then green and then blue.

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There is a red staircase outside, and beyond it people are moving around. You can see them right
through the walls. Back home, the only things that behave this way are cobwebs, but here,
everything—door panels, chain locks, light switches, sprinkler system dissolves delightfully into
colored light.

A. NO CHANGE
B. chain locks; light switches, sprinkler system,
C. chain locks, light switches sprinkler system
D. chain locks, light switches, sprinkler system—

10. Researchers have reported that individuals, who live in urban areas of more than half a
million inhabitants, are exposed to night-time light levels three to six times brighter than those in
small towns and rural areas. People living in regions with more intense light sleep less, are more

C
tired during the daytime, and report feeling more dissatisfied with their sleep.

IN
A. NO CHANGE

G
B. individuals, who live in urban areas of more than half a million inhabitants
C. individuals who live in urban areas of more than half a million inhabitants,
IN
D. individuals who live in urban areas of more than half a million inhabitants
N
AR

11. The Museum of Bad Art was founded in 1994, when Boston art and antique dealer Scott
Wilson rescued a portrait of a handsome grandmother, pensively poised under an aggressively
LE

yellow sky in a windswept meadow, from a Boston trash heap. Wilson wanted to sell the frame,
but upon seeing the painting (later dubbed Lucy in the Field with Flowers), an objection was
made by his pal Jerry Reilly. Reilly took the tribute to someone else’s elder and hung it in his
O

own home.
EZ

A. NO CHANGE
W

B. Jerry Reilly, his pal made an objection.

U

C. his pal Jerry Reilly, who made an objection.

D. his pal Jerry Reilly objected.

12. For years, Stefan Strumbel, a street artist born and raised in the small city of Offenburg,
Germany, has wrestled with the idea of “heimat” — a German word that translates loosely as
“homeland” — and how his art should reflect it. That’s one reason, he says that he decided to
stop painting graffiti and focus on cuckoo clocks instead.

A. NO CHANGE
B. reason he says, that
C. reason, he says, that
D. reason he says that,

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13. Before publishing Silent Spring, the book that flung the modern environmental movement,
Rachel Carson was a well-known author of beautifully descriptive books about marine life,
including The Sea Around Us, which became a surprise hit after it was published in 1951.

A. NO CHANGE
B. hurled
C. launched
D. tossed

14. Because the Hollywood sign is so famous today, it may be surprising to learn that it wasn’t
until fairly recently that it achieved its iconic status. In the 1930s and 1940s, however, the sign
made an appearance in only a few of the movies that were about Hollywood or the movie
industry. Other Hollywood institutions, like the Brown Derby restaurant, tended to represent the

C
film world.

IN
A. NO CHANGE

G
B. for example,
C. therefore, IN
D. likewise,
N
AR

15. Recently, I did something that many people would consider unthinkable, or at least very
strange. Before going to see a movie, I deliberately read a review that revealed all of the major
LE

plot points, from start to finish.

A. NO CHANGE
O

B. movie, I deliberately: read a review that

EZ

C. movie I deliberately read a review, that

D. movie, I deliberately read a review
W
U

16. For centuries people set their clocks and watches by looking up at the sun and estimating, a
tradition that led to wildly dissimilar results between (and often within) cities and towns. To
railroad companies around the world, that wasn’t acceptable. They needed synchronized,
predictable station times for arrivals and departures, so they proposed splitting up the globe into
24 time zones.

Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable alternative to the underlined word?

A. produced
B. created
C. resulted
D. yielded

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17. Unlike the Venus flytrap, the lobes or leaves of the waterwheel do not change shape when
they snap shut; rather, closing like two halves of a mussel shell. In contrast, the Venus flytrap
flexes its leaves from flat to curved when enclosing its prey.

A. NO CHANGE
B. shut, but rather closing
C. shut but rather close
D. shut but rather closes

18. There are almost 90 million cats in the United States, or one for every three households. That
makes cats more popular, petwise, than dogs. The majority of them—about two-thirds to three-
fourths, surveys say—are sweet, harmless, cuddly housecats, which seldom set foot outside. The
other one-quarter to one-third aren’t so harmless. Equipped with laser-quick paws and razor-

C
tipped claws, they are the stuff of every bird and small mammal’s nightmares.

IN
A. NO CHANGE

G
B. three-fourths, surveys say, are sweet
C. three-fourths, surveys say, are sweet— IN
D. three-fourths—surveys say are sweet,
N
AR

19. Announced in 2013, the BRAIN Initiative is a massive project undertaken by a group of
agencies and individuals, including universities, technology companies, and neuroscientists. The
LE

Initiative includes a variety of programs designed to lower the barriers between the human brain
and the digital world, with the goal being to understand how the brain processes information.
O

A. NO CHANGE
EZ

B. to be
C. has been
W

D. is
U

20. There are over 50,000 therapy dogs in the United States, and they’re becoming more popular
in countries from Norway to Brazil. Trained and certified by a variety of organizations, hospitals
and other facilities welcome these dogs and their handlers, who interact with patients.

