Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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SPECIFIC'INTENT' GENERAL'INTENT' MALICE' STRICT'LIABILITY'
Attempt" Rape" Common"Law"Murder" Statutory"Rape"
Conspiracy" Battery" Arson" Felony"Murder"
First"Degree"Murder" Kidnapping"" " Bigamy"
Assault" False"Imprisonment" " Selling"Liquor"to"Minors"
Larceny" " " "
Robbery" " " "
Burglary" " " "
Forgery" " " "
Solicitation" " " "
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CULPABILITY'TERMS'
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COMMON'LAW' MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
Intent" Conscious"object"to"cause"result;"or"knew" Purposely" Conscious"object"to"cause"the"result."""
Intentionally" harm"was"virtually"certain"to"occur"as"
result"of"conduct."
" Aware"of"the"fact"(attendt"circ.);"correctly" Knowingly" Aware"that"the"result"is"practically"certain"
Knowledge" believes"that"it"exists;"or"suspects"that"it" to"result"from"conduct"(result)."""
Knowingly" exists"and"purposely"avoids"learning"if" Aware"that"the"circumstances"exist;"or"
suspicion"is"correct"(willful"blindness)" aware"of"a"high"probability"of"its"existence,"
unless"he"actually"believes"it"does"not"exist"
(attendt."circ)."
Recklessness" Consciously"takes"a"substantial"and" Recklessly" Consciously"disregards"(aware,"but"
unjustifiable"risk"of"causing"harm.""" proceeds"anyway)"a"substantial"and"
unjustifiable"risk"that"the"material"element"
exists"or"will"result"from"his"conduct."""
RiskMtaking"involves"a"gross"deviation"from"
the"standard"of"care"a"reasonable"person"
would"observe"in"actor’s"situation."
Negligence" Should"know"that"he"is"taking"a" Negligently" Should"be"aware"(not"aware,"but"should"be)"
substantial"and"unjustifiable"risk"of" of"a"substantial"and"unjustifiable"risk."""
causing"harm." RiskMtaking"involves"a"gross"deviation"from"
the"standard"of"care"a"reasonable"person"
would"observe"in"actor’s"situation."""
Malice" Intentionally"or"recklessly"caused"social" ' '
harm."
Willfully" Intentional;"done"with"bad"purpose"or"evil" ' '
motive;"or"intentional"violation"of"a"
known"legal"duty"or"purpose"to"disobey"
the"law."""
Deliberate" Some:"Synonym"for"intentional.""" ' '
Others:"To"measure"and"evaluate"the"
major"facets"or"problem."
Premeditate" To"think"about"beforehand.""How"long?" ' '
Some:"No"time"is"too"short"to"scheme"
murder."
Most"Some"appreciable"time,"depending"
on"the"deliberate"requirement,"to"reflect"
meaningfully."""
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MURDER'
C/L:'Murder'in'1st'and'2nd'Degree'
MPC:'Murder'
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TRADITIONAL'COMMON'LAW' MODERN'COMMON'LAW' MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
Killing"of"a"human"being"by" Express'Malice:'Intentional'killing'I Purposely'and'Knowingly:'
another"human"being"with"malice" Willful,'deliberate,'premeditated' Homicide"constitutes"murder"if"
aforethought." 1st"Degree" killing"is"committed"
purposely/knowingly."
Malice:"Extreme"indifference"to" Implied'Malice:'Intent'to'Inflict' Extremely'Reckless'Murder:'
the"value"of"human"life." Grievous'Bodily'Harm'' Recklessly"under"circumstances"
2nd"Degree" manifesting"extreme"indifference"
to"the"value"of"human"life.'
" Implied'Malice:'Extreme' Extremely'Reckless'Murder:'
Recklessness'Murder'(Depraved' Recklessly"under"circumstances"
Heart)'' manifesting"extreme"indifference"
nd
2 "Degree" to"the"value"of"human"life.""Slightly"
Russian"Roulette,"DrunkMdriving"while" diff."from"C/L"in"that"it"requires"
speeding"and"running"red"lights." conscious"“substantial"and"
unjustifiable”"riskMtaking."
