NAME: Calvo, Jhoanne C.

COURSE & SECTION: BSA 2-1

PROFESSOR: Prof. Daniel Macandog

Activity on Sampling Technique

In each of the following situations, identify the sampling method being used and
justify your answer.

1.A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the average achievement in science of fifth
graders in a city’s public schools. The average fifth grade enrollment in the city’s
elementary schools is 100 students. Thus, 20 schools were randomly selected and
within each of those schools all fifth graders were tested.

Cluster Sampling is being used. In order to study a large population, researchers

divide a population into smaller groups known as clusters. They then randomly
select among these clusters to form a sample.Researchers usually use
pre-existing units such as schools or cities as their clusters. In this case, the
randomly selected 20 schools were identified as clusters while the 100 fifth
graders from the selected schools totaling to 2,000 students were considered as
samples.

2.A researcher is interested in maximum-security inmates. She groups inmates by the

type of crime committed, determines the percentage of the total in each crime category,
and uses that percentage to determine the number of inmates randomly selected from
each group.

This is an example of Stratified Random Sampling, a method of sampling that

involves the division of a population into smaller sub-groups known as strata. In
stratified random sampling, or stratification, the strata are formed based on
members' shared attributes or characteristics such as inmates are divided by the
type of crime they commit.Researchers and statisticians use stratified random
sampling to analyze relationships between two or more strata.

3.A researcher has a population of 100 third grade children from a local school district
from which a sample of 25 children is to be selected. Each child’s name is put on a list,
and each child is assigned a number from 1 to 100. Then the numbers 1 to 100 are
written on separate pieces of paper and shuffled. Finally, the researcher picks 25 slips
of paper and the numbers on the paper determine the 25 participants.

Simple Random Sampling is used. A simple random sample is a subset of a

statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal
probability of being chosen. A simple random sample is meant to be an unbiased
representation of a group.

4.A sociologist conducts an opinion survey in a major city. Part of the research plan
calls for describing and comparing the opinions of four different ethnic groups: African
Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, and Native Americans. For a total
sample of 300, the researcher selects 75 participants from each of the four
predetermined subgroups.

Quota sampling is a type of non-probability sampling method. This means that

elements from the population are chosen on a non-random basis and all
members of the population do not have an equal chance of being selected to be a
part of the sample group. In order to compare opinions of four different ethnic
groups this type of sampling is used. The main reason why researchers choose
quota samples is that it allows the researchers to sample a subgroup that is of
great interest to the study. If a study aims to investigate a trait or a characteristic
of a certain subgroup, this type of sampling is the ideal technique.

5.A researcher is interested in the political attitudes of individuals within a particular

state. The researcher uses the following procedure to obtain a sample: (a) a random
sample of counties is drawn, (b) within the counties selected, districts are randomly
drawn, (c) within each district, blocks are randomly sampled, (d) within blocks selected,
building are randomly drawn, and (d) all residents within the buildings selected comprise
the sample.

Multistage Cluster Sampling is being used. Here you can see that there are
multiple steps used to narrow the sample. You see in the last step that all
residents within the building have been selected. In multistage sampling, or
multistage cluster sampling, you draw a sample from a population using smaller
and smaller groups (units) at each stage. It's often used to collect data from a
large, geographically spread group of people in national surveys.You should use
this method when it is infeasible or too expensive to test the entire cluster.

6.Instructors teaching research methods are interested in knowing what study

techniques their students are utilizing. Rather than assessing all students, the
researchers randomly select 10 students from each of the sections to comprise their
sample.

Stratified Random Sampling is being used. The students are organized based on
section and the same number of students from each section is being sampled.
Stratified sampling is used to highlight differences between groups in a
population, as opposed to simple random sampling, which treats all members of
a population as equal, with an equal likelihood of being sampled.

7.A researcher is interested in maximum-security inmates. She groups

maximum-security prisons by state, randomly selects 10 states, and, from those 10,
selects three prisons. She includes all the inmates in those three prisons in her sample.

Multistage Cluster is being used. In this case, you draw a sample from a
population using smaller and smaller groups (units) at each stage.Here you can
see that there are multiple steps used to narrow the sample. You see in the last
step that all inmates in those three prisons were included in her samples.

Describe how you would select people to take your survey in the following
situations with the listed method (when provided):
8.Say you wanted to survey professors at PUP San Pedro about their publication
records. You want to be sure to include professors from each department, even the
very small ones.

Stratified Random Sampling or Quota Sampling. Stratified Sampling is used since

the group of professors were divided by each department. These departments are
then referred to as strata. With stratified sampling, the population should be
divided into groups and data should be collected on each sampling unit that was
randomly selected from each group. In this scenario, quota sampling, a sampling
practice in which data is obtained from a homogenous group, may also be
utilized. It is a two-step method in which two variables are used to filter data from
the population. It is simple to give and aids in immediate comparison.Quota
sampling and stratified sampling are quite similar. Both need the target
population to be divided into categories. Both strategies aim to choose a
representative sample and promote sub-group study. However, there are
significant differences. When the categories are formed, stratified sampling use
simple random sampling; quota sampling employs availability sampling. A
sample frame is required for stratified sampling but not for quota sampling.
Specifically, stratified sampling is a form of probability sampling that allows the
sampling error to be calculated. This is not achievable with quota sampling.

9.You want to select a sample of PUP students using simple random sampling, how
would you do this?

I would need the list or record of all the PUP students in order to conduct simple
random sampling.

10.Say you were interested in sampling students who deal drugs on campus. What
sampling technique could you use to build this sample?

Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique used by researchers

to identify potential subjects in studies where subjects are difficult to find. This
sampling method is used by researchers if the sample for the study is extremely
rare or limited to a very small subgroup of the population. This sampling
mechanism functions similarly to chain referral. Following the original subject's
observation, the researcher requests assistance from the subject in identifying
persons who have a comparable attribute of interest.Snowball sampling is similar
to asking your subjects to propose another individual who shares the same
attribute as your next subject. The researcher then watches the nominated
participants and repeats the process until a sufficient number of subjects are
obtained.