A. NO CHANGE
B. Trained and certified by a variety of organizations, these dogs and their handlers interact with
patients and are welcomed by hospitals and other facilities.
C. These dogs and their handlers, welcomed by hospitals and other facilities and trained and
certified by a variety of organization.
D. Welcomed by hospitals and other facilities, these dogs and their handlers being trained and
certified by a variety of organizations.

21. Like many successful authors of the nineteenth century, Washington Irving struggled against
literary bootleggers. In England, some of his sketches were reprinted in periodicals without

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his permission, a legal practice since there was no international copyright law at the time. To
prevent further piracy in Britain, Irving paid to have the first four American installments
published as a single volume by John Miller in London.

Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable alternative to the underlined portion?

A. permission—a legal practice

B. permission; that practice was legal
C. permission, and a legal practice
D. permission, a practice that was legal

22. The older you get, the more difficult it is to learn to speak French like a Parisian. However,
no one knows exactly what the cutoff point is—at what age it becomes harder, nevertheless, to

C
pick up noun-verb agreements in a new language.

IN
A. NO CHANGE

G
B. for instance
C. moreover, IN
D. likewise,
N
AR

23. While most paintings produced by members of the Hudson River School were rendered
realistically, many of the scenes they depicted were synthesized from a variety of natural images
LE

observed by the artists. In gathering the visual data for their paintings, the artists would travel to
environments with extraordinary and extreme conditions that did not permit extended painting in
these environments. During the expeditions, the artists recorded sketches and memories,
O

returning to their studios to paint the finished works later.

EZ

A. NO CHANGE
W

B. in such environments.
U

C. in such places.
D. DELETE the underlined portion.

24. Key-Sook Geum is an artist, fashion designer, and scholar from the Republic of Korea.
Having taught and worked in fashion design, Geum combines art with fashion through her
exquisite wire sculptures in the shape of women’s clothing. She is inspired by the shapes and
styles of clothing from Korea’s Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910). The items tell stories about the
people who wore them: their lives, values, and beliefs.

A. NO CHANGE
B. sculpture’s in the shape of womens
C. sculptures in the shape of womens’
D. sculptures’ in the shape of women’s

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25. We know a lot about carbon, the element that forms the chemical backbone of life, in our
crust and oceans. We know far less about it in the Earth’s core and mantle. So far, it’s proved
challenging to sample the mantle, which extends up to 1,800 miles below the surface and plays a
huge yet mysterious role in the global carbon cycle.

A. NO CHANGE
B. surface, and plays a huge yet mysterious,
C. surface and plays a huge, yet mysterious
D. surface, and plays a huge yet mysterious,

26. If you’ve heard the term “grazer” before, it may bring to mind familiar farm animals, such as
cows or sheep munching on pastureland. But the ocean has its own suite of grazers, one with
very different — even bizarre — body forms and feeding techniques.

C
IN
A. NO CHANGE
B. animals such as cows or sheep,

G
C. animals such as cows or sheep
D. animals such as: cows or sheep IN
N
27. Although it may sometimes get overlooked in the hustle and bustle of the daily commute,
AR

New York City’s subway stations are packed with art. Over the years, stations have become
home to all sorts of works, like mosaics of peering eyes or disarmingly cute bronze
LE

sculptures. According to the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA), subway art has been a part
of the transit system’s lifeblood since its earliest days.
O

A. NO CHANGE
EZ

B. disarmingly, cute bronze sculptures.

C. disarmingly cute, bronze, sculptures.
W

D. disarmingly cute, bronze sculptures.

U

28. Lions and great white sharks may boast the most famous jaws in the animal kingdom—but
theirs are nowhere near the fastest. That honor belongs to Odontomachus bauri, a tiny ant whose
jaws can snap shut at a remarkable 145 miles per hour. The ant’s quick bite also does double-
duty as an escape mechanism. When faced with a larger nest intruder, an ant may use its jaws to
strike the invader, simultaneously flinging itself 8 or 9 inches away (a maneuver known as the
“bouncer defense”). Therefore, it may snap its jaws against the ground, propelling itself into the
air and out of the way of such dangers as an anteater’s tongue (a move known as an “escape
jump”).

A. NO CHANGE
B. For example,
C. Alternatively,
D. Meanwhile,

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29. A comprehensive 2016 study by the National Academy of Sciences concluded that
genetically engineered crops are just as safe to eat as their non-genetically engineered
counterparts, yet in one survey, more than a quarter of consumers reported that they avoid to
purchase them.