" Implied'Malice:'Felony'Murder'' Extremely'Reckless'Murder:"Jury"
st
Enumerated"felonies"are"1 "Degree." is"permitted"to,"but"if"prosecutor"
nd
Unspecified"felonies"are"2 "Degree.""" doesn’t"prove"beyond"a"
Limits:'InherentlyMDangerous"Felony" reasonable"doubt,"infer"Extremely"
(limit"to"felonies"dangerous"to"human" Reckless"Murder"if"person"causes"
life"measured"either"by"abstract"or" death"during"commission"of"
facts"of"case);"IndependentMFelony" robbery,"arson,"burglary,"
(Predicate"felony"must"be" kidnapping,"felonious"escape,"or"
“independent”"of"homicide);"Res" rape."
Gestae"Limitation"(Must"be"causal"
connection"between"the"felony"and"
the"death);"NonMFelon"Killing."
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MANSLAUGHTER'
C/L:'Voluntary'&'Involuntary'Manslaughter'
MPC:'Manslaughter,'Negligent'Homicide'
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TRADITIONAL'COMMON'LAW' MODERN'COMMON'LAW' MODERN'PENAL'CODE'
Unlawful"killing"of"a"human"by" Voluntary'Manslaughter:' Extreme'Emotional'Disturbance''
another"human"without"malice" Provocation'(HeatIofIPassion)' (EED)'Manslaughter:'One"who"
aforethought" Sudden"heat"of"passion"as"the"result" commits"murder"is"only"guilty"of"
" of"adequate"provocation." manslaughter"if"he"kills"while"
HeatIofIPassion" Four'Elements:'(1)"Adequate" suffering"from"an"EED,"for"which"
At"early"C/L"Adequate" Provocation"[Render"“Reasonable" there"is"a"reasonable"explanation"or"
Provocation"limited"toM" Person”"to"lose"control]"(2)"While"in"a" excuse"as"determined"from"the"
1) Aggravated" State"of"Passion"(3)"With"no" perspective"of"person"in"actor’s"
assault/battery" Reasonable"Time"to"Cool"Off" situation"under"circumstances"as"he"
2) Mutual"combat" [suddenness]"(4)"and"there"is"a"causal" believes"them"to"be"[slight"subj."of"
3) Serious"crime"against" link"between"the"provocation," obj."standard].""
close"relative" passion,"and"fatal"act."""" Distinguished'from'HeatIofIPassion:'
4) Illegal"arrest" (1)"No"specific"provocative"act"
5) Observation"of"spousal" required;"(2)"Words"alone"can"
adultery" warrant"a"manslaughter"instruction;"
6) Words"alone"not" (3)"No"rigid"coolingMoff"rule"
enough." (suddenness"requirement"is"absent)."""
" No"Analogy" Reckless'Manslaughter:'Unlike"
reckless"murder,"does"not"manifest"
an"extreme"indifference"to"human"
life.""Still,"actor"is"aware"that"he"is"
taking"a"substantial"unjustifiable"risk"
to"human"life."
'
'
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SELFIDEFENSE'
JUSTIFICATION'OR'PARTIAL'MITIGATION'
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COMMON'LAW' MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
JUSTIFIED'IN'USING'FORCE:'If"he"reasonably'believes"such" JUSTIFIED'IN'USING'FORCE:'If"he"believes'that"such"force"is"
force"is"necessary'to"protect"himself"from"imminent'use"of" immediately'necessary"to"protect"himself"against"the"exercise"
unlawful'force'by"the"other"person." of"unlawful'force"by"the"other"individual"on'the'present'
Deadly'Force:'Only"justified"if"threatened"by"deadly"force.""" occasion.'
Deadly'Force:"Only"justified"protecting"against:"(a)"Death;"(b)"
Serious"bodily"injury;"(c)"Forcible"Rape;"(d)"Kidnapping."
a)'Necessity'component:'Limited"to"imminent"threats." Subjective'Belief:"Belief"doesn’t"need"to"be"reasonable."""
b)'Proportionality'Component:'Defensive"force"must"be" But…§3.09"reincorporates"a"reasonableness"component:"If"the"
proportional"to"threatened"force.""Otherwise,"not"justified." actor"is"reckless"or"negligent"in"their"belief"of"the"justifiability"of"
c)'ReasonableIBelief'Component:'Subjective/Objective" action,"the"defense"is"not"available"if"those"mens"reas"would"
Components" suffice"to"convict"of"the"crime."""