A. NO CHANGE
B. of purchasing
C. in purchasing
D. purchasing

30. Life as we know it requires liquid water, which can exist on planets with a surface
temperature and a mass similar to the Earth’s. Surface heating is also needed to prevent water
from freezing and becoming ice, and Earth-like gravity is required to retain an atmosphere—an

C
essential feature since ice turns directly into gas in the absence of an external atmospheric

IN
pressure.

G
A. NO CHANGE
B. freezing and turning into ice, IN
C. freezing so that it becomes ice,
N
D. freezing,
AR

31. In pumping her “Wonderful Hair Grower” door-to-door, at club gatherings, and eventually
LE

through a mail-order catalog, Sarah Walker—who eventually decided to promote herself

professionally under the name, Madame C.J. Walker, proved to be a marketing magician who
sold her customers more than mere hair products. She offered them a lifestyle, a concept of total
O

hygiene and beauty that in her mind would bolster their pride.
EZ

A. NO CHANGE
W

B. name Madame C.J. Walker—

U

C. name, Madame C.J. Walker

D. name Madame C.J. Walker,

32. Hedy Lamarr and her co-inventor, the composer George Anthiel, figured out how to use the
mechanics of the player piano to create the earliest version of the “frequency-hopping spread-
spectrum” system. A method that protects radio communications by switching frequencies in a
pre-programmed pattern.

A. NO CHANGE
B. system a method that
C. system, a method that
D. system, a method

33. When scientists cracked open the Murchison meteorite, which fell in Australia in 1969, and
scraped the material on the inside, they discovered that it was chock-full of carbon and organic

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materials. It also had an odd smell, reminiscent of the New York City subway—metallic, with
musty and bitter hints.

A. NO CHANGE
B. 1969 and scraped the material on the inside they
C. 1969, scraped the material on the inside, they
D. 1969, and scraped the material on the inside—they

34. As the United States stood on the brink of a Second World War, the push for aeronautical
advancement grew ever greater, spurring an insatiable demand for mathematicians. Ushered into
the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory in 1935 to shoulder the burden of number
crunching, engineers were freed from hand calculations in the decades before the digital age by
dozens of women acting as human “computers.”

C
IN
A. NO CHANGE
B. in the decades before the digital age, dozens of women acting as “human computers” freed

G
engineers from hand calculations.
C. dozens of women acting as “human computers” freed engineers from hand calculations in the
IN
decades before the digital age.
N
D. hand calculations were freed from engineers by dozens of women acting as “human
AR

computers” in the decades before the digital age.

LE

35. In recent years, scientists have become increasingly aware that plants thrive through
cooperation rather than competition. For example, oaks that are subjected to drought conditions
have been shown to provide nutrition to their beneficial partners by transferring water from their
O

tap roots up through their root systems to associated fungal networks, nourishing these beneficial
EZ

partners. In fact, some researchers believe that such networks are the principal way that plants
extract nutrients from the soil.
W
U

A. NO CHANGE
B. providing nourishment for these beneficial partners.
C. sustaining these beneficial partners.
D. DELETE the underlined portion (replacing the comma after networks with a period).

36. Although it is estimated that 10 meteorites come crashing to Earth from outer space every
day, researchers only discover a few of these rocks each year. They are easiest to spot when they
fall on relatively stable geographic environments, making it unnecessary for search teams to use
metal detectors like the Arizona desert.

A. NO CHANGE
B. environments that make it unnecessary for search teams to use metal detectors like the
Arizona desert.
C. environments like the Arizona desert, making it unnecessary for search teams to use metal
detectors.

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D. environments like metal detectors that make it unnecessary for search teams in the Arizona
desert.

37. In 1997, David Perry founded Indigo Ag, a company dedicated to commercializing
microorganisms that help plants grow. Indigo Ag’s scientists have identified a variety of
microbes that confer resistance to drought, are developing others that reduce the need for
chemical fertilizers and pesticides in five important crops: corn, rice, soybeans, cotton, and
wheat.

A. NO CHANGE
B. scientists identify
C. scientists, having identified
D. scientists identified

C
IN
38. The “Green Revolution”—championed by American agronomist Norman Borlaug, who was
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work—led farmers to: increase their use of

G
chemical fertilizers, adopt high-yielding crop varieties, and improve their irrigation practices and
technologies. Today, those practices are firmly entrenched aspects of industrial agriculture.
IN
N
A. NO CHANGE
AR

B. to increase their use of chemical fertilizers;

C. to increase their use of chemical fertilizers,
LE

D. to increase their use, of chemical fertilizers

39. The largest pyramid, built for the Pharaoh Khufu around 2530 B.C. and intended in lasting an
O

eternity, was until fairly recently the largest building on the planet. To raise it, laborers moved
EZ

six-and-a-half million tons of stone—some in blocks as large as nine tons—into position using
nothing but wood and rope.
W
U

A. NO CHANGE
B. on lasting
C. for lasting
D. to last

40. Numerous factors—from changes in air temperature to the tug of nearby storms—can affect
a tornado’s development. Unlike hurricanes, which can be spotted days off shore, tornadoes
develop over the course of hours or minutes, which makes taking on-the-ground measurements
even more challenging.