"Subjective:"Defendant"believed"deadly"force"necessary"
"Objective:"Belief"must"be"on"that"a"reasonable"person"in"
same"situation"(actor’s"position)"would"possess.""
Imperfect'Self'Defense:'Mitigating'Doctrine' Mistake'of'Fact'&'Imperfect'Justification'
Recognized"by"some"states"as"defense"to"murder,"mitigates" Mistake"of"Fact:"based"on"a"subjective"belief"in"necessity"of"
to"mansl." force"or"regarding"other"circumstances"material"to"the"
Two"Versions:"(1)"NonMdeadly"aggressor,"confronted"with" particular"just."claimed."
deadly"response,"fails"to"retreat"to"a"known"place"of" Imperfect"Justification:"If"the"actor"is"reckless"or"negligent"in"
complete"safety"in"a"jd"where"right"is"not"immediately" their"belief"of"the"justifiability"of"action,"the"defense"is"not"
regained."(2)"One"who"kills"based"on"unreasonable"belief" available"if"those"mens"reas"would"suffice"to"convict"of"the"
that"deadly"force"is"necessary.""" crime.""'
Aggressor:'No"right"to"claim"of"selfMdefense.""Must"have" Aggressor:'Deadly"aggressor"can’t"use"deadly"force.""But"if"he"
clean"hands.""" breaks"off"struggle"and"victim"continues"to"threaten"him,"its"
Deadly"aggressor"can"regain"right,"and"withdraws"in"good" regained.""May"still"be"convicted"of"initial"provocation."
faith"and"fairly"communicates"the"fact,"expressly"or" Nondeadly"aggressors"don’t"lose"privilege"of"selfMdefense"if"
implicitly,"to"victim." victim"escalates"into"deadly"assault.""May"still"be"convicted"of"
Nondeadly"aggressor"right"immediately"regained"if"victim" initial"provocation."""
responds"with"deadly"force"(Most"jds).""Some"say"must"use" "
safe"retreat,"only"if"followed"by"victim"or"no"retreat,"can"
aggressor"resort"to"deadly"force."Even"in"these"jds,"ma"
mitigate"through"imperfect"s/d"or"heat"of"passion.""""
Retreat:'(Maj)'NonMaggressor"permitted"to"stand"ground" Retreat:'May"not"use"deadly"force"if"he"knows"he"can"avoid"
and"use"deadly"force"even"if"aware"of"safe"retreat.""(Min)' using"necessity"of"such"force"with"complete"safety"by"
Must"retreat"if"aware"you"can"do"so"in"complete"safety" retreating."""
before"using"deadly"force.""" ExceptionI'Home'or'Office:"unless"actor"was"initial"aggressor,"
ExceptionICastle'Doctrine:"Not"required"to"retreat"from" must"retreat"to"regain"right"of"self"defense."
dwelling"if"known"safe"retreat."""
Imminence:'Immediately"or"“at"the"moment"of"danger.”" Imminence:'“Immediately"necessary"on"the"present"occasion.”"
Purpose"is"to"reduce"risk"of"unnecessary"use"of"deadly" Based"on"need"to"use"defensive"force"immediately,"not"how"
force.""" soon"the"aggressor’s"force"will"be"used.""More"leeway"than"C/L.""''
BATTERED'WOMAN'SYNDROME" '
Confrontational"homicides"(during"a"battering"incident).""
Almost"always"get"jury"instruction."""
Nonconfrontational"homicides"(kill"abusive"spouse"in"sleep)"
no"jury"instruction"(maj.)"Imminence"problems"–"attack"is"
not"imminent"if"sleeping."""
Defense'of'Others'' "
Majority:"May"use"force"to"the"extent"that"threatened"party"
would"apparently"be"justified"in"using"force"to"protect"him"
or"herself."