A. NO CHANGE
B. affect a tornadoes development.
C. effect a tornado’s development.
D. effect a tornadoes development.

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41. The cognitive scientist Rafael Núñez of the University of California at San Diego doesn’t
buy the conventional wisdom that people have a naturally innate capacity for understanding
numbers. Rather, he thinks that “number sense” is a product of culture, like writing and
architecture.

A. NO CHANGE
B. a natural and innate
C. a natural, innate
D. an innate

42. The emperors of the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 A.D.) are believed to have been the first to eat
a frozen, milky confection. This early version of ice cream was made with cow, goat, or buffalo
milk that was heated with flour. Camphor, an aromatic substance harvested from evergreen trees,

C
was added to enhance the texture and flavor. Subsequently, the mixture was placed into metal

IN
tubes and lowered into an icy pool until frozen.

G
A. NO CHANGE
B. Nevertheless, IN
C. Thus,
N
D. Despite this,
AR

43. Before I started working on real-world robots, I wrote about their fictional and historical
LE

ancestors. That wasn’t too different from what I do now. In factories, labs, and of course science
fiction, robots continue to fuel our imaginations about artificial humans and smart machines.
O

Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable alternative to the underlined word?
EZ

A. nourish
W

B. fire
U

C. supply
D. stimulate

44. Robert Wright, the founder of the website Mindful Resistance, claims that meditation, if
widely practiced, can help people overcome aggression and other harmful behaviors. Not only
does meditation make us happier, Wright says but italso makes us kinder, less selfish, and more
considerate of others.

A. NO CHANGE
B. Wright says; but it
C. Wright says, but it
D. Wright says, it

45. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, or TESS, is the latest effort to try to answer
questions that dominate astronomy for the last several decades: Are we alone? Are there other

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Earths? Evidence of even a single microbe anywhere else in the galaxy would fundamentally
change science.

A. NO CHANGE
B. are dominating
C. have dominated
D. dominated

46. For a robot to help scientists truly understand marine life, it must engage with underwater
environments without disturbing them. An agile robotic fish created by Massachusetts Institute
of Technology researchers does just that. Indeed, it has been observed interacting peacefully with
aquatic life along coral reefs in the Pacific Ocean at depths of up to 18 meters.

C
A. NO CHANGE

IN
B. However,
C. On the other hand,

G
D. Therefore,
IN
47. In July of 1848, a group of men and women gathered in Seneca Falls, New York, for the first
N
women’s rights convention in the United States. Many important figures of the day attended, and
AR

among them were: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and Frederick Douglass.
LE

A. NO CHANGE
B. were—Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott
C. were Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott,
O

D. were Elizabeth Cady Stanton; Lucretia Mott,

EZ

48. Killer whales are known to live in groups that have unique vocal “dialects” in the wild, they
W

may also copy sounds made by other members of their species, although that ability has not yet
U

been seriously studied.

A. NO CHANGE
B. “dialects.” In
C. “dialects,” in
D. “dialects;” and in

49. Standard computer processors rely on packets, or bits of information: each of the packets
represents a single yes or no answer. Quantum processors, on the other hand, don’t work in the
realm of yes or no but rather operating in the almost surreal world of yes and no.

A. NO CHANGE
B. would operate
C. operated
D. operate

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50. Reading foreign books and watching international television are recommended to be a
way for people to improve their knowledge of world affairs, but neither is a substitute for
spending time in another country.

A. NO CHANGE
B. to be ways
C. as a way
D. as ways

51. Often advertised to promote health and reduce stress, some doctors warn that dietary
supplements can have harmful effects, even though they are easy to purchase.

C
A. NO CHANGE

IN
B. it is easy to purchase dietary supplements, but some doctors warn that they can have harmful
effects.

G
C. dietary supplements are easy to purchase, yet some doctors warn they can have harmful
effects. IN
D. harmful effects can be had by dietary supplements, even though they are easy to purchase,
N
some doctors warn.
AR

52. The Sahara has not always been a wilderness of sand dunes. German climatologists Rudolph
LE

Kuper and Stefan Kröpelin, analyzed the radiocarbon dates of archaeological sites, recently
concluded that the region’s prevailing climate pattern changed around 8,500 B.C., with the
monsoon rains that covered the tropics moving north.
O
EZ

A. NO CHANGE
B. Kröpelin analyzed
W

C. Kröpelin, they analyzed

U

D. Kröpelin, who analyzed

53. Until the early 1970s, most consumers knew very little about the nutritional content of the
prepared foods they purchased. Around that time, however, the dramatic growth in processed
food lead to a system of both voluntary and mandatory nutrition labeling.

A. NO CHANGE
B. leads
C. led
D. has lead

54. Although models of planet-forming disks suggest that most star systems should, like the eight
planets of our solar system, have roughly circular orbits, in reality, however,only about one-third
of the planets identified in other solar systems orbit in a circular fashion.

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A. NO CHANGE
B. but in reality,
C. and in reality,
D. in reality,

55. Vocal imitation is a hallmark of human spoken language, yet in other animals it is strikingly
rare. Dolphins and beluga whales are among the few mammals that can copy sounds from other
species or each other. A small number of animals can also imitate human speech, like parrots are
the most famous example, but some members of the crow family are able to do so as well.

A. NO CHANGE
B. speech such as parrots
C. speech: parrots

C
D. speech, parrots

IN
56. Dogs and humans may be the best of friends today, but research on ancient canine remains

G
shows that the relationship didn’t develop overnight. For long periods of time, people lived in
tension with their canine companions. Theirs was a relationship of necessity as well as being
IN
convenient.
N
AR

A. NO CHANGE
B. as well as convenience.
LE

C. and it was convenient.

D. and having convenience too.
O

57. Mushrooms are everywhere — on forest floors, in gardens, and in networks connecting
EZ

below our feet. The largest organism on Earth is actually a honey mushroom, an
underground web, that covers more than 3.7 square miles in Oregon’s Blue Mountains.
W
U

A. NO CHANGE
B. web that, covers
C. web covers
D. web covering

58. While doctors are increasingly dependent on computers, they can also use these devices to
help patients in new and important ways. Therefore, electronic medical records can help
physicians share information and keep reliable records about which medications a person has
been prescribed over a long period of time.

A. NO CHANGE
B. For instance,
C. However,
D. Meanwhile,

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59. Spiders are among the hardiest creatures in existence: these eight-legged insects live on every
continent other than Antarctica and are established in nearly every habitat on
Earth, excepting the air and the sea.

A. NO CHANGE
B. exempting
C. to exempt
D. with the exception of

60. A lack of genetic diversity has proven disastrous to many commercial crops. For example,
nearly all bananas for sale today are clones of a single parent plant called the Cavendish, initially
bred in Great Britain during the nineteenth century. Although Cavendish bananas are hardier
than other types of bananas, they are also less flavorful.

C
IN
A. NO CHANGE
B. Cavendish; initially bred

G
C. Cavendish: initially bred
D. Cavendish, initially being bred IN
N
61. From the mechanical humanoids in the 1927 film, Metropolis, to the sinister computer in
AR

Stanley Kubrick’s 2001 – A Space Odyssey (1968), movie robots have played a crucial role in
shaping people’s attitudes toward these machines for decades.
LE

A. NO CHANGE
B. film, Metropolis
O

C. film Metropolis,
EZ

D. film Metropolis
W

62. Researchers have long believed that planets form in the disc of gas and dust encircling a
U

young star, but the discovery of planets that are very different from our own may have the
potential of turning this theory of solar system formation upside down.

A. NO CHANGE
B. in turning
C. with turning
D. to turn

63. Bar-tailed godwits have migrated 6,000 miles from Alaska to New Zealand for thousands of
years, but a clear picture of their travels have emerged only recently. Today, researchers are
beginning to uncover the secrets behind these birds’ remarkable journeys.

A. NO CHANGE
B. has emerged

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C. emerge
D. emerging

64. Take a look at some of the flowers photographed by Carol Sharp, and you might feel as if
you’ve suddenly been transported into an alien world. In Sharps’ pictures, pigmented petals
contrast starkly with a black background, while specks of light scatter across the blossoms.

A. NO CHANGE
B. Sharp’s
C. Sharps’s
D. Sharps

65. Formed by volatile chemical compounds that rapidly disintegrate, odors are often fleeting

C
and rapidly disappear, remaining only in people’s memories.

IN
A. NO CHANGE

G
B. fleeting, disappearing rapidly,
C. fleeting so that they disappear rapidly, IN
D. fleeting,
N
AR

66. In 1610, the year Galileo began viewing the sky through the lens of a telescope, he had
become the first person to observe Saturn’s rings directly.
LE

A. NO CHANGE
B. has become
O

C. would become
EZ

D. became
W

67. If you had stepped off a plane in Bogota, Columbia, in the 1960s, one of the first things
U

you would of probably saw outside the airport was a giant billboard. In a slightly menacing tone,
it said, “Coffee rust is the enemy. Don’t bring plant materials from abroad.”

A. NO CHANGE
B. would of probably seen
C. would have probably saw
D. would have probably seen

68. Enabling workers as well as pedestrians to walk in climate-controlled comfort when

temperatures drop well below zero, and the Minneapolis Skyway System is an interlinked
collection of enclosed footbridges that connect various buildings over 11 miles of downtown
Minneapolis.