Minority:"Would"the"threatened"party"actually"be"justified?"
'
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NECESSITY'
JUSTIFICATION'
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COMMON'LAW' MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
General'Six'Conditions'to'Defense:'(1)"Clear"and" Choice'of'Evils'Defense:'A"person’s"conduct"is"justified"
imminent"danger;"(2)"Must"reasonably"expect"his" if:"(1)"he"believes"his"conduct"is"necessary"to"avoid"
action"will"abate"danger;"(3)"No"effective"legal"way"to" harm"to"himself"or"another;"(2)"harm"to"be"avoided"is"
avert"harm;"(4)"Harm"of"violating"law"must"be"less" greater"than"that"sought"to"be"avoided"by"the"law"
serious"than"harm"avoided;"(5)"Lawmakers"must"not" prohibiting"his"conduct;"(3)"Lawmakers"must"not"have"
have"already"made"a"judgment"on"this"situation;"(6)" already"made"a"judgment"on"this"situation."""
Must"have"clean"hands."""
Potential'Limitations:'(1)"Some"states"limit"to" DIFFERENCES/NY'LIMITATIONS'
emergencies"created"by"natural"(nonMhuman)"forces;" NO"IMMINENCY"REQUIREMENT"(NY"does"require"it)."
(2)"May"not"apply"in"homicide"cases;"(3)"Some"limit"to" NO"CLEAN"HANDS"REQUIREMENT"(NY"does"require"it.""""
protection"of"persons"and"property.""" NOT"LIMITED"TO"NATURAL"FORCES"
MAY"BE"EMPLOYED"IN"HOMICIDE"PROSECUTIONS"
'
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DURESS'
EXCUSE'
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COMMON'LAW' MODEL'PENAL'CODE'
GENERALLY:'One"may"be"acquitted"of"any"offense" An'AFFIRMATIVE'DEFENSE'TO'UNLAWFUL'CONDUCT'
except"murder"if:"(a)"Another"person"threatened"to"kill" IF:'(a)"Compelled"to"commit"the"offense"by"the"use,"or"
or"grievously"injure"the"actor"or"thirdMperson," threatened"use,"of"unlawful"force"by"the"coercer"upon"
particularly"a"near"relative,"unless"actor"committed" her"or"another"person;"AND"(b)"A"person"of"reasonable"
offense;"(b)"Actor"reasonably"believed"the"threat"was" firmness"in"her"situation"would"have"been"unable"to"
genuine;"(c)"Threat"was"‘present,"imminent,"and" resist"coercion"(completely"objective)."""
impending,’"at"time"of"criminal"act;"(d)"No"reasonable" Available"if"negligently"placed,"but"not"recklessly"
escape"from"the"threat"except"through"compliance;" placed"in"the"situation."""
AND"(e)"Actor"was"not"at"fault"in"exposing"herself"to"the" Distinguished'from'Common'Law:'Abandons"
threat"(clean"hands).""" imminent"AND"deadly"force"requirement."""
DEADLY"FORCE"MUST"BE"THREATENED.""LESSER"
THREATS"ARE"INSUFFICIENT."""
DURESS'DEFENSE'to'HOMICIDE:'C/l"and"17"states"say" DURESS'DEFENSE'to'HOMICIDE:'Available"for"
not"a"defense"to"intentional"killing.""" Homicide"
Some'states'give'imperfect'duress'defense'to'mitigate'
to'manslaughter.'
Escape'from'Intolerable'Prison'Conditions:'Most" Escape'from'Intolerable'Prison'Conditions:'Duress"
courts"recognize,"but"split"on"whether"duress"or" Defense"applies"if"the"coercer’s"use"of"unlawful"force"
necessity"defense"is"available.""" causes"the"coerced"party"to"perform"a"different"
When"applied"limitations"imposed:"Bona"fide"effort"to" criminal"act,"one"not"ordered"by"the"coercer."""
surrender"or"return"to"custody"as"soon"as"the"claimed" "
duress"or"necessity"has"lost"its"coercive"force."""
"
"