A. NO CHANGE
B. zero, but the Minneapolis Skyway System

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C. zero, the Minneapolis Skyway System, which
D. zero, the Minneapolis Skyway System

69. Cheetahs are known for their impressive running speeds, which can reach more than 60 miles
per hour. Lions are more powerful. However, they are not nearly as fast on their feet.

Which of the following would NOT be an acceptable alternative to the underlined portion?

A. powerful, but they are

B. powerful; they are, however,
C. powerful but
D. powerful, but are

C
70. The “Ring of Fire” is a string of volcanoes, earthquake sites, and tectonic plates around the

IN
Pacific. It spreads across 25,000 miles, from the southern tip of South America all the way to
New Zealand. Roughly 90% of all earthquakes occur in the ring, with the majority of those

G
quakes resulting from a small number of locations where plates are exceptionally active.
IN
A. NO CHANGE
N
B. along with
AR

C. in addition to
D. and
LE

71. Citrus trees are among the most widely cultivated fruit trees in the world, but until recently,
their history has been unclear. Seeking to obtain a better understanding of where these trees
O

originated, the genomes of more than 50 varieties of citrus fruit were analyzed by researchers in
EZ

the United States and Spain, from the Chinese mandarin to the Seville orange.
W

A. NO CHANGE
U

B. an analysis of the genomes of more than 50 varieties of citrus fruit was performed in the
United States and Spain by researchers,
C. more than 50 varieties of citrus fruit had their genomes analyzed by researchers in the United
States and Spain,
D. researchers in the United States and Spain analyzed the genomes of more than 50 varieties of
citrus fruit,

72. The fight between the Earth’s magnetic field and the solar wind produces some
surprising effects, including: the Aurora, or the Northern and Southern Lights, which can appear
when the highly charged particles from the sun hit the Earth’s atmosphere, causing a glowing
green light display.

NO CHANGE
B. effects, including the Aurora, or the Northern and Southern Lights,

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C. effects, including the Aurora, or the Northern and Southern Lights;
D. effects including the Aurora or the Northern, and Southern Lights

73. Scientists have found that animals across the spectrum have a keen sense of quantity, able to
distinguish not just bigger from smaller or more from less, but two from four, four from ten, and
forty from sixty. Orb-weaving spiders, for instance, keep a tally of how many silk-wrapped prey
items are stashed in the “larder” segment of their web. In one experiment, scientists removed the
items. Despite this,the spiders spent time searching for the stolen goods in direct proportion to
how many separate items had been taken.

A. NO CHANGE
B. Subsequently
C. However,

C
D. Likewise,

IN
74. All frozen water consists of molecules arranged in a hexagonal structure similar to a

G
honeycomb; however, the ice coating bobsled tracks or the firm, flattened snow of a ski course is
precisely shaped and conditioned, optimizing the properties of this frosty form of water.
IN
N
A. NO CHANGE
AR

B. firm, flattened, snow of a ski course

C. firm flattened snow, of a ski course
LE

D. firm, flattened snow of a ski course,

75. A new type of vaccine, which could become available in the United States over the next few
O

years, is made by growing viruses in cultures of animal cells rather than with chicken eggs.
EZ

A. NO CHANGE
W

B. in
U

C. to
D. from

76. A factory needs robots to perform repetitive tasks at high volume 24 hours a day. The most
common robots are large industrial machines dedicated to specific processes that run
independently and can be more than six feet tall and 30 feet long.

A. NO CHANGE
B. processes, which run independently and can be
C. processes. These machines run independently and can be
D. processes; running independently and being

77. Sleep-inducing substances may come from the process of making new connections between
neurons. Sleep researcher, Chiara Cirelli, suggests that since making these connections, or
synapses, is what our brains do when we are awake, maybe what they do during sleep is scale

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back the unimportant ones, removing the memories or images that don’t fit with the others, or
don’t need to be used to make sense of the world.

A. NO CHANGE
B. researcher, Chiara Cirelli
C. researcher Chiara Cirelli,
D. researcher Chiara Cirelli

78. Every culture has its own unique music that is unlike the music of any other culture, but
some researchers have hypothesized that certain features and patterns hidden among the notes
and rhythms are common to all cultures. Until now, however, evidence for these potentially
universal features has been lacking.

C
IN
A. NO CHANGE
B. that is like no other culture’s music

G
C. that is shared by no other culture
D. DELETE the underlined portion. IN
N
79. The complexity of understanding even simple speech is fully appreciated by computer
AR

scientists, who since the 1950s have struggled to create a machine capable to respond to human
language.
LE

A. NO CHANGE
B. in responding
O

C. of responding
EZ

D. responding
W

80. Along with bees and spiders, snakes have a bad reputation. But contrary to popular belief,
U

these creatures are not normally aggressive. Even rattlesnakes rarely bite unless provoked or
threatened. If treated promptly, however, their bites are rarely dangerous.

A. NO CHANGE
B. consequently
C. moreover,
D. meanwhile,

81. Physicist Michio Kaku, the author of several best-selling books about science, has gained
popularity in the mainstream media because of his deep knowledge, and accessible manner of
presenting complex scientific subjects.

A. NO CHANGE
B. because of his deep knowledge and accessible manner

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C. because of his: deep knowledge and accessible manner
D. because of his deep knowledge and accessible manner,

82. The opening of the Empire State building coincided with the start of the Great Depression.
As a result, much of the new skyscrapers’ office space remained empty for months.

A. NO CHANGE
B. skyscraper’s
C. skyscrapers
D. skyscrapers’s

83. The koala, which is found in coastal areas of the Australian mainland’s eastern and southern
regions, can be easily recognized by its stout, tail-less body; large head, and spoon-shaped nose.

C
IN
A. NO CHANGE
B. stout, tail-less, body, large head, and spoon-shaped nose.

G
C. stout, tail-less body, large head, and spoon-shaped nose.
D. stout, tail-less body, large head, and, spoon-shaped nose.
IN
N
84. Since the early twentieth century, the advertising industry has been a major cultural and
AR

economic force, involving almost every form of popular media. The most common goal of
advertising is to drive consumer behavior toward a commercial offering, however, political
LE

advertising, which aims to convince voters to favor a particular candidate, occurs frequently as
well.
O

A. NO CHANGE
EZ

B. offering, however
C. offering however,
W

D. offering; however,
U

85. Best known as an artist and photographer, Carrie Mae Weems’s first camera was used for
political purposes, taking advantage of her position as a union organizer to document the 1960s
labor movement.

A. NO CHANGE
B. Best known as an artist and photographer, Carrie Mae Weems used her first camera for
political purposes and
C. Carrie Mae Weems, who was best known as an artist and photographer, used her first camera
for political purposes,
D. Used for political purposes, Carrie Mae Weems was best known as an artist and photographer,
her first camera

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86. Scientists have known for many years that caffeine stimulates the release of the
neurotransmitter dopamine, which produces the euphoria and pleasant feelings that people often
associate to their first cup of coffee in the morning.

A. NO CHANGE
B. with
C. on
D. DELETE the underlined word.

87. The nine-banded armadillo has two methods of walking through water for short distances, it
can walk underwater holding its breath for as long as six minutes, and for long distances, it can
increase its buoyancy by swallowing air to inflate its stomach.

C
A. NO CHANGE

IN
B. water, for short distances,
C. water. For short distances,

G
D. water for short distances
IN
88. Problems with food safety can dissuade people from buying and weaken consumer trust in a
N
particular type of food; however, manufacturers and distributors stand to gain from ensuring that
AR

the food system is safe.

LE

A. NO CHANGE
B. therefore,
C. nevertheless,
O

D. moreover,
EZ

89. Swimming with wildlife can be a life-changing experience. Tiny seahorses delight travelers
W

with their strangely curled tails and bright camouflage while dolphins, which mesmerize
U

onlookers with their acrobatic tricks, keen intelligence, and shiny coats.

A. NO CHANGE
B. dolphins they mesmerize onlookers with their acrobatic tricks,
C. dolphins that mesmerize onlookers, with their acrobatic tricks
D. dolphins mesmerize onlookers with their acrobatic tricks,

90. The current world record for pumpkin growing is held by Beni Meier, a Swiss accountant
who grew a pumpkin that weighs in at 2,323.7 pounds – roughly the same as a small car.

A. NO CHANGE
B. pounds. Roughly
C. pounds, this is roughly
D. pounds; roughly

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91. In the 1950s, television was the hot technology of the day. While just 9 percent of homes in
the United States boasted a TV set in 1950, 56 percent had owned one by 1954, and sales
continued to boom for the following decade.

A. NO CHANGE
B. have owned
C. owned
D. own

92. In 1872, Yellowstone, the world’s first national park was established, the year the Brooklyn
Bridge opened and President Ulysses S. Grant completed his first term in the White House.

A. NO CHANGE

C
B. Yellowstone, the world’s first national park, was established in 1872,

IN
C. The establishment of Yellowstone, the world’s first national park, in 1872,
D. Yellowstone, established in 1872, was the world’s first national park,

G
93. Total solar eclipses are rare events: although occurring somewhere on Earth every 18 months
IN
on average, they are estimated to recur at any given place only once every 360 to 410 years.
N
AR

A. NO CHANGE
B. although they occur
LE

C. although they occurred

D. they occur
O

94. The artificial sweetener Sucralose is increasingly being used as what experts call a “tracer”—
EZ

a substance that can help identify the origins of environmental contamination. This use is
important for maintaining water quality, both in surface waters and in drinking water supplies.
W
U

Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion is NOT acceptable?

A. a tracer, which is a substance

B. a tracer: a substance
C. a tracer; a substance
D. a tracer, a substance

95. Coffee plants use caffeine to ward off insects that would otherwise feast on their leaves and
beans. At high doses, caffeine can be toxic to insects; however, some species possess taste
receptors that help them avoid to ingest that substance.

A. NO CHANGE
B. of ingesting
C. by ingesting
D. ingesting

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96. Recently, a group of planet hunters met in Laramie, Wyoming, to plot better ways to scout
for life beyond Earth. Many of these researchers are starting to argue that the existence of liquid
water on a planet’s surface (the standard requirement for habitability), is not the factor that
should guide exoplanet exploration. Instead, the scientists say, the field should focus on the
chances of detecting alien life, should it exist.

A. NO CHANGE
B. requirement for habitability, is
C. requirement for habitability) is
D. requirement for habitability is

97. The practice of tipping has spread all over the world, but as international travelers to different

C
countries quickly learn, the customs surrounding tipping – when to tip, how much, to whom and

IN
why – can differ substantially from place to place.

G
A. NO CHANGE
B. to other countries IN
C. who are traveling abroad
N
D. DELETE the underlined portion.
AR

98. Unwanted eye contact with strangers makes us squirm, and now researchers have figured out
LE

why. According to a Reader’s Digest report, looking into someone elses’ eyes makes us more
self aware – and more self-conscious.
O

A. NO CHANGE
EZ

B. else’s eyes
C. elses eyes
W

D. elses eye’s
U

99. Unveiled this year at the London Design Festival, the Hyperloop — also known as the
“maglev” — is a train made up of linked pods. Using passive magnetic levitation, it glides above
a track inside a tube at more than 500 miles per hour. Magnets cause the pods to levitate, while
linear motors propel them forward. Although trains are normally subject to bad weather or to
naturally occurring impediments such as trees that have fallen across the tracks, but the maglev
travels in a controlled environment, free from climatic influences.

A. NO CHANGE
B. and
C. so
D. DELETE the underlined word.

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100. Some of the most powerful telescopes in the world are now peering across vast distances
of space. They are watching for the faintest dip of light or wobble that could suggest the presence
of another world.

What is the best way to join the sentence at the underlined portion?

A. space, watching
B. space, and watching
C. space, they are watching
D. space; watching

101. Brought back from the brink of extinction, the South American vicuna, a llama-like animal,
has attracted the attention of poachers eager to profit from: its prized wool.

C
IN
A. NO CHANGE
B. eager to profit, from its

G
C. eager to profit from its
D. eager to profit from, its IN
N
AR

102. Prey-and-predator arms races are not unusual, in the animal kingdom and neither is
deception. Deceptive evolutionary adaptations such as camouflage suggest that illusions are not
LE

only “errors of perception” but also provide significant advantages to the creatures that produce
them.
O

A. NO CHANGE
EZ

B. unusual in the animal kingdom,

C. unusual, in the animal kingdom,
W

D. unusual in the animal kingdom

U

103. A study from the University of Cologne in Germany showed that by cleverly naming dishes
with words that mimic the mouth movements of eating, restaurants could increase the appeal of
their food. Researchers found words that move from the front to the back of the mouth – for
example, the made up word “bodok” – were particularly effective. Therefore, the effect seems to
work even when people read silently, perhaps because the brain still stimulates the motor
movements required to produce speech.

A. NO CHANGE
B. However, the effect seems to work even
C. Subsequently, the effect seems to work even
D. Indeed, the effect seems to work even

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104. To date, astronomers have catalogued thousands of exoplanets, more than a dozen of
them are potentially habitable. The most recent is Ross 128b: an Earth-sized planet orbiting a
nearby star, it is probably located at a distance that would allow for liquid water.

A. NO CHANGE
B. exoplanets, more than a dozen of which
C. exoplanets; more than a dozen of which
D. exoplanet, more than a dozen of these

105. Traditional methods of making pottery are still used by a number of Native American tribes,
and wares are produced by them for practical use as well as sale to collectors.

A. NO CHANGE

C
B. tribes, wares being produced by them

IN
C. tribes that produce wares
D. tribes, they produce wares

G
106. A major reassessment of dinosaurs that began in the 1960s and finally took hold in the
IN
1980s positioned these creatures not as dull evolutionary failures but as active, warm-blooded,
N
animals.
AR

A. NO CHANGE
LE

B. active warm-blooded, animals.

C. active, warm-blooded animals.
D. actively warm-blooded animals.
O
EZ

107. Tipping as a phenomenon has long fascinated economists: paying extra, even though we are
not legally required to do so, seems to go against our own best interest.
W
U

A. NO CHANGE
B. economists paying extra –
C. economists, paying extra,
D. economists; paying extra